library(tidyverse)## ── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.0 ──## ✓ ggplot2 3.3.3 ✓ purrr 0.3.4
## ✓ tibble 3.0.6 ✓ dplyr 1.0.4
## ✓ tidyr 1.1.2 ✓ stringr 1.4.0
## ✓ readr 1.4.0 ✓ forcats 0.5.1## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()library(skimr)# From TidyTuesday: https://github.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/blob/master/data/2020/2020-02-11/readme.md
hotels <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2020/2020-02-11/hotels.csv")Warm up! Take a look at an overview of the data with the skim() function.
Note: I already gave you the answer to this exercise. You just need to knit the document and view the output. A definition of all variables is given in the Data dictionary section at the end, though you don’t need to familiarize yourself with all variables in order to work through these exercises.
skim(hotels)| Name | hotels |
| Number of rows | 119390 |
| Number of columns | 32 |
| _______________________ | |
| Column type frequency: | |
| character | 13 |
| Date | 1 |
| numeric | 18 |
| ________________________ | |
| Group variables | None |
Variable type: character
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | empty | n_unique | whitespace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hotel | 0 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| arrival_date_month | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| meal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| country | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 178 | 0 |
| market_segment | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| distribution_channel | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| reserved_room_type | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| assigned_room_type | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| deposit_type | 0 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| agent | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 334 | 0 |
| company | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 353 | 0 |
| customer_type | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| reservation_status | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Variable type: Date
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | min | max | median | n_unique |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| reservation_status_date | 0 | 1 | 2014-10-17 | 2017-09-14 | 2016-08-07 | 926 |
Variable type: numeric
| skim_variable | n_missing | complete_rate | mean | sd | p0 | p25 | p50 | p75 | p100 | hist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| is_canceled | 0 | 1 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | ▇▁▁▁▅ |
| lead_time | 0 | 1 | 104.01 | 106.86 | 0.00 | 18.00 | 69.00 | 160 | 737 | ▇▂▁▁▁ |
| arrival_date_year | 0 | 1 | 2016.16 | 0.71 | 2015.00 | 2016.00 | 2016.00 | 2017 | 2017 | ▃▁▇▁▆ |
| arrival_date_week_number | 0 | 1 | 27.17 | 13.61 | 1.00 | 16.00 | 28.00 | 38 | 53 | ▅▇▇▇▅ |
| arrival_date_day_of_month | 0 | 1 | 15.80 | 8.78 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 16.00 | 23 | 31 | ▇▇▇▇▆ |
| stays_in_weekend_nights | 0 | 1 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2 | 19 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| stays_in_week_nights | 0 | 1 | 2.50 | 1.91 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2.00 | 3 | 50 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| adults | 0 | 1 | 1.86 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2 | 55 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| children | 4 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 10 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| babies | 0 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 10 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| is_repeated_guest | 0 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| previous_cancellations | 0 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 26 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| previous_bookings_not_canceled | 0 | 1 | 0.14 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 72 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| booking_changes | 0 | 1 | 0.22 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 21 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| days_in_waiting_list | 0 | 1 | 2.32 | 17.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 391 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| adr | 0 | 1 | 101.83 | 50.54 | -6.38 | 69.29 | 94.58 | 126 | 5400 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| required_car_parking_spaces | 0 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 8 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
| total_of_special_requests | 0 | 1 | 0.57 | 0.79 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 5 | ▇▁▁▁▁ |
Look at the documentation of the skimr package. And answer the following questions.
Can skimr functions be used in a pipeline?
How is skimr used in this project?
Do you think it might be useful for you?
The skimr functions can be used in a pipeline.
skimr will clearly display numeric values and factor variables for this project.
Yes.
Are people traveling on a whim? Let’s see…
Fill in the blanks for filtering for hotel bookings where the guest is not from the US (country code "USA") and the lead_time is less than 1 day.
