The prevalence of trauma, PTSD, and other mental health issues: evidence from a representative Slovak sample

Sample description

Total N

## [1] 5025

Age

Mean

## [1] 41.42826

SD

## [1] 14.22494

Age groups

## `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

## # A tibble: 3 x 3
##   `factor(ageCat)`     n percent
##   <fct>            <int>   <dbl>
## 1 18 - 35 years     2098    41.8
## 2 36 - 50 years     1550    30.8
## 3 >51 years         1377    27.4

Age by gender plot

Gender

## `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

## # A tibble: 2 x 3
##   `factor(gender)`     n percent
##   <fct>            <int>   <dbl>
## 1 female            3059    60.9
## 2 male              1966    39.1

Education

## `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

## # A tibble: 6 x 3
##   `factor(education)`      n percent
##   <fct>                <int>   <dbl>
## 1 bachelor               352    7   
## 2 doctoral                97    1.93
## 3 high school           2834   56.4 
## 4 master or eqvivalent  1602   31.9 
## 5 no formal education      6    0.12
## 6 primary school         134    2.67

## `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

## # A tibble: 3 x 3
##   `factor(educationCat)`     n percent
##   <fct>                  <int>   <dbl>
## 1 primary school           140    2.79
## 2 secondary school        2834   56.4 
## 3 university              2051   40.8

Exclusion of careless responders, N

## [1] 63

## `summarise()` regrouping output by 'Education' (override with `.groups` argument)

Results

Trauma prevalence

item = worst_trauma + gender perspective

## $`Overall prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 3448 4961      0.695 0.682 0.708       0.95
## 
## $Female
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1604 2362      0.679  0.66 0.698       0.95
## 
## $Male
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1571 2207      0.712 0.692 0.731       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I. estimate    lower    upper
##                   female 1.000000       NA       NA
##                   male   1.048405 1.008824 1.089356
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided midp.exact fisher.exact chi.square
##    female         NA           NA         NA
##    male   0.01588339   0.01594399 0.01732955
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 1.25"

Type of worst trauma prevalence

Prevalence of certain type of trauma - frequency based on item worst_trauma / + comparison from the gender perspective

## $Overall
##                             Without trauma exposure 
##                                               30.14 
##                Family member/very close friend died 
##                                               15.02 
##                           Life-threatening accident 
##                                               10.19 
##                            Life-threatening illness 
##                                                9.64 
##            Partner/date, etc. physically harmed you 
##                                                7.67 
##              Parent/caregiver physically harmed you 
##                                                6.05 
##                                   Fire or explosion 
##                                                3.77 
##                                    Natural disaster 
##                                                3.55 
##          Childhood: touched your private body parts 
##                                                2.24 
## Present when someone was killed, injured, assaulted 
##                                                2.16 
##                            Threatened with a weapon 
##                                                2.10 
##                         Exposure to toxic substance 
##                                                1.70 
##    Physical force/weapon used in robbery or mugging 
##                                                1.54 
##                     Physical force used to have sex 
##                                                1.40 
##            Physical force/threat to try to have sex 
##                                                1.25 
## Other situation: seriously injured / life in danger 
##                                                0.63 
##                      You caused injury, harm, death 
##                                                0.60 
##           Repeated exposure to vivid trauma details 
##                                                0.33 
##             Death, injury, fight (as a part of job) 
##                                                0.03 
## 
## $Female
##                             Without trauma exposure 
##                                               31.69 
##                Family member/very close friend died 
##                                               16.08 
##            Partner/date, etc. physically harmed you 
##                                               10.94 
##                            Life-threatening illness 
##                                                8.45 
##              Parent/caregiver physically harmed you 
##                                                6.70 
##                           Life-threatening accident 
##                                                6.64 
##          Childhood: touched your private body parts 
##                                                3.70 
##                                    Natural disaster 
##                                                3.49 
##                                   Fire or explosion 
##                                                2.91 
##                     Physical force used to have sex 
##                                                2.29 
##            Physical force/threat to try to have sex 
##                                                2.17 
##                            Threatened with a weapon 
##                                                1.65 
## Present when someone was killed, injured, assaulted 
##                                                1.16 
##                         Exposure to toxic substance 
##                                                0.90 
##    Physical force/weapon used in robbery or mugging 
##                                                0.80 
##                      You caused injury, harm, death 
##                                                0.18 
## Other situation: seriously injured / life in danger 
##                                                0.11 
##           Repeated exposure to vivid trauma details 
##                                                0.11 
##             Death, injury, fight (as a part of job) 
##                                                0.02 
## 
## $Male
##                             Without trauma exposure 
##                                               28.49 
##                           Life-threatening accident 
##                                               13.98 
##                Family member/very close friend died 
##                                               13.88 
##                            Life-threatening illness 
##                                               10.92 
##              Parent/caregiver physically harmed you 
##                                                5.35 
##                                   Fire or explosion 
##                                                4.68 
##            Partner/date, etc. physically harmed you 
##                                                4.17 
##                                    Natural disaster 
##                                                3.61 
## Present when someone was killed, injured, assaulted 
##                                                3.23 
##                            Threatened with a weapon 
##                                                2.58 
##                         Exposure to toxic substance 
##                                                2.56 
##    Physical force/weapon used in robbery or mugging 
##                                                2.32 
## Other situation: seriously injured / life in danger 
##                                                1.17 
##                      You caused injury, harm, death 
##                                                1.06 
##          Childhood: touched your private body parts 
##                                                0.68 
##           Repeated exposure to vivid trauma details 
##                                                0.57 
##                     Physical force used to have sex 
##                                                0.45 
##            Physical force/threat to try to have sex 
##                                                0.26 
##             Death, injury, fight (as a part of job) 
##                                                0.05

