Skills Drillz 2
Anika
3/24/2021
Introduction
I hypothesize that there is a relationship between a subject’s religion and their choice of political party. By studying the influence of religion on a subject’s choice of political party, researchers can gain insights into the values, wants, and needs that particular groups have. Political parties can use this information to identify gaps in their advertising and to improve their outreach methods.
Data Prep
library(readr)
library(dplyr) ##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(ggplot2)
library(forcats)
library(scales)##
## Attaching package: 'scales'## The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
##
## col_factorvoter<-read.csv("/Volumes/FLASHDRIVE/Data 333/Abbreviated Voter Dataset Labeled.csv")head(voter)## gender race education familyincome children region
## 1 Female White 4-year Prefer not to say No West
## 2 Female White Some College $60K-$69,999 No West
## 3 Male White High School Graduate $50K-$59,999 No Midwest
## 4 Male White Some College $70K-$79,999 No South
## 5 Male White 4-year $40K-$49,999 No South
## 6 Female White 2-year $30K-$39,999 No West
## urbancity Vote2012 Vote2016 TrumpSanders
## 1 Suburb Barack Obama Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders
## 2 Rural Area Mitt Romney Donald Trump Donald Trump
## 3 City Mitt Romney Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders
## 4 City Barack Obama Gary Johnson Bernie Sanders
## 5 Suburb Mitt Romney Donald Trump Donald Trump
## 6 Suburb Barack Obama Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders
## PartyRegistration PartyIdentification PartyIdentification2
## 1 <NA> Democrat Not very strong Democrat
## 2 Republican Republican Strong Republican
## 3 <NA> Republican Strong Republican
## 4 Decline/No Party/Independent Independent Independent
## 5 <NA> Republican Strong Republican
## 6 Democrat Democrat Strong Democrat
## PartyIdentification3 NewsPublicAffairs DemPrimary RepPrimary
## 1 Moderate Most of the time Hillary Clinton <NA>
## 2 Conservative Most of the time <NA> Donald Trump
## 3 Moderate Most of the time Hillary Clinton <NA>
## 4 Moderate Most of the time Someone Else <NA>
## 5 Conservative Most of the time <NA> Marco Rubio
## 6 Very Liberal Most of the time Hillary Clinton <NA>
## ImmigrantContributions ImmigrantNaturalization ImmigrationShouldBe
## 1 Mostly Contribute Favor Slightly Easier
## 2 Mostly a Drain Not Sure No change
## 3 Mostly Contribute Favor Much Easier
## 4 Mostly Contribute Favor Much Easier
## 5 Mostly a Drain Not Sure Slightly Easier
## 6 Mostly Contribute Favor Slightly Harder
## Abortion GayMarriage DeathPenalty
## 1 Legal in all cases Favor Oppose
## 2 Legal in some cases and Illegal in others Oppose Favor
## 3 Legal in all cases Favor Favor
## 4 Legal in some cases and Illegal in others Favor Favor
## 5 Illegal in all cases Oppose Favor
## 6 Legal in all cases Favor Not Sure
## DeathPenaltyFreq TaxWealthy Healthcare GlobWarmExist
## 1 Too Often Favor Yes Definitely is happening
## 2 Not Often Enough Oppose No Definitely not happening
## 3 Not Often Enough Favor Yes Definitely is happening
## 4 About Right Favor Yes Definitely is happening
## 5 Not Often Enough Oppose No Definitely not happening
## 6 Not Sure Favor Yes Definitely is happening
## GlobWarmingSerious AffirmativeAction Religion
## 1 Very Serious Favor Roman Catholic
## 2 <NA> Oppose Mormon
## 3 Very Serious Favor Agnostic
## 4 Somewhat Serious Favor Nothing in Particular
## 5 <NA> Oppose Mormon
## 6 Very Serious Favor Agnostic
## ReligiousImportance ChurchAttendance PrayerFrequency NumChildren
## 1 Somewhat Important Seldom Once a day 0
## 2 Very Important More than once a week Several times a day 0
## 3 Not at all Important Seldom Never 0
## 4 Not at all Important Seldom A few times a month 0
## 5 Very Important Once a week A few times a week 0
## 6 Not at all Important Never Never 0
## areatype GunOwnership EconomyBetterWorse Immigr_Economy_GiveTake
## 1 Suburb No Gun in Household Getting Better 7
## 2 Rural Area Gun in Household About the Same 10
## 3 City Gun in Household Getting Better 8
## 4 City No Gun in Household Getting Better NA
## 5 Suburb No Gun in Household Getting Worse 7
## 6 Suburb Gun in Household About the Same 10
## ft_fem_2017 ft_immig_2017 ft_police_2017 ft_dem_2017 ft_rep_2017
## 1 99 95 76 88 21
## 2 65 96 95 86 96
## 3 74 77 78 91 20
## 4 NA NA NA NA NA
## 5 25 91 94 22 83
## 6 100 100 28 99 NA
## ft_evang_2017 ft_muslim_2017 ft_jew_2017 ft_christ_2017 ft_gays_2017
## 1 50 50 50 50 50
## 2 96 61 100 98 82
## 3 2 49 25 50 77
## 4 NA NA NA NA NA
## 5 70 80 91 94 71
## 6 NA 100 100 28 100
## ft_unions_2017 ft_altright_2017 ft_black_2017 ft_white_2017 ft_hisp_2017
## 1 80 1 51 50 79
## 2 62 50 98 90 95
## 3 100 0 87 90 91
## 4 NA NA NA NA NA
## 5 20 50 90 85 90
## 6 100 NA 100 50 100Response Summary
Dependent Variable Distribution
