Resultados

Debido a la ausencia de diferencias significativas entre las dos recolecciones de datos pre-pandemia (Ver material suplementario), los dos puntos de tiempo pre-pandemia fueron promediadas para obtener un estimado más preciso del nivel de las variables. Para preservar el tamaño de la muestra, en casos en los que el sujeto no contaba con dos medidas, se usó la medida disponible.

Análisis Descriptivo

La Tabla 1 presenta las medias y las desviaciones estándar de las variables del estudio. Notablemente, se observan cambios en la exploración de carrera, expectativa de familia, y exploración de familia. El resto de las variables no cambian significativamente.

name M SD n M SD t df d p
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Promedio 19.54 38.63 96 48 15.87 26.86 6.72 66.07 1.21 44 .23 .231
CRAEST 57.34 53.70 96 48 50.44 71.13 11.09 90.74 1.52 44 .32 .136
Desaprobados 1.95 3.68 96 48 1.76 2.33 2.77 5.05 .72 44 .14 .473
PromedioActual 14.46 4.62 96 48 13.97 15.45 3.40 6.33 1.44 44 .29 .156
Career_Value 4.57 .61 96 48 4.58 4.57 .63 .58 .13 44 -.01 .896
Career_Expectance 3.70 .75 96 48 3.67 3.75 .70 .84 .46 44 .09 .647
Career_InternalControl 4.56 .42 96 48 4.55 4.57 .41 .45 .04 44 .03 .969
Career_Hopes 4.04 .69 96 48 4.00 4.10 .62 .81 1.34 44 .14 .188
Career_Fears 3.67 .87 96 48 3.65 3.71 .86 .91 -.12 44 .07 .903
Career_Exploration 3.69 .67 96 48 3.58 3.90 .65 .68 3.87 44 .49 < .001
Career_Commitment 4.10 .75 96 48 4.11 4.08 .70 .86 -.92 44 -.04 .361
Family_Value 3.96 .91 96 48 3.98 3.90 .94 .87 .19 44 -.09 .847
Family_Expectance 3.50 .80 96 48 3.44 3.63 .81 .76 2.27 44 .25 .028
Family_InternalControl 4.13 .68 96 48 4.13 4.13 .61 .80 .26 44 .00 .800
Family_Hopes 2.88 1.10 96 48 2.87 2.92 1.04 1.23 1.17 44 .04 .247
Family_Fears 2.34 .96 96 48 2.42 2.17 .93 1.00 -1.41 44 -.25 .164
Family_Exploration 3.12 .98 96 48 3.01 3.34 .98 .94 3.03 44 .35 .004
Family_Commitment 3.16 1.20 96 48 3.12 3.22 1.17 1.26 1.53 44 .08 .134
LifeSatisfaction 4.67 1.12 96 48 4.63 4.74 1.16 1.05 .69 44 .10 .493
Goals_IntrinsicGoals 4.68 .34 96 48 4.65 4.73 .34 .33 .55 44 .22 .583
Goals_ExtrinsicGoals 2.96 .71 96 48 3.00 2.90 .68 .76 .74 44 -.14 .465
Commitment 4.46 .62 96 48 4.42 4.54 .59 .68 .93 44 .18 .360

Análisis de Regresión

La pregunta que el estudio busca responder es si la orientación futura protege ante los cambios traídos por la pandemia del COVID-19. Como se observa en la Tabla 1, no hay cambios significativos antes o después de la pandemia en satisfacción con la vida, metas intrínsecas o extrínsecas, o con compromiso con la carrera.

Para analizar esta pregunta, realizaremos modelos de regresión en los que los niveles de orientación futura previa a la pandemia predigan el nivel de ajuste posterior a la pandemia, controlando por el nivel inicial.

A continuación se presentan los resultados para las variables de orientación futura referidas a carrera. Estudiantes con altas esperanzas y bajos temores con respecto a la carrera tienden a presentar mayor compromiso (nota: Es un poco extraño tener esta variable de commitment cómo outcome cuando también tenemos commitment dentro de FO). Adicionalmente, los estudiantes con menores esperanzas y mayor compromiso con la carrera tuvieron un mayor número de desaprobados.