Note: You will need to set eval=TRUE when you have an answer you want to try out.
hotels %>%
filter(
country == "USA",
lead_time < 1
)## # A tibble: 171 x 32
## hotel is_canceled lead_time arrival_date_ye… arrival_date_mo…
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Reso… 0 0 2015 August
## 2 Reso… 0 0 2015 July
## 3 Reso… 0 0 2015 August
## 4 Reso… 0 0 2015 August
## 5 Reso… 0 0 2015 September
## 6 Reso… 0 0 2015 October
## 7 Reso… 0 0 2015 December
## 8 Reso… 0 0 2015 December
## 9 Reso… 0 0 2016 January
## 10 Reso… 0 0 2016 January
## # … with 161 more rows, and 27 more variables: arrival_date_week_number <dbl>,
## # arrival_date_day_of_month <dbl>, stays_in_weekend_nights <dbl>,
## # stays_in_week_nights <dbl>, adults <dbl>, children <dbl>, babies <dbl>,
## # meal <chr>, country <chr>, market_segment <chr>,
## # distribution_channel <chr>, is_repeated_guest <dbl>,
## # previous_cancellations <dbl>, previous_bookings_not_canceled <dbl>,
## # reserved_room_type <chr>, assigned_room_type <chr>, booking_changes <dbl>,
## # deposit_type <chr>, agent <chr>, company <chr>, days_in_waiting_list <dbl>,
## # customer_type <chr>, adr <dbl>, required_car_parking_spaces <dbl>,
## # total_of_special_requests <dbl>, reservation_status <chr>,
## # reservation_status_date <date>There are 6,174 bookings where the country booking is not the USA, but and lead time is less than one. People are deciding to travel on same day across to an to anther country.
How many bookings involve at least 1 child or baby? (Note the logical op, PC)
In the following chunk, replace
[AT LEAST] with the logical operator for “at least” (in two places)[OR] with the logical operator for “or”Note: You will need to set eval=TRUE when you have an answer you want to try out.
hotels %>%
filter(
children >= 1 | babies >= 1
)## # A tibble: 9,332 x 32
## hotel is_canceled lead_time arrival_date_ye… arrival_date_mo…
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Reso… 0 18 2015 July
## 2 Reso… 1 47 2015 July
## 3 Reso… 0 1 2015 July
## 4 Reso… 0 10 2015 July
## 5 Reso… 1 79 2015 July
## 6 Reso… 0 101 2015 July
## 7 Reso… 0 92 2015 July
## 8 Reso… 1 26 2015 July
## 9 Reso… 0 102 2015 July
## 10 Reso… 0 78 2015 July
## # … with 9,322 more rows, and 27 more variables:
## # arrival_date_week_number <dbl>, arrival_date_day_of_month <dbl>,
## # stays_in_weekend_nights <dbl>, stays_in_week_nights <dbl>, adults <dbl>,
## # children <dbl>, babies <dbl>, meal <chr>, country <chr>,
## # market_segment <chr>, distribution_channel <chr>, is_repeated_guest <dbl>,
## # previous_cancellations <dbl>, previous_bookings_not_canceled <dbl>,
## # reserved_room_type <chr>, assigned_room_type <chr>, booking_changes <dbl>,
## # deposit_type <chr>, agent <chr>, company <chr>, days_in_waiting_list <dbl>,
## # customer_type <chr>, adr <dbl>, required_car_parking_spaces <dbl>,
## # total_of_special_requests <dbl>, reservation_status <chr>,
## # reservation_status_date <date>There are 9,332 bookings that involve at least 1 child or baby.
Do you think it’s more likely to find bookings with children or babies in city hotels or resort hotels? Test your intuition. Using filter() determine the number of bookings in resort hotels that have more than 1 child or baby in the room? Then, do the same for city hotels, and compare the numbers of rows in the resulting filtered data frames.
