Baseline data and summary of missing responses at baseline

Among those who have scam data at baseline, summary statistics and the # missing responses for the other variables are presented below.

Overall
(N=1272)
Fraud
Yes 85 (6.7%)
No 1180 (92.8%)
8 7 (0.6%)
9 0 (0%)
Negative Life Events
Mean (SD) 2.53 (1.87)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [0, 8.00]
Missing 1029 (80.9%)
Baseline Loneliness
Mean (SD) 2.18 (0.605)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 16 (1.3%)
Baseline Social Activity
Mean (SD) 2.64 (0.578)
Median [Min, Max] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33]
Missing 11 (0.9%)
Baseline Social Network Size
Mean (SD) 7.09 (6.00)
Median [Min, Max] 6.00 [0, 59.0]
Missing 15 (1.2%)
Baseline Perceived Social Support
Mean (SD) 4.38 (0.617)
Median [Min, Max] 4.42 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 14 (1.1%)
Age (Years)
Mean (SD) 79.1 (7.43)
Median [Min, Max] 79.6 [53.3, 99.8]
Baseline Global Cognitive Function
Mean (SD) 0.129 (0.620)
Median [Min, Max] 0.214 [-3.07, 1.60]
Missing 9 (0.7%)
Relationship Status
Divorced 148 (11.6%)
Married 516 (40.6%)
Never married 80 (6.3%)
Separated 2 (0.2%)
Widowed 491 (38.6%)
Missing 35 (2.8%)
Education
Less than College 506 (39.8%)
College 766 (60.2%)
Baseline Clinical Cognitive Diagnosis
1 938 (73.7%)
2 265 (20.8%)
3 4 (0.3%)
4 51 (4.0%)
5 3 (0.2%)
6 3 (0.2%)
Missing 8 (0.6%)
Sex
Female 961 (75.6%)
Male 311 (24.4%)
Income
<25K 269 (21.1%)
25-50K 412 (32.4%)
50-75K 237 (18.6%)
>75K 302 (23.7%)
Missing 52 (4.1%)
Race
White 1188 (93.4%)
Black 67 (5.3%)
Other 17 (1.3%)
Spanish
Yes 39 (3.1%)
No 1233 (96.9%)
Perceived Discrimination
Mean (SD) 0.694 (1.15)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 8.00]
Missing 559 (43.9%)
Risk Aversion Coef
Mean (SD) 0.311 (0.309)
Median [Min, Max] 0.111 [0.0468, 0.904]
Risk
Mean (SD) 10.7 (3.56)
Median [Min, Max] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0]
Missing 9 (0.7%)
Baseline Wellbeing
Mean (SD) 5.55 (0.595)
Median [Min, Max] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00]
Missing 6 (0.5%)
Among the individuals who have scam data at baseline, almost all of them have other baseline data. The main exception is negative life events and perceived discrimination. Almost 80% of the individuals with scam data did not respond to the negative life events question.

Frequency of negative life events, scam and fraud from year to year

The left panel of the graph below depicts the response rate for each follow-up year for the negative events, scam and fraud variables. The right panel presents the % of those who responded who reported higher scam susceptibility, fraud and at least one negative event for each follow-up year. If the scam response was >4 (agreed or strongly agreed), I defined those individuals as having higher scam susceptibility.

Unlike scam and fraud, negative events has substantial missing data. The average response rate for each year was 21%. It is also noteworthy that out of those who responded to the negative life events question, 65% on average reported at least one negative event for each year. Is it possible that those who report an answer to the negative life events question tend to have at least one negative event? Missingness would not be random if this is the case.

Differences in missing and observed distributions for negative life events

To investigate possible reasons for missingness in negative life events (other than whether the individual had a negative life event(s) or not), we compare the missing and observed data distributions. Specifically, the table compares the baseline characteristics of those who responded to the negative life events question at least once in the study and those who never responded to the negative life events question.