Retrauma prevalence

## $`Overall prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1416 3438      0.412 0.395 0.429       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 721 1614      0.447 0.422 0.471       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 593 1577      0.376 0.352   0.4       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I. estimate    lower     upper
##                   female 1.000000       NA        NA
##                   male   0.841993 0.773715 0.9153869
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   5.054621e-05 5.629414e-05 5.881079e-05
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 323.57"

Multiple trauma prevalence

item based on sum of “trauma_disease”, “trauma_disaster”, “trauma_accident”, “trauma_explosion”, “trauma_toxic”, “trauma_robbery”, “trauma_death”,“trauma_sexual1”, “trauma_sexual2”,“trauma_abuse”,“trauma_child”,“trauma_physical”, “trauma_gun”,“trauma_death2”, “trauma_other” = answer is scored as 1 -> and 2 or more = multiple trauma

## `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

## $Table
## 
##    0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10   11   12   14   15 
## 1492 1181  838  535  292  182  112   64   30   18   15    6    2    1    3 
## 
## $`Descriptives overall`
## # A tibble: 1 x 2
##   `Mean of traumas survived` `SD of traumas survived`
##                        <dbl>                    <dbl>
## 1                       1.83                     1.99
## 
## $`Descriptives by gender`
## # A tibble: 2 x 3
##   gender `Mean of traumas survived` `SD of traumas survived`
##   <fct>                       <dbl>                    <dbl>
## 1 female                       1.73                     1.92
## 2 male                         1.93                     2.05

Child maltreatment and trauma prevalence

Maltreatmant with the highest prevalence

## # A tibble: 1 x 4
##   ch_malt1_perc ch_malt2_perc ch_malt3_perc ch_malt4_perc
##   <svystat>     <svystat>     <svystat>     <svystat>    
## 1 3.283751      17.43964      8.987381      3.179921

Relationship between child maltreatment and type of trauma

relationship between child maltreatment and incidence of certain trauma - “trauma_sexual1”, “trauma_sexual2”, “trauma_physical”, “trauma_gun”. Pozriet specificky na vztah trauma 4 s “trauma_sexual1”, “trauma_sexual2”.

Sexual 1

## Ignored 15 rows containing missing observations.

## $cor
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: 0.242 [0.222 0.262]
##             p-value: 0.000
## 
## 
## $bf
## [1] "BF10 = 3.33e+65"

Sexual 2

## Ignored 19 rows containing missing observations.

## $cor
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: 0.206 [0.186 0.226]
##             p-value: 0.000
## 
## 
## $bf
## [1] "BF10 = 6.6e+46"

Physical

## Ignored 16 rows containing missing observations.

## $cor
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: 0.305 [0.286 0.324]
##             p-value: 0.000
## 
## 
## $bf
## [1] "BF10 = 9.86e+102"

Gun

## Ignored 21 rows containing missing observations.

## $cor
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: 0.176 [0.156 0.196]
##             p-value: 0.000
## 
## 
## $bf
## [1] "BF10 = 7.39e+31"

PTSD and PTSD symptoms prevalence

analysis based only on trauma-exposed sample

PTSD prevalence based on DSM criteria

Total sample and by gender

## $`Overall PTSD prevalence`
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 789 4961      0.159 0.149  0.17       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 427 2362      0.181 0.165 0.197       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 299 2207      0.135 0.121  0.15       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate     lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000        NA        NA
##                   male   0.7501397 0.6537416 0.8577728
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   2.841215e-05 3.043286e-05 3.503629e-05
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 346.58"