hotels %>%
filter(
hotel == "Resort Hotel",
children >= 1 | babies >= 1
)## # A tibble: 3,929 x 32
## hotel is_canceled lead_time arrival_date_ye… arrival_date_mo…
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Reso… 0 18 2015 July
## 2 Reso… 1 47 2015 July
## 3 Reso… 0 1 2015 July
## 4 Reso… 0 10 2015 July
## 5 Reso… 1 79 2015 July
## 6 Reso… 0 101 2015 July
## 7 Reso… 0 92 2015 July
## 8 Reso… 1 26 2015 July
## 9 Reso… 0 102 2015 July
## 10 Reso… 0 78 2015 July
## # … with 3,919 more rows, and 27 more variables:
## # arrival_date_week_number <dbl>, arrival_date_day_of_month <dbl>,
## # stays_in_weekend_nights <dbl>, stays_in_week_nights <dbl>, adults <dbl>,
## # children <dbl>, babies <dbl>, meal <chr>, country <chr>,
## # market_segment <chr>, distribution_channel <chr>, is_repeated_guest <dbl>,
## # previous_cancellations <dbl>, previous_bookings_not_canceled <dbl>,
## # reserved_room_type <chr>, assigned_room_type <chr>, booking_changes <dbl>,
## # deposit_type <chr>, agent <chr>, company <chr>, days_in_waiting_list <dbl>,
## # customer_type <chr>, adr <dbl>, required_car_parking_spaces <dbl>,
## # total_of_special_requests <dbl>, reservation_status <chr>,
## # reservation_status_date <date>hotels %>%
filter(
hotel == "City Hotel",
children >= 1 | babies >= 1
)## # A tibble: 5,403 x 32
## hotel is_canceled lead_time arrival_date_ye… arrival_date_mo…
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 City… 1 100 2015 July
## 2 City… 0 69 2015 July
## 3 City… 0 67 2015 July
## 4 City… 1 60 2015 July
## 5 City… 0 0 2015 July
## 6 City… 0 0 2015 July
## 7 City… 0 0 2015 July
## 8 City… 0 84 2015 July
## 9 City… 0 74 2015 July
## 10 City… 0 75 2015 July
## # … with 5,393 more rows, and 27 more variables:
## # arrival_date_week_number <dbl>, arrival_date_day_of_month <dbl>,
## # stays_in_weekend_nights <dbl>, stays_in_week_nights <dbl>, adults <dbl>,
## # children <dbl>, babies <dbl>, meal <chr>, country <chr>,
## # market_segment <chr>, distribution_channel <chr>, is_repeated_guest <dbl>,
## # previous_cancellations <dbl>, previous_bookings_not_canceled <dbl>,
## # reserved_room_type <chr>, assigned_room_type <chr>, booking_changes <dbl>,
## # deposit_type <chr>, agent <chr>, company <chr>, days_in_waiting_list <dbl>,
## # customer_type <chr>, adr <dbl>, required_car_parking_spaces <dbl>,
## # total_of_special_requests <dbl>, reservation_status <chr>,
## # reservation_status_date <date>Just by the raw counts, there are more bookings in this particular data set for city hotels with children or babies.
Create a frequency table of the number of adults in a booking. Display the results in descending order so the most common observation is on top. What is the most common number of adults in bookings in this dataset? Are there any surprising results?
Note: Don’t forget to label your R chunk as well (where it says label-me-1). Your label should be short, informative, and shouldn’t include spaces. It also shouldn’t repeat a previous label, otherwise R Markdown will give you an error about repeated R chunk labels.
hotels %>%
count(adults, sort = TRUE)## # A tibble: 14 x 2
## adults n
## <dbl> <int>
## 1 2 89680
## 2 1 23027
## 3 3 6202
## 4 0 403
## 5 4 62
## 6 26 5
## 7 5 2
## 8 20 2
## 9 27 2
## 10 6 1
## 11 10 1
## 12 40 1
## 13 50 1
## 14 55 1The most common number of adults in the booking in this data set is 2 adults.
55 and 50 adults in a sweet room is quite surprising.
Repeat Exercise 5, once for canceled bookings (is_canceled coded as 1) and once for not canceled bookings (is_canceled coded as 0). What does this reveal about the surprising results you spotted in the previous exercise?
Note: Don’t forget to label your R chunk as well (where it says label-me-2).
hotels %>%
filter(is_canceled == 1)%>%
count(adults, sort = TRUE)## # A tibble: 14 x 2
## adults n
## <dbl> <int>
## 1 2 35258
## 2 1 6674
## 3 3 2151
## 4 0 109
## 5 4 16
## 6 26 5
## 7 5 2
## 8 20 2
## 9 27 2
## 10 6 1
## 11 10 1
## 12 40 1
## 13 50 1
## 14 55 1This data reveals that there might have been some sort of data entry error or human error with the suprising results.
Calculate minimum, mean, median, and maximum average daily rate (adr) grouped by hotel type so that you can get these statistics separately for resort and city hotels. Which type of hotel is higher, on average?
hotels %>%
group_by(hotel) %>%
summarise(
min_adr = min(adr),
mean_adr = mean(adr),
med_adr = median(adr),
max_adr = max(adr)
)## # A tibble: 2 x 5
## hotel min_adr mean_adr med_adr max_adr
## * <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 City Hotel 0 105. 99.9 5400
## 2 Resort Hotel -6.38 95.0 75 508The City Hotels are slightly higher on average with a $105 than Resort Hotels.
We observe two unusual values in the summary statistics above – a negative minimum, and a very high maximum). What types of hotels are these? Locate these observations in the dataset and find out the arrival date (year and month) as well as how many people (adults, children, and babies) stayed in the room. You can investigate the data in the viewer to locate these values, but preferably you should identify them in a reproducible way with some code.