table(voter$PartyRegistration)%>%
prop.table()##
## Another Party Decline/No Party/Independent
## 0.03646434 0.18924533
## Democrat Republican
## 0.41818601 0.35610432Independent Variable Distribution
table(voter$Religion)%>%
prop.table()##
## Agnostic Atheist Buddhist
## 0.059074912 0.047385621 0.008924082
## Eastern or Greek Orthodox Hindu Jewish
## 0.003519356 0.001131222 0.033810960
## Mormon Muslim Nothing in Particular
## 0.017722474 0.003016591 0.151206637
## Protestant Roman Catholic Something Else
## 0.395047763 0.219457014 0.059703369Preliminary Summary
Expected
chisq.test(voter$Religion,voter$PartyIdentification)[7]## Warning in chisq.test(voter$Religion, voter$PartyIdentification): Chi-squared
## approximation may be incorrect## $expected
## voter$PartyIdentification
## voter$Religion Democrat Independent Not Sure Other
## Agnostic 176.102313 145.442433 6.1437908 6.3800905
## Atheist 141.256536 116.663399 4.9281046 5.1176471
## Buddhist 26.602690 21.971091 0.9281046 0.9638009
## Eastern or Greek Orthodox 10.491202 8.664656 0.3660131 0.3800905
## Hindu 3.372172 2.785068 0.1176471 0.1221719
## Jewish 100.790473 83.242584 3.5163399 3.6515837
## Mormon 52.830694 43.632730 1.8431373 1.9140271
## Muslim 8.992459 7.426848 0.3137255 0.3257919
## Nothing in Particular 450.746983 372.270739 15.7254902 16.3303167
## Protestant 1177.637381 972.607592 41.0849673 42.6651584
## Roman Catholic 654.201357 540.303167 22.8235294 23.7013575
## Something Else 177.975742 146.989693 6.2091503 6.4479638
## voter$PartyIdentification
## voter$Religion Republican
## Agnostic 135.931373
## Atheist 109.034314
## Buddhist 20.534314
## Eastern or Greek Orthodox 8.098039
## Hindu 2.602941
## Jewish 77.799020
## Mormon 40.779412
## Muslim 6.941176
## Nothing in Particular 347.926471
## Protestant 909.004902
## Roman Catholic 504.970588
## Something Else 137.377451Observed
chisq.test(voter$Religion,voter$PartyIdentification)[6]## Warning in chisq.test(voter$Religion, voter$PartyIdentification): Chi-squared
## approximation may be incorrect## $observed
## voter$PartyIdentification
## voter$Religion Democrat Independent Not Sure Other Republican
## Agnostic 208 194 8 9 51
## Atheist 212 128 1 8 28
## Buddhist 35 25 1 4 6
## Eastern or Greek Orthodox 8 6 0 0 14
## Hindu 8 0 0 0 1
## Jewish 145 64 2 3 55
## Mormon 27 48 4 3 59
## Muslim 13 9 1 0 1
## Nothing in Particular 493 441 23 15 231
## Protestant 1048 870 31 38 1156
## Roman Catholic 588 511 25 16 606
## Something Else 196 166 8 12 93Row Percent
table(voter$Religion,voter$PartyIdentification)%>%
prop.table(1)%>%
round(3)##
## Democrat Independent Not Sure Other Republican
## Agnostic 0.443 0.413 0.017 0.019 0.109
## Atheist 0.562 0.340 0.003 0.021 0.074
## Buddhist 0.493 0.352 0.014 0.056 0.085
## Eastern or Greek Orthodox 0.286 0.214 0.000 0.000 0.500
## Hindu 0.889 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.111
## Jewish 0.539 0.238 0.007 0.011 0.204
## Mormon 0.191 0.340 0.028 0.021 0.418
## Muslim 0.542 0.375 0.042 0.000 0.042
## Nothing in Particular 0.410 0.367 0.019 0.012 0.192
## Protestant 0.333 0.277 0.010 0.012 0.368
## Roman Catholic 0.337 0.293 0.014 0.009 0.347
## Something Else 0.413 0.349 0.017 0.025 0.196Row Percent Interpretation
- The results of this table show that Hindus are most likely to vote Democrat, Agnostics are most likely to be Independent, Muslims are most likely to be unsure, and Eastern or Greek Orthodox people are most likely to be Republican. The results of the graph below supports these results.
Extra Credit
ggplot(voter,aes(x=Religion,fill=PartyIdentification)) +
geom_bar(position="fill")+
theme_classic()+
theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5),plot.subtitle =element_text(hjust = 0.5) ) +
theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90, hjust=1))+
labs(x="Religion", y="Percent", title="Religion & Political Party", subtitle="Anika Lewis") 
Chi-Square Statistical Test
chisq.test(voter$Religion,voter$PartyIdentification)## Warning in chisq.test(voter$Religion, voter$PartyIdentification): Chi-squared
## approximation may be incorrect##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$Religion and voter$PartyIdentification
## X-squared = 492.36, df = 44, p-value < 2.2e-16Chi-Square Interpretation
- These results are significant because of the low p-value. This Chi-Square result supports the rejection of the null hypothesis. This means that the alternative hypothesis is accepted and that there might be a significant relationship between a person’s religion and their political party affiliation.