PTSD symptom domains prevalence

Prevelance of certain symptoms domain - DSM-5 algorithm (criterium B - re-experiencing = one symptoms scored 2 or higher from items PCL1-PCL5 is necessary; criterium C - avoidance = one symptoms 2 or higher from PCL6 and PCL7 is necessary; criterium D - NACM = 2 symptoms scored 2 or higher from PCL8-PCL14; criterium E - AAR = 2 symptoms scored 2 or higher from PCL15-PCL20)

Reexperiencing

## $`Overall Reexperiencing prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1529 4961      0.308 0.295 0.321       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 827 2362       0.35 0.331  0.37       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 582 2207      0.264 0.245 0.283       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate     lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000        NA        NA
##                   male   0.7531511 0.6878982 0.8228097
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   2.440368e-10 2.613765e-10 3.199868e-10
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 34777549.06"

Avoidance

## $`Overall Avoidance prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1394 4961      0.281 0.269 0.294       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 746 2362      0.316 0.297 0.335       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 537 2207      0.243 0.226 0.262       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate     lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000        NA        NA
##                   male   0.7714793 0.7009618 0.8477517
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   5.578511e-08 6.449156e-08 6.981516e-08
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 170839.42"

NACM

## $`Overall NACM prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1313 4961      0.265 0.252 0.277       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 677 2362      0.287 0.268 0.305       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 532 2207      0.241 0.223 0.259       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate     lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000        NA        NA
##                   male   0.8413218 0.7626529 0.9267365
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   0.0004881805 0.0005488564 0.0005563021
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 28.62"

AAR

## $`Overall AAR prevalence`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1226 4961      0.247 0.235 0.259       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 653 2362      0.276 0.258 0.295       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 476 2207      0.216 0.199 0.233       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate     lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000        NA        NA
##                   male   0.7801146 0.7027917 0.8636102
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided   midp.exact fisher.exact   chi.square
##    female           NA           NA           NA
##    male   1.876977e-06 2.136909e-06 2.290528e-06
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF10 = 5495.09"

Prevalence of individual PTSD symptoms

##       Overall Female  Male
## PCL1    0.270  0.279 0.249
## PCL2    0.178  0.195 0.150
## PCL3    0.181  0.189 0.162
## PCL4    0.318  0.313 0.310
## PCL5    0.240  0.251 0.217
## PCL6    0.245  0.255 0.222
## PCL7    0.200  0.198 0.191
## PCL8    0.198  0.192 0.193
## PCL9    0.211  0.215 0.195
## PCL10   0.193  0.195 0.179
## PCL11   0.231  0.247 0.202
## PCL12   0.213  0.231 0.183
## PCL13   0.210  0.216 0.191
## PCL14   0.184  0.191 0.166
## PCL15   0.228  0.233 0.209
## PCL16   0.170  0.144 0.185
## PCL17   0.260  0.264 0.244
## PCL18   0.246  0.256 0.223
## PCL19   0.255  0.268 0.229
## PCL20   0.234  0.234 0.221

PTSD by the presence of trauma & maltreatment

## t is large; approximation invoked.

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  ptsd ~ traumaAndMaltreated
## t = 21.004, df = 4960, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  13.69161 16.50975
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##           15.10068 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 7.72e+157"

Trauma as a risk factor

comparison of trauma vs non-trauma group based on item worst_trauma in depression, anxiety, dissociation, alcohol use, insomnia

Associations with depression

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  depression ~ traumaBinary
## t = 13.074, df = 4882, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  1.844614 2.495212
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##           2.169913 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 1.26e+45"

Associations with anxiety

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  anxiety ~ traumaBinary
## t = 7.9783, df = 4960, p-value = 1.828e-15
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.6857626 1.1324222
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##          0.9090924 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 6.72e+12"

Associations with dissociation

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  dissociation ~ traumaBinary
## t = 4.8768, df = 4960, p-value = 1.112e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.7779971 1.8235362
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##           1.300767 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 7532.98"

Associations with alcohol use

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  alcohol ~ traumaBinary
## t = 4.5097, df = 4960, p-value = 6.642e-06
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.3764503 0.9551985
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##          0.6658244 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 10729.15"

Associations with insomnia

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  insomnia ~ traumaBinary
## t = 9.2474, df = 4960, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  1.066698 1.640477
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##           1.353587 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 3.11e+19"

