Caitlin Feltus
2/22/2021
import data
# load the package
library(readr)
definitions <- read_csv("~/madness/madness.csv")
definitions## # A tibble: 25 x 8
## `First name` `Last name` Word n_Words Definition dictionary_name Web_Address
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr>
## 1 Daniel Lee insa~ 7 exhibitin~ merriam-webste~ https://ww~
## 2 Amanda Auditore insa~ NA a state o~ dictionary.com https://ww~
## 3 Tylor Barboza insa~ 16 in a stat~ google.com <NA>
## 4 Kendra Boyd insa~ 12 having a ~ collinsdiction~ https://ww~
## 5 Shane Downey insa~ 11 in a stat~ oxford languag~ https://ww~
## 6 Riley Duquette insa~ 8 A state o~ languages.oup.~ https://la~
## 7 James Farrell insa~ NA a state o~ oxford languag~ https://la~
## 8 Caitlin Feltus insa~ 8 a state o~ languages.oup.~ https://la~
## 9 Liz Grande mad 2 mentally ~ thefreediction~ https://ww~
## 10 Madison Hughes mad NA Mentally ~ dictionary.cam~ https://di~
## # ... with 15 more rows, and 1 more variable: X8 <chr>explore data
# displays the structure of data
str(definitions)## spec_tbl_df [25 x 8] (S3: spec_tbl_df/tbl_df/tbl/data.frame)
## $ First name : chr [1:25] "Daniel" "Amanda" "Tylor" "Kendra" ...
## $ Last name : chr [1:25] "Lee" "Auditore" "Barboza" "Boyd" ...
## $ Word : chr [1:25] "insane" "insane" "insane" "insane" ...
## $ n_Words : num [1:25] 7 NA 16 12 11 8 NA 8 2 NA ...
## $ Definition : chr [1:25] "exhibiting a severely disordered state of mind" "a state of mind which prevents normal perception, behavior, or social interaction" "in a state of mind which prevents normal perception, behavior, or social interaction; seriously mentally ill." "having a severe mental illness that prevents one from making rational judgments" ...
## $ dictionary_name: chr [1:25] "merriam-webster.com" "dictionary.com" "google.com" "collinsdictionary.com" ...
## $ Web_Address : chr [1:25] "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/insane" "https://www.dictionary.com/" NA "https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/insane" ...
## $ X8 : chr [1:25] NA NA "www.google.com" NA ...
## - attr(*, "spec")=
## .. cols(
## .. `First name` = col_character(),
## .. `Last name` = col_character(),
## .. Word = col_character(),
## .. n_Words = col_double(),
## .. Definition = col_character(),
## .. dictionary_name = col_character(),
## .. Web_Address = col_character(),
## .. X8 = col_character()
## .. )#displays summary statistics of data
summary(definitions)## First name Last name Word n_Words
## Length:25 Length:25 Length:25 Min. : 2.000
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.: 4.000
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median : 5.000
## Mean : 6.571
## 3rd Qu.: 8.000
## Max. :16.000
## NA's :4
## Definition dictionary_name Web_Address X8
## Length:25 Length:25 Length:25 Length:25
## Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
##
##
##
## library(skimr)
skim(definitions)| Name | definitions |
| Number of rows | 25 |
| Number of columns | 8 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| character | 7 |
| numeric | 1 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: character
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | empty | n_unique | whitespace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First name | 0 | 1.00 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Last name | 0 | 1.00 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Word | 0 | 1.00 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Definition | 1 | 0.96 | 17 | 109 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| dictionary_name | 3 | 0.88 | 10 | 28 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Web_Address | 2 | 0.92 | 27 | 177 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| X8 | 24 | 0.04 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n_Words | 4 | 0.84 | 6.57 | 3.53 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 16 | ▆▇▃▂▁ |
visualize data
quanitative data
library(ggplot2)
data(Marriage, package = "mosaicData")
# plot the age distribution using a histogram
ggplot(definitions, aes(x = n_Words)) +
geom_histogram() +
labs(title = "distribution of number of words",
x = "number of words in the definitions")
catigorical data
library(ggplot2)
data(Marriage, package = "mosaicData")
# plot the distribution of race
ggplot(definitions, aes(x = Word)) +
geom_bar()
Word frequency
library(gutenbergr)
hgwells <- gutenberg_download(c(35, 36, 5230, 159))library(tidytext)
library(dplyr)
tidy_def <- definitions %>%
unnest_tokens(word, Definition) %>%
anti_join(stop_words)library (dplyr)
plotdata <-
tidy_def %>%
count(word, sort = TRUE)%>%
head(15) library (ggplot2)
ggplot(plotdata,
aes(x = reorder (word, n),
y = n)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity")+
coord_flip() +
labs (title = "15 Most Frequent Word in Definition of/n Insane, Crazy, Mad, Idiot",
x = "Word in Definitions",
y = "Count of words")
Throughout the years the way people and doctors diagnose their patients has altered due to new discoveries and vigilant studying. These changes are often due to proving old theories wrong which has led to changing the way we classify and define certain things. This is seen in ways doctors have defined “madness” through the years. Madness is something that has been documented for thousands of years, and the way we interpret the causes for madness and how it arises in a person has changed.