Dependent variable:
OValue
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Career_Value.x 0.234 0.105 -0.185 0.051 18.447 -26.093 0.904 -3.377
t = 1.144 t = 1.207 t = -1.089 t = 0.351 t = 1.091 t = -0.913 t = 0.781 t = -1.900
p = 0.261 p = 0.236 p = 0.284 p = 0.728 p = 0.283 p = 0.368 p = 0.441 p = 0.066
Career_Expectance.x -0.086 -0.146 0.226 -0.135 -8.889 17.362 -1.585 3.008
t = -0.338 t = -1.366 t = 1.115 t = -0.753 t = -0.448 t = 0.491 t = -1.140 t = 1.408
p = 0.738 p = 0.181 p = 0.273 p = 0.457 p = 0.657 p = 0.627 p = 0.262 p = 0.168
Career_InternalControl.x -0.622 -0.245 0.083 0.239 6.210 56.918 -3.318 2.325
t = -1.873 t = -1.488 t = 0.311 t = 1.042 t = 0.235 t = 1.342 t = -1.720 t = 0.818
p = 0.070 p = 0.146 p = 0.758 p = 0.305 p = 0.816 p = 0.188 p = 0.095 p = 0.419
Career_Hopes.x 0.182 0.080 -0.100 0.588** -18.790 41.631 -3.070* -0.055
t = 0.703 t = 0.714 t = -0.520 t = 3.499 t = -0.989 t = 1.192 t = -2.192 t = -0.027
p = 0.487 p = 0.480 p = 0.607 p = 0.002 p = 0.330 p = 0.242 p = 0.035 p = 0.979
Career_Fears.x -0.303 0.036 0.052 -0.304* 1.213 -35.227 1.708 0.087
t = -1.485 t = 0.415 t = 0.344 t = -2.316 t = 0.082 t = -1.526 t = 1.628 t = 0.055
p = 0.147 p = 0.681 p = 0.733 p = 0.027 p = 0.936 p = 0.136 p = 0.113 p = 0.957
Career_Exploration.x -0.024 -0.034 -0.017 -0.008 19.951 -29.816 -0.354 -1.393
t = -0.132 t = -0.414 t = -0.114 t = -0.061 t = 1.375 t = -1.309 t = -0.350 t = -0.912
p = 0.896 p = 0.681 p = 0.910 p = 0.952 p = 0.178 p = 0.199 p = 0.729 p = 0.369
Career_Commitment.x 0.239 0.094 0.133 0.218 16.306 -52.435 4.154** -2.700
t = 0.924 t = 0.893 t = 0.653 t = 1.254 t = 0.813 t = -1.645 t = 2.945 t = -1.259
p = 0.362 p = 0.378 p = 0.518 p = 0.218 p = 0.422 p = 0.109 p = 0.006 p = 0.217
CT1Value 0.547** 0.458 0.849*** -0.022 6.754*** -0.445 1.318*** 0.784*
t = 3.517 t = 2.012 t = 5.682 t = -0.124 t = 4.261 t = -0.210 t = 4.700 t = 2.490
p = 0.002 p = 0.052 p = 0.00001 p = 0.903 p = 0.0002 p = 0.835 p = 0.00004 p = 0.018
Constant 3.783* 3.031** -0.157 1.710 -227.032 177.184 6.765 14.122
t = 2.075 t = 3.180 t = -0.105 t = 1.330 t = -1.488 t = 0.708 t = 0.660 t = 0.878
p = 0.046 p = 0.004 p = 0.918 p = 0.192 p = 0.146 p = 0.484 p = 0.514 p = 0.386
Observations 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
R2 0.573 0.238 0.488 0.545 0.361 0.170 0.442 0.216
Adjusted R2 0.478 0.069 0.374 0.444 0.219 -0.014 0.318 0.042
Residual Std. Error (df = 36) 0.744 0.318 0.612 0.523 60.296 94.229 4.231 6.391
F Statistic (df = 8; 36) 6.033*** 1.409 4.292** 5.392*** 2.538* 0.924 3.570** 1.242
Note: p<0.05; p<0.01; p<0.001
  1. Satisfaccion con la vida, (2) Metas Intrínsecas, (3) Metas Extrínsecas, (4) Compromiso, (5) Promedio, (6) CRAEST, (7) Desaprobados, (8) Promedio Actual