Hint: For example, you can filter for the given adr amounts and select the relevant columns.
hotels %>%
filter(adr == min(adr) | adr == min(adr)) %>%
select(adr, hotel, arrival_date_year, arrival_date_month, adults, children, babies)## # A tibble: 1 x 7
## adr hotel arrival_date_year arrival_date_month adults children babies
## <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 -6.38 Resort Hotel 2017 March 2 0 0The negative minimum is the resort hotel and the high maximum is the city hotel.
Below is the full data dictionary. Note that it is long (there are lots of variables in the data), but we will be using a limited set of the variables for our analysis.
| variable | class | description |
|---|---|---|
| hotel | character | Hotel (H1 = Resort Hotel or H2 = City Hotel) |
| is_canceled | double | Value indicating if the booking was canceled (1) or not (0) |
| lead_time | double | Number of days that elapsed between the entering date of the booking into the PMS and the arrival date |
| arrival_date_year | double | Year of arrival date |
| arrival_date_month | character | Month of arrival date |
| arrival_date_week_number | double | Week number of year for arrival date |
| arrival_date_day_of_month | double | Day of arrival date |
| stays_in_weekend_nights | double | Number of weekend nights (Saturday or Sunday) the guest stayed or booked to stay at the hotel |
| stays_in_week_nights | double | Number of week nights (Monday to Friday) the guest stayed or booked to stay at the hotel |
| adults | double | Number of adults |
| children | double | Number of children |
| babies | double | Number of babies |
| meal | character | Type of meal booked. Categories are presented in standard hospitality meal packages: Undefined/SC – no meal package; BB – Bed & Breakfast; HB – Half board (breakfast and one other meal – usually dinner); FB – Full board (breakfast, lunch and dinner) |
| country | character | Country of origin. Categories are represented in the ISO 3155–3:2013 format |
| market_segment | character | Market segment designation. In categories, the term “TA” means “Travel Agents” and “TO” means “Tour Operators” |
| distribution_channel | character | Booking distribution channel. The term “TA” means “Travel Agents” and “TO” means “Tour Operators” |
| is_repeated_guest | double | Value indicating if the booking name was from a repeated guest (1) or not (0) |
| previous_cancellations | double | Number of previous bookings that were cancelled by the customer prior to the current booking |
| previous_bookings_not_canceled | double | Number of previous bookings not cancelled by the customer prior to the current booking |
| reserved_room_type | character | Code of room type reserved. Code is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons |
| assigned_room_type | character | Code for the type of room assigned to the booking. Sometimes the assigned room type differs from the reserved room type due to hotel operation reasons (e.g. overbooking) or by customer request. Code is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons |
| booking_changes | double | Number of changes/amendments made to the booking from the moment the booking was entered on the PMS until the moment of check-in or cancellation |
| deposit_type | character | Indication on if the customer made a deposit to guarantee the booking. This variable can assume three categories: No Deposit – no deposit was made; Non Refund – a deposit was made in the value of the total stay cost; Refundable – a deposit was made with a value under the total cost of stay. |
| agent | character | ID of the travel agency that made the booking |
| company | character | ID of the company/entity that made the booking or responsible for paying the booking. ID is presented instead of designation for anonymity reasons |
| days_in_waiting_list | double | Number of days the booking was in the waiting list before it was confirmed to the customer |
| customer_type | character | Type of booking, assuming one of four categories: Contract - when the booking has an allotment or other type of contract associated to it; Group – when the booking is associated to a group; Transient – when the booking is not part of a group or contract, and is not associated to other transient booking; Transient-party – when the booking is transient, but is associated to at least other transient booking |
| adr | double | Average Daily Rate as defined by dividing the sum of all lodging transactions by the total number of staying nights |
| required_car_parking_spaces | double | Number of car parking spaces required by the customer |
| total_of_special_requests | double | Number of special requests made by the customer (e.g. twin bed or high floor) |
| reservation_status | character | Reservation last status, assuming one of three categories: Canceled – booking was canceled by the customer; Check-Out – customer has checked in but already departed; No-Show – customer did not check-in and did inform the hotel of the reason why |
| reservation_status_date | double | Date at which the last status was set. This variable can be used in conjunction with the ReservationStatus to understand when was the booking canceled or when did the customer checked-out of the hotel |