In the late 1700s a Scottish chemist named William Cullen studied pharmacology and how mental illnesses may exist in a person. Cullen began to place the human nervous system at the center of medicine, and moved away from the idea that the body moved in hydraulic terms and began the idea that nerves are similar to wires (Eghigian pg85, 2010). Cullen challenged the power that the heart, muscles and membranes have in a person’s body, and how it is all connected with nerves, introducing neurosis to medicine. This differs in some ways from modern diagnosis of mental illness, madness is often characterized by personality tests and things caused by trauma or past experiences. This reflects the way we define madness in some ways today although, like defining madness as someone who is mentally deranged and “full of cracks”. This definition may go deeper than just traumatic past experiences, and implies maybe someone who is insane is out of wire within their nerves.
In the late 1800s Freud and his partner Breuer studied together things like psychiatric disorders, memory, trauma, and therapeutic talking. They parted ways eventually and Freud went on to continue his studying of psychoanalysis. Breuer had a patient who was clearly suffering from mental illness and had lost control of her body and couldn’t drink any water for weeks. She clearly was showing enough symptoms to be diagnosed as suffering from hysteria (Eghigian pg202, 2012). Freud and Breuer challenged the reason as to why this patient was suffering. Maybe an injury to the brain would cause this? Freud’s theory was that past trauma is what causes such a thing. This was believed to be true because of hypnosis and other treatments used on the patient. For example the patient had several visual disturbances and these could be traced back to external causes. She once began to have a visual disturbance while she was in a stressful situation sitting with her dying father in bed. It was of snakes trying to bite the sick man. This was thought to be because the patient likely saw many snakes in the meadow behind the home. The doctors used hypnosis to recall these traumatic memories and when the memories were revived the illness was cured and treatment stopped (Eghigian pg212, 2010).
The way madness was diagnosed and defined reflects now on how we define madness today. Often many different mental illnesses are believed to be caused by trauma, like childhood trauma, illnesses especially like anxiety, depression and PTSD. This is another similar definition used to define mental illness in the last 1900s. The DSM-III was an organization of doctors who studied stress behaviors, like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. They believed also that traumatic experiences are what cause disorders like PTSD and these traumatic experiences can be re-experienced and cause things like nightmares, and painful recollections of the event (Eghigian 404, 2010). This is still seen today, and is how doctors diagnose patients now too.
When it comes to defining “cowardice” in a military sense, fear is thought to be the major factor. For example Dr. Farquhar Buzzard said, “I quite see that fear passes to cowardice. But fear is really an unconscious thing and has a very definite physical manifestation” (Cowardice and Shell Shock, 1922). To be a coward you would intentionally develop that certain attitude, fear although is subconscious. This is seen today with mental illness like anxiety and depression; The subconscious fear people may have can lead to deeper mental issues like anxiety.
There are ways we define madness that have differed from the past ways we used to. There are some ways that still reflect to this day although, and with development of medical and scientific data we are able to classify and diagnose illness more precisely.
Works Cited:
Eghigian, Greg, editor. From Madness to Mental Health : Psychiatric Disorder and Its Treatment in Western Civilization. Rutgers University Press, 2010. Accessed 10 Mar. 2021.
C:and Shell-Shock, FROM THE REPORT OF THE WAR OFFICE COMMITTEE OF ENQUIRY INTO SHELL-SHOCK. 1922 - H M Stationery Office; Pages 138-144, www.vlib.us/medical/cowardice.htm.