En cuanto a los resultados para las variables de orientación futura referidas a familia, los estudiantes que sienten que tienen menor control interno sobre la familia, tendieron a tener un mayor número de desaprobados.
Dependent variable:
OValue
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Family_Value.x -0.070 0.097 0.012 0.143 10.620 -19.958 -0.241 -0.694
t = -0.313 t = 1.031 t = 0.067 t = 0.734 t = 0.674 t = -0.747 t = -0.207 t = -0.398
p = 0.756 p = 0.310 p = 0.947 p = 0.468 p = 0.505 p = 0.461 p = 0.838 p = 0.694
Family_Expectance.x 0.106 -0.089 0.022 -0.033 -33.886 10.115 0.646 1.601
t = 0.347 t = -0.751 t = 0.095 t = -0.127 t = -1.603 t = 0.270 t = 0.414 t = 0.692
p = 0.731 p = 0.458 p = 0.926 p = 0.900 p = 0.118 p = 0.789 p = 0.682 p = 0.494
Family_InternalControl.x -0.181 -0.120 0.019 -0.226 15.438 19.874 -2.895* -0.205
t = -0.694 t = -1.138 t = 0.103 t = -1.003 t = 0.840 t = 0.635 t = -2.107 t = -0.102
p = 0.493 p = 0.263 p = 0.919 p = 0.323 p = 0.407 p = 0.530 p = 0.043 p = 0.920
Family_Hopes.x 0.099 -0.005 0.183 -0.138 14.791 42.299 0.443 -1.392
t = 0.467 t = -0.052 t = 1.184 t = -0.743 t = 0.970 t = 1.646 t = 0.400 t = -0.797
p = 0.644 p = 0.959 p = 0.245 p = 0.463 p = 0.339 p = 0.109 p = 0.692 p = 0.431
Family_Fears.x -0.211 0.014 -0.212 0.122 -26.316 -15.373 -0.436 0.558
t = -1.027 t = 0.172 t = -1.415 t = 0.682 t = -1.776 t = -0.610 t = -0.405 t = 0.341
p = 0.312 p = 0.865 p = 0.166 p = 0.500 p = 0.085 p = 0.546 p = 0.689 p = 0.736
Family_Exploration.x 0.234 0.033 0.150 0.089 16.865 -0.185 -0.163 -1.559
t = 1.542 t = 0.517 t = 1.336 t = 0.693 t = 1.566 t = -0.010 t = -0.205 t = -1.294
p = 0.132 p = 0.609 p = 0.190 p = 0.493 p = 0.127 p = 0.992 p = 0.839 p = 0.205
Family_Commitment.x -0.176 0.021 -0.044 -0.019 4.449 -25.499 -0.485 -0.550
t = -0.911 t = 0.265 t = -0.312 t = -0.114 t = 0.308 t = -1.089 t = -0.466 t = -0.363
p = 0.369 p = 0.793 p = 0.757 p = 0.910 p = 0.760 p = 0.284 p = 0.645 p = 0.719
CT1Value 0.620*** 0.312 0.808*** 0.576** 6.239*** -0.796 1.063*** 0.646
t = 4.380 t = 1.616 t = 4.780 t = 2.830 t = 3.743 t = -0.430 t = 3.867 t = 1.970
p = 0.0001 p = 0.115 p = 0.00003 p = 0.008 p = 0.001 p = 0.670 p = 0.0005 p = 0.057
Constant 2.567* 3.491*** 0.092 2.358* -105.058 70.714 12.689** 13.379
t = 2.531 t = 3.704 t = 0.124 t = 2.377 t = -1.516 t = 0.445 t = 2.781 t = 1.536
p = 0.016 p = 0.001 p = 0.902 p = 0.023 p = 0.139 p = 0.660 p = 0.009 p = 0.134
Observations 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
R2 0.484 0.188 0.519 0.208 0.405 0.088 0.428 0.225
Adjusted R2 0.369 0.008 0.412 0.032 0.273 -0.115 0.301 0.053
Residual Std. Error (df = 36) 0.818 0.328 0.594 0.691 58.161 98.804 4.286 6.353
F Statistic (df = 8; 36) 4.216** 1.043 4.854*** 1.179 3.064** 0.434 3.365** 1.309
Note: p<0.05; p<0.01; p<0.001
Satisfaccion con la vida, (2) Metas Intrínsecas, (3) Metas Extrínsecas, (4) Compromiso, (5) Promedio, (6) CRAEST, (7) Desaprobados, (8) Promedio Actual