No
(N=468)		 Yes
(N=804)		 Overall
(N=1272)
Baseline scam susceptibility
Mean (SD) 2.60 (0.862) 2.77 (0.714) 2.71 (0.775)
Median [Min, Max] 2.60 [1.00, 5.60] 2.80 [1.00, 5.20] 2.80 [1.00, 5.60]
Missing 8 (1.7%) 0 (0%) 8 (0.6%)
Baseline fraud
Yes 45 (9.6%) 40 (5.0%) 85 (6.7%)
No 416 (88.9%) 764 (95.0%) 1180 (92.8%)
8 7 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 7 (0.6%)
9 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Baseline Loneliness
Mean (SD) 2.22 (0.650) 2.16 (0.577) 2.18 (0.605)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 4.60] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 12 (2.6%) 4 (0.5%) 16 (1.3%)
Baseline Social Activity
Mean (SD) 2.58 (0.593) 2.67 (0.567) 2.64 (0.578)
Median [Min, Max] 2.67 [1.00, 4.17] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33]
Missing 7 (1.5%) 4 (0.5%) 11 (0.9%)
Baseline Negative Social Exchange
Mean (SD) 1.40 (0.446) 1.54 (0.453) 1.54 (0.452)
Median [Min, Max] 1.40 [1.08, 1.71] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67]
Missing 466 (99.6%) 559 (69.5%) 1025 (80.6%)
Baseline Social Network Size
Mean (SD) 7.21 (6.31) 7.03 (5.82) 7.09 (6.00)
Median [Min, Max] 5.00 [0, 51.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0]
Missing 10 (2.1%) 5 (0.6%) 15 (1.2%)
Baseline Perceived Social Support
Mean (SD) 4.41 (0.619) 4.37 (0.617) 4.38 (0.617)
Median [Min, Max] 4.50 [1.75, 5.00] 4.25 [1.00, 5.00] 4.42 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 10 (2.1%) 4 (0.5%) 14 (1.1%)
Age (Years)
Mean (SD) 79.9 (8.10) 78.7 (6.97) 79.1 (7.43)
Median [Min, Max] 80.2 [53.3, 99.8] 79.3 [54.3, 98.7] 79.6 [53.3, 99.8]
Baseline Global Cognitive Function
Mean (SD) -0.00732 (0.709) 0.208 (0.546) 0.129 (0.620)
Median [Min, Max] 0.108 [-2.92, 1.47] 0.270 [-3.07, 1.60] 0.214 [-3.07, 1.60]
Missing 5 (1.1%) 4 (0.5%) 9 (0.7%)
Relationship Status
Divorced 54 (11.5%) 94 (11.7%) 148 (11.6%)
Married 191 (40.8%) 325 (40.4%) 516 (40.6%)
Never married 33 (7.1%) 47 (5.8%) 80 (6.3%)
Separated 1 (0.2%) 1 (0.1%) 2 (0.2%)
Widowed 175 (37.4%) 316 (39.3%) 491 (38.6%)
Missing 14 (3.0%) 21 (2.6%) 35 (2.8%)
Education
Less than College 182 (38.9%) 324 (40.3%) 506 (39.8%)
College 286 (61.1%) 480 (59.7%) 766 (60.2%)
Sex
Female 352 (75.2%) 609 (75.7%) 961 (75.6%)
Male 116 (24.8%) 195 (24.3%) 311 (24.4%)
Income
<25K 91 (19.4%) 178 (22.1%) 269 (21.1%)
25-50K 127 (27.1%) 285 (35.4%) 412 (32.4%)
50-75K 88 (18.8%) 149 (18.5%) 237 (18.6%)
>75K 131 (28.0%) 171 (21.3%) 302 (23.7%)
Missing 31 (6.6%) 21 (2.6%) 52 (4.1%)
Race
White 426 (91.0%) 762 (94.8%) 1188 (93.4%)
Black 32 (6.8%) 35 (4.4%) 67 (5.3%)
Other 10 (2.1%) 7 (0.9%) 17 (1.3%)
Spanish
Yes 26 (5.6%) 13 (1.6%) 39 (3.1%)
No 442 (94.4%) 791 (98.4%) 1233 (96.9%)
Perceived Discrimination
Mean (SD) 0.767 (1.27) 0.632 (1.02) 0.694 (1.15)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 8.00] 0 [0, 7.00] 0 [0, 8.00]
Missing 138 (29.5%) 421 (52.4%) 559 (43.9%)
Risk Aversion Coef
Mean (SD) 0.321 (0.314) 0.306 (0.306) 0.311 (0.309)
Median [Min, Max] 0.125 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.0894 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.111 [0.0468, 0.904]
Risk
Mean (SD) 10.8 (3.77) 10.7 (3.44) 10.7 (3.56)
Median [Min, Max] 11.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0]
Missing 8 (1.7%) 1 (0.1%) 9 (0.7%)
Baseline Wellbeing
Mean (SD) 5.54 (0.622) 5.56 (0.580) 5.55 (0.595)
Median [Min, Max] 5.61 [3.17, 6.89] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00]
Missing 6 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 6 (0.5%)
Baseline Clinical Cognitive Diagnosis
1 298 (63.7%) 640 (79.6%) 938 (73.7%)
2 122 (26.1%) 143 (17.8%) 265 (20.8%)
3 1 (0.2%) 3 (0.4%) 4 (0.3%)
4 37 (7.9%) 14 (1.7%) 51 (4.0%)
5 3 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 3 (0.2%)
6 2 (0.4%) 1 (0.1%) 3 (0.2%)
Missing 5 (1.1%) 3 (0.4%) 8 (0.6%)
The “No” column represents the individuals who did not answer any question about negative life events throughout the study, “Yes” indicates at least one response and the “Total” column presents all individuals. Approximately 37% of the individuals never answered the negative life events question. From the table above, the missing data rates for other baseline values are minimal except for the perceived discrimination and negative social exchange variables (roughly 30% and almost 100% of those individuals did not answer those questions). Regarding baseline characteristics, there were no seemingly apparent differences with the exception of baseline global cognitive function and the baseline clinical cognitive diagnosis. It appears that those with lower global cognitive function tend to not respond to the negative life events question compared with those who have higher cognitive function.