Posttraumatic risky behavior

Prevalence risky behavior started or become worse after trauma - frequency of item risky_after_trauma

## $`Overall prevalence of risky behavior after trauma`
##      x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 1158 2144       0.54 0.519 0.561       0.95
## 
## $Female
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 564 1000      0.564 0.533 0.595       0.95
## 
## $Male
##     x    n proportion lower upper conf.level
## 2 545 1053      0.518 0.487 0.548       0.95
## 
## $`Odds ratio`
## $`Odds ratio`$measure
##                         NA
## risk ratio with 95% C.I.  estimate    lower     upper
##                   female 1.0000000       NA        NA
##                   male   0.9185338 0.847738 0.9939109
## 
## $`Odds ratio`$p.value
##          NA
## two-sided midp.exact fisher.exact chi.square
##    female         NA           NA         NA
##    male   0.03701654   0.03759361 0.04105595
## 
## 
## $`Bayes factor`
## [1] "BF01 = 1.03"

Correlates of PTSD

Latent correlations

PTSD and depression

## PTSD =~ PCL1 + PCL2 + PCL3 + PCL4 + PCL5 + PCL6 + PCL7 + PCL8 + PCL9 + PCL10 + PCL11 + PCL12 + PCL13 + PCL14 + PCL15 + PCL16 + PCL17 + PCL18 + PCL19 + PCL20
## Depression =~ QIDS1 + QIDS2 + QIDS3 + QIDS4 + QIDS5 + QIDS6 + QIDS7 + QIDS8 + QIDS9 + QIDS10 + QIDS11 + QIDS12 + QIDS13 + QIDS14 + QIDS15 + QIDS16

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled  rmsea.scaled 
##      1263.090         0.000         0.900         0.896         0.036 
##          srmr           bic 
##         0.042    283716.468 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.65
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] Inf

PTSD and anxiety

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       354.714       122.000         0.000         0.943         0.941 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.024         0.036    204216.878 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.639
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] Inf

PTSD and dissociation

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       213.767        92.000         0.000         0.914         0.922 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.020         0.041    251559.237 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.502
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 1.107596e+194

PTSD and risky behavior

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       218.592        83.000         0.000         0.905         0.905 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.022         0.055    235734.279 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.517
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 4.285428e+191

PTSD and alcohol

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       277.191       113.000         0.000         0.933         0.932 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.021         0.044    234666.136 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.217
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 2.317654e+28

PTSD and insomnia

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       528.735       124.000         0.000         0.901         0.897 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.031         0.047    220364.122 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.56
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 2.507844e+234

PTSD and risky behavior consequences - item risky_conseq

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       682.401       117.000         0.000         0.943         0.938 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.038         0.032    177592.470 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] 0.41
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 2.434339e+128

PTSD level in risky_after_trauma group

## $`Model fit`
##  chisq.scaled     df.scaled pvalue.scaled    cfi.scaled    tli.scaled 
##       551.826       113.000         0.000         0.942         0.938 
##  rmsea.scaled          srmr           bic 
##         0.034         0.032    180351.497 
## 
## $`Latent correlation`
## [1] -0.043
## 
## $BF_10
## [1] 0.3591995

Trauma and resilience

Resilience in non-trauma vs trauma group

## $`t-test`
## 
##  Design-based t-test
## 
## data:  resilience ~ traumaBinary
## t = 0.51537, df = 1952, p-value = 0.6064
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in mean is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.3691221  0.6324966
## sample estimates:
## difference in mean 
##          0.1316873 
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF01 = 14.25"

Corelation of resilience and multiple trauma

Multiple trauma - item based on the sum of “trauma_disease”, “trauma_disaster”, “trauma_accident”, “trauma_explosion”, “trauma_toxic”, “trauma_robbery”, “trauma_death”,“trauma_sexual1”, “trauma_sexual2”,“trauma_abuse”,“trauma_child”,“trauma_physical”, “trauma_gun”,“trauma_death2”, “trauma_other” = answer is scored as 1 -> and 2 or more = multiple trauma)

## Ignored 2121 rows containing missing observations.

## $Correlation
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: -0.074 [-0.114 -0.034]
##             p-value: 0.008
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF01 = 4.1"

Corelation of severity of worst trauma and multiple trauma

Correlation between multiple trauma and distress_trauma

## Ignored 116 rows containing missing observations.

## $Correlation
## 
## Weighted Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
## 
##   estimate [95% CI]: 0.139 [0.114 0.164]
##             p-value: 0.000
## 
## 
## $BF
## [1] "BF10 = 1.22e+14"