Discusión

Limitaciones:

Apendice

Reusltados detallados de los modelos de carrera.

term B SE t p
LifeSatisfaction - F(8,36) = 6.03, p = .000, R2 = .57
(Intercept) 3.78 1.82 2.07 .045
Career_Value.x .23 .20 1.14 .260
Career_Expectance.x -.09 .25 -.34 .737
Career_InternalControl.x -.62 .33 -1.87 .069
Career_Hopes.x .18 .26 .70 .487
Career_Fears.x -.30 .20 -1.49 .146
Career_Exploration.x -.02 .18 -.13 .896
Career_Commitment.x .24 .26 .92 .362
CT1Value .55 .16 3.52 .001
Goals_IntrinsicGoals - F(8,36) = 1.41, p = .226, R2 = .24
(Intercept) 3.03 .95 3.18 .003
Career_Value.x .10 .09 1.21 .235
Career_Expectance.x -.15 .11 -1.37 .180
Career_InternalControl.x -.24 .16 -1.49 .145
Career_Hopes.x .08 .11 .71 .480
Career_Fears.x .04 .09 .42 .681
Career_Exploration.x -.03 .08 -.41 .681
Career_Commitment.x .09 .11 .89 .378
CT1Value .46 .23 2.01 .052
Goals_trinsicGoals - F(8,36) = 4.29, p = .001, R2 = .49
(Intercept) -.16 1.50 -.10 .917
Career_Value.x -.19 .17 -1.09 .284
Career_Expectance.x .23 .20 1.12 .272
Career_InternalControl.x .08 .27 .31 .758
Career_Hopes.x -.10 .19 -.52 .606
Career_Fears.x .05 .15 .34 .733
Career_Exploration.x -.02 .15 -.11 .910
Career_Commitment.x .13 .20 .65 .518
CT1Value .85 .15 5.68 < .001
Commitment - F(8,36) = 5.39, p = .000, R2 = .55
(Intercept) 1.71 1.29 1.33 .192
Career_Value.x .05 .14 .35 .727
Career_Expectance.x -.13 .18 -.75 .456
Career_InternalControl.x .24 .23 1.04 .304
Career_Hopes.x .59 .17 3.50 .001
Career_Fears.x -.30 .13 -2.32 .026
Career_Exploration.x -.01 .13 -.06 .952
Career_Commitment.x .22 .17 1.25 .218
CT1Value -.02 .18 -.12 .902
Promedio - F(8,36) = 2.54, p = .027, R2 = .36
(Intercept) -227.03 152.61 -1.49 .146
Career_Value.x 18.45 16.91 1.09 .283
Career_Expectance.x -8.89 19.84 -.45 .657
Career_InternalControl.x 6.21 26.38 .24 .815
Career_Hopes.x -18.79 18.99 -.99 .329
Career_Fears.x 1.21 14.79 .08 .935
Career_Exploration.x 19.95 14.51 1.38 .178
Career_Commitment.x 16.31 20.05 .81 .421
CT1Value 6.75 1.59 4.26 < .001
CRAEST - F(8,36) = .92, p = .508, R2 = .17
(Intercept) 177.18 250.18 .71 .483
Career_Value.x -26.09 28.59 -.91 .367
Career_Expectance.x 17.36 35.39 .49 .627
Career_InternalControl.x 56.92 42.41 1.34 .188
Career_Hopes.x 41.63 34.94 1.19 .241
Career_Fears.x -35.23 23.08 -1.53 .136
Career_Exploration.x -29.82 22.78 -1.31 .199
Career_Commitment.x -52.44 31.87 -1.65 .109
CT1Value -.45 2.12 -.21 .835
Desaprobados - F(8,36) = 3.57, p = .004, R2 = .44
(Intercept) 6.76 10.25 .66 .514
Career_Value.x .90 1.16 .78 .440
Career_Expectance.x -1.59 1.39 -1.14 .262
Career_InternalControl.x -3.32 1.93 -1.72 .094
Career_Hopes.x -3.07 1.40 -2.19 .035
Career_Fears.x 1.71 1.05 1.63 .112
Career_Exploration.x -.35 1.01 -.35 .728
Career_Commitment.x 4.15 1.41 2.95 .006
CT1Value 1.32 .28 4.70 < .001
PromedioActual - F(8,36) = 1.24, p = .304, R2 = .22
(Intercept) 14.12 16.09 .88 .386
Career_Value.x -3.38 1.78 -1.90 .065
Career_Expectance.x 3.01 2.14 1.41 .168
Career_InternalControl.x 2.32 2.84 .82 .419
Career_Hopes.x -.06 2.02 -.03 .978
Career_Fears.x .09 1.56 .06 .956
Career_Exploration.x -1.39 1.53 -.91 .368
Career_Commitment.x -2.70 2.14 -1.26 .216
CT1Value .78 .32 2.49 .018