Differences in baseline characteristics among those who stayed in the study at least 4 years

The maximum follow-up time was 10 years for a given individual. Baseline characteristics seem balanced for those that dropped out or died before 4 years and those that stayed in the study more than 4 years. Roughly 40% and 30% of the individuals who dropped out died before 4 years and after 4 years, respectively. There were higher missing data rates for the negative social exchange and negative life events questions for individuals who dropped out within 4 years.

< 4 follow-up years
(N=654)		 >4 follow-up years
(N=618)		 Overall
(N=1272)
Negative Life Events
Mean (SD) 2.89 (2.09) 2.36 (1.75) 2.53 (1.87)
Median [Min, Max] 2.50 [0, 7.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00]
Missing 578 (88.4%) 451 (73.0%) 1029 (80.9%)
Baseline scam susceptibility
Mean (SD) 2.64 (0.832) 2.78 (0.705) 2.71 (0.775)
Median [Min, Max] 2.80 [1.00, 5.60] 2.80 [1.00, 5.20] 2.80 [1.00, 5.60]
Missing 8 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 8 (0.6%)
Baseline fraud
Yes 54 (8.3%) 31 (5.0%) 85 (6.7%)
No 593 (90.7%) 587 (95.0%) 1180 (92.8%)
8 7 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 7 (0.6%)
9 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Baseline Loneliness
Mean (SD) 2.21 (0.622) 2.15 (0.585) 2.18 (0.605)
Median [Min, Max] 2.20 [1.00, 4.40] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 13 (2.0%) 3 (0.5%) 16 (1.3%)
Baseline Social Activity
Mean (SD) 2.56 (0.590) 2.72 (0.556) 2.64 (0.578)
Median [Min, Max] 2.67 [1.00, 4.17] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33]
Missing 8 (1.2%) 3 (0.5%) 11 (0.9%)
Died
Alive 410 (62.7%) 443 (71.7%) 853 (67.1%)
Dead 244 (37.3%) 175 (28.3%) 419 (32.9%)
Baseline Negative Social Exchange
Mean (SD) 1.62 (0.479) 1.50 (0.435) 1.54 (0.452)
Median [Min, Max] 1.50 [1.00, 3.67] 1.42 [1.00, 3.50] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67]
Missing 575 (87.9%) 450 (72.8%) 1025 (80.6%)
Baseline Social Network Size
Mean (SD) 7.14 (6.12) 7.04 (5.87) 7.09 (6.00)
Median [Min, Max] 6.00 [0, 51.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0]
Missing 12 (1.8%) 3 (0.5%) 15 (1.2%)
Baseline Perceived Social Support
Mean (SD) 4.39 (0.617) 4.38 (0.618) 4.38 (0.617)
Median [Min, Max] 4.50 [1.75, 5.00] 4.25 [1.00, 5.00] 4.42 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 11 (1.7%) 3 (0.5%) 14 (1.1%)
Age (Years)
Mean (SD) 80.3 (7.52) 77.9 (7.12) 79.1 (7.43)
Median [Min, Max] 80.7 [53.3, 99.8] 78.5 [55.4, 98.5] 79.6 [53.3, 99.8]
Baseline Global Cognitive Function
Mean (SD) 0.0197 (0.672) 0.244 (0.536) 0.129 (0.620)
Median [Min, Max] 0.0939 [-3.07, 1.60] 0.307 [-2.00, 1.56] 0.214 [-3.07, 1.60]
Missing 6 (0.9%) 3 (0.5%) 9 (0.7%)
Relationship Status
Divorced 68 (10.4%) 80 (12.9%) 148 (11.6%)
Married 267 (40.8%) 249 (40.3%) 516 (40.6%)
Never married 48 (7.3%) 32 (5.2%) 80 (6.3%)
Separated 0 (0%) 2 (0.3%) 2 (0.2%)
Widowed 252 (38.5%) 239 (38.7%) 491 (38.6%)
Missing 19 (2.9%) 16 (2.6%) 35 (2.8%)
Education
Less than College 260 (39.8%) 246 (39.8%) 506 (39.8%)
College 394 (60.2%) 372 (60.2%) 766 (60.2%)
Sex
Female 487 (74.5%) 474 (76.7%) 961 (75.6%)
Male 167 (25.5%) 144 (23.3%) 311 (24.4%)
Income
<25K 126 (19.3%) 143 (23.1%) 269 (21.1%)
25-50K 206 (31.5%) 206 (33.3%) 412 (32.4%)
50-75K 122 (18.7%) 115 (18.6%) 237 (18.6%)
>75K 169 (25.8%) 133 (21.5%) 302 (23.7%)
Missing 31 (4.7%) 21 (3.4%) 52 (4.1%)
Race
White 607 (92.8%) 581 (94.0%) 1188 (93.4%)
Black 34 (5.2%) 33 (5.3%) 67 (5.3%)
Other 13 (2.0%) 4 (0.6%) 17 (1.3%)
Spanish
Yes 30 (4.6%) 9 (1.5%) 39 (3.1%)
No 624 (95.4%) 609 (98.5%) 1233 (96.9%)
Perceived Discrimination
Mean (SD) 0.698 (1.17) 0.690 (1.11) 0.694 (1.15)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 8.00] 0 [0, 7.00] 0 [0, 8.00]
Missing 257 (39.3%) 302 (48.9%) 559 (43.9%)
Risk Aversion Coef
Mean (SD) 0.315 (0.313) 0.308 (0.304) 0.311 (0.309)
Median [Min, Max] 0.122 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.0971 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.111 [0.0468, 0.904]
Risk
Mean (SD) 10.7 (3.69) 10.8 (3.42) 10.7 (3.56)
Median [Min, Max] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0]
Missing 7 (1.1%) 2 (0.3%) 9 (0.7%)
Baseline Wellbeing
Mean (SD) 5.52 (0.630) 5.58 (0.555) 5.55 (0.595)
Median [Min, Max] 5.56 [3.17, 6.89] 5.67 [3.00, 7.00] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00]
Missing 6 (0.9%) 0 (0%) 6 (0.5%)
Baseline Clinical Cognitive Diagnosis
1 438 (67.0%) 500 (80.9%) 938 (73.7%)
2 160 (24.5%) 105 (17.0%) 265 (20.8%)
3 1 (0.2%) 3 (0.5%) 4 (0.3%)
4 44 (6.7%) 7 (1.1%) 51 (4.0%)
5 3 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 3 (0.2%)
6 2 (0.3%) 1 (0.2%) 3 (0.2%)
Missing 6 (0.9%) 2 (0.3%) 8 (0.6%)

Differences in baseline characteristics for those who reported fraud at least once in the study and those who did not