Resultados detallados de los modelos de carrera

term B SE t p
LifeSatisfaction - F(8,36) = 6.03, p = .000, R2 = .57
(Intercept) 2.57 1.01 2.53 .016
Family_Value.x -.07 .22 -.31 .756
Family_Expectance.x .11 .30 .35 .730
Family_InternalControl.x -.18 .26 -.69 .492
Family_Hopes.x .10 .21 .47 .643
Family_Fears.x -.21 .21 -1.03 .311
Family_Exploration.x .23 .15 1.54 .132
Family_Commitment.x -.18 .19 -.91 .368
CT1Value .62 .14 4.38 < .001
Goals_IntrinsicGoals - F(8,36) = 1.41, p = .226, R2 = .24
(Intercept) 3.49 .94 3.70 .001
Family_Value.x .10 .09 1.03 .309
Family_Expectance.x -.09 .12 -.75 .458
Family_InternalControl.x -.12 .11 -1.14 .263
Family_Hopes.x -.00 .09 -.05 .959
Family_Fears.x .01 .08 .17 .865
Family_Exploration.x .03 .06 .52 .608
Family_Commitment.x .02 .08 .26 .793
CT1Value .31 .19 1.62 .115
Goals_trinsicGoals - F(8,36) = 4.29, p = .001, R2 = .49
(Intercept) .09 .74 .12 .902
Family_Value.x .01 .17 .07 .947
Family_Expectance.x .02 .23 .09 .925
Family_InternalControl.x .02 .19 .10 .918
Family_Hopes.x .18 .15 1.18 .244
Family_Fears.x -.21 .15 -1.42 .166
Family_Exploration.x .15 .11 1.34 .190
Family_Commitment.x -.04 .14 -.31 .757
CT1Value .81 .17 4.78 < .001
Commitment - F(8,36) = 5.39, p = .000, R2 = .55
(Intercept) 2.36 .99 2.38 .023
Family_Value.x .14 .19 .73 .468
Family_Expectance.x -.03 .26 -.13 .900
Family_InternalControl.x -.23 .23 -1.00 .323
Family_Hopes.x -.14 .19 -.74 .462
Family_Fears.x .12 .18 .68 .500
Family_Exploration.x .09 .13 .69 .493
Family_Commitment.x -.02 .17 -.11 .910
CT1Value .58 .20 2.83 .008
Promedio - F(8,36) = 2.54, p = .027, R2 = .36
(Intercept) -105.06 69.29 -1.52 .138
Family_Value.x 10.62 15.75 .67 .504
Family_Expectance.x -33.89 21.15 -1.60 .118
Family_InternalControl.x 15.44 18.37 .84 .406
Family_Hopes.x 14.79 15.24 .97 .338
Family_Fears.x -26.32 14.82 -1.78 .084
Family_Exploration.x 16.87 10.77 1.57 .126
Family_Commitment.x 4.45 14.45 .31 .760
CT1Value 6.24 1.67 3.74 .001
CRAEST - F(8,36) = .92, p = .508, R2 = .17
(Intercept) 70.71 158.96 .44 .659
Family_Value.x -19.96 26.73 -.75 .460
Family_Expectance.x 10.12 37.47 .27 .789
Family_InternalControl.x 19.87 31.30 .64 .529
Family_Hopes.x 42.30 25.69 1.65 .108
Family_Fears.x -15.37 25.19 -.61 .545
Family_Exploration.x -.19 18.28 -.01 .992
Family_Commitment.x -25.50 23.41 -1.09 .283
CT1Value -.80 1.85 -.43 .670
Desaprobados - F(8,36) = 3.57, p = .004, R2 = .44
(Intercept) 12.69 4.56 2.78 .009
Family_Value.x -.24 1.17 -.21 .838
Family_Expectance.x .65 1.56 .41 .682
Family_InternalControl.x -2.89 1.37 -2.11 .042
Family_Hopes.x .44 1.11 .40 .691
Family_Fears.x -.44 1.08 -.40 .688
Family_Exploration.x -.16 .79 -.21 .839
Family_Commitment.x -.49 1.04 -.47 .644
CT1Value 1.06 .27 3.87 < .001
PromedioActual - F(8,36) = 1.24, p = .304, R2 = .22
(Intercept) 13.38 8.71 1.54 .133
Family_Value.x -.69 1.75 -.40 .693
Family_Expectance.x 1.60 2.31 .69 .493
Family_InternalControl.x -.20 2.00 -.10 .919
Family_Hopes.x -1.39 1.75 -.80 .431
Family_Fears.x .56 1.64 .34 .735
Family_Exploration.x -1.56 1.20 -1.29 .204
Family_Commitment.x -.55 1.51 -.36 .719
CT1Value .65 .33 1.97 .057