Fraud reported
(N=312)		 Never claimed fraud
(N=960)		 Overall
(N=1272)
Negative Life Events
Mean (SD) 2.62 (1.81) 2.50 (1.90) 2.53 (1.87)
Median [Min, Max] 2.50 [0, 7.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00]
Missing 262 (84.0%) 767 (79.9%) 1029 (80.9%)
Baseline scam susceptibility
Mean (SD) 2.66 (0.760) 2.72 (0.780) 2.71 (0.775)
Median [Min, Max] 2.60 [1.00, 5.20] 2.80 [1.00, 5.60] 2.80 [1.00, 5.60]
Missing 0 (0%) 8 (0.8%) 8 (0.6%)
Baseline Loneliness
Mean (SD) 2.16 (0.615) 2.19 (0.602) 2.18 (0.605)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 4.00] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 2 (0.6%) 14 (1.5%) 16 (1.3%)
Baseline Social Activity
Mean (SD) 2.77 (0.577) 2.60 (0.573) 2.64 (0.578)
Median [Min, Max] 2.83 [1.33, 4.33] 2.67 [1.00, 4.17] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33]
Missing 1 (0.3%) 10 (1.0%) 11 (0.9%)
Died
Alive 248 (79.5%) 605 (63.0%) 853 (67.1%)
Dead 64 (20.5%) 355 (37.0%) 419 (32.9%)
Baseline Negative Social Exchange
Mean (SD) 1.64 (0.525) 1.51 (0.429) 1.54 (0.452)
Median [Min, Max] 1.50 [1.00, 3.67] 1.42 [1.00, 3.50] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67]
Missing 262 (84.0%) 763 (79.5%) 1025 (80.6%)
Baseline Social Network Size
Mean (SD) 7.84 (7.59) 6.85 (5.37) 7.09 (6.00)
Median [Min, Max] 6.00 [0, 59.0] 6.00 [0, 42.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0]
Missing 3 (1.0%) 12 (1.2%) 15 (1.2%)
Baseline Perceived Social Support
Mean (SD) 4.48 (0.594) 4.35 (0.622) 4.38 (0.617)
Median [Min, Max] 4.63 [1.00, 5.00] 4.25 [1.75, 5.00] 4.42 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 2 (0.6%) 12 (1.2%) 14 (1.1%)
Age (Years)
Mean (SD) 76.8 (7.73) 79.9 (7.17) 79.1 (7.43)
Median [Min, Max] 77.1 [54.3, 94.9] 80.1 [53.3, 99.8] 79.6 [53.3, 99.8]
Baseline Global Cognitive Function
Mean (SD) 0.314 (0.549) 0.0685 (0.630) 0.129 (0.620)
Median [Min, Max] 0.343 [-2.02, 1.60] 0.138 [-3.07, 1.56] 0.214 [-3.07, 1.60]
Missing 1 (0.3%) 8 (0.8%) 9 (0.7%)
Relationship Status
Divorced 46 (14.7%) 102 (10.6%) 148 (11.6%)
Married 132 (42.3%) 384 (40.0%) 516 (40.6%)
Never married 17 (5.4%) 63 (6.6%) 80 (6.3%)
Separated 1 (0.3%) 1 (0.1%) 2 (0.2%)
Widowed 112 (35.9%) 379 (39.5%) 491 (38.6%)
Missing 4 (1.3%) 31 (3.2%) 35 (2.8%)
Education
Less than College 106 (34.0%) 400 (41.7%) 506 (39.8%)
College 206 (66.0%) 560 (58.3%) 766 (60.2%)
Sex
Female 230 (73.7%) 731 (76.1%) 961 (75.6%)
Male 82 (26.3%) 229 (23.9%) 311 (24.4%)
Income
<25K 60 (19.2%) 209 (21.8%) 269 (21.1%)
25-50K 99 (31.7%) 313 (32.6%) 412 (32.4%)
50-75K 68 (21.8%) 169 (17.6%) 237 (18.6%)
>75K 75 (24.0%) 227 (23.6%) 302 (23.7%)
Missing 10 (3.2%) 42 (4.4%) 52 (4.1%)
Race
White 277 (88.8%) 911 (94.9%) 1188 (93.4%)
Black 28 (9.0%) 39 (4.1%) 67 (5.3%)
Other 7 (2.2%) 10 (1.0%) 17 (1.3%)
Spanish
Yes 13 (4.2%) 26 (2.7%) 39 (3.1%)
No 299 (95.8%) 934 (97.3%) 1233 (96.9%)
Perceived Discrimination
Mean (SD) 0.845 (1.26) 0.638 (1.10) 0.694 (1.15)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 7.00] 0 [0, 8.00] 0 [0, 8.00]
Missing 119 (38.1%) 440 (45.8%) 559 (43.9%)
Risk Aversion Coef
Mean (SD) 0.278 (0.286) 0.322 (0.315) 0.311 (0.309)
Median [Min, Max] 0.0894 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.124 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.111 [0.0468, 0.904]
Risk
Mean (SD) 11.1 (3.50) 10.6 (3.57) 10.7 (3.56)
Median [Min, Max] 11.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0]
Missing 0 (0%) 9 (0.9%) 9 (0.7%)
Baseline Wellbeing
Mean (SD) 5.60 (0.588) 5.54 (0.597) 5.55 (0.595)
Median [Min, Max] 5.67 [3.00, 7.00] 5.61 [3.17, 6.89] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00]
Missing 0 (0%) 6 (0.6%) 6 (0.5%)
Baseline Clinical Cognitive Diagnosis
1 258 (82.7%) 680 (70.8%) 938 (73.7%)
2 48 (15.4%) 217 (22.6%) 265 (20.8%)
3 1 (0.3%) 3 (0.3%) 4 (0.3%)
4 4 (1.3%) 47 (4.9%) 51 (4.0%)
5 0 (0%) 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.2%)
6 0 (0%) 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.2%)
Missing 1 (0.3%) 7 (0.7%) 8 (0.6%)

Is scam susceptibility a trait?

At least one
(N=150)		 None reported
(N=1122)		 Overall
(N=1272)
Negative Life Events
Mean (SD) 2.67 (2.04) 2.49 (1.84) 2.53 (1.87)
Median [Min, Max] 3.00 [0, 7.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00] 2.00 [0, 8.00]
Missing 104 (69.3%) 925 (82.4%) 1029 (80.9%)
Baseline fraud
Yes 9 (6.0%) 76 (6.8%) 85 (6.7%)
No 141 (94.0%) 1039 (92.6%) 1180 (92.8%)
8 0 (0%) 7 (0.6%) 7 (0.6%)
9 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Baseline Loneliness
Mean (SD) 2.38 (0.633) 2.16 (0.596) 2.18 (0.605)
Median [Min, Max] 2.40 [1.00, 4.20] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] 2.00 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 5 (3.3%) 11 (1.0%) 16 (1.3%)
Baseline Social Activity
Mean (SD) 2.61 (0.585) 2.64 (0.578) 2.64 (0.578)
Median [Min, Max] 2.67 [1.17, 4.33] 2.67 [1.00, 4.17] 2.67 [1.00, 4.33]
Missing 3 (2.0%) 8 (0.7%) 11 (0.9%)
Died
Alive 77 (51.3%) 776 (69.2%) 853 (67.1%)
Dead 73 (48.7%) 346 (30.8%) 419 (32.9%)
Baseline Negative Social Exchange
Mean (SD) 1.61 (0.409) 1.52 (0.460) 1.54 (0.452)
Median [Min, Max] 1.50 [1.00, 2.50] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67] 1.42 [1.00, 3.67]
Missing 104 (69.3%) 921 (82.1%) 1025 (80.6%)
Baseline Social Network Size
Mean (SD) 6.99 (5.78) 7.11 (6.03) 7.09 (6.00)
Median [Min, Max] 5.00 [0, 42.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0] 6.00 [0, 59.0]
Missing 4 (2.7%) 11 (1.0%) 15 (1.2%)
Baseline Perceived Social Support
Mean (SD) 4.22 (0.621) 4.41 (0.614) 4.38 (0.617)
Median [Min, Max] 4.00 [1.75, 5.00] 4.50 [1.00, 5.00] 4.42 [1.00, 5.00]
Missing 5 (3.3%) 9 (0.8%) 14 (1.1%)
Age (Years)
Mean (SD) 80.4 (6.23) 79.0 (7.56) 79.1 (7.43)
Median [Min, Max] 80.8 [62.7, 98.5] 79.4 [53.3, 99.8] 79.6 [53.3, 99.8]
Baseline Global Cognitive Function
Mean (SD) -0.257 (0.633) 0.180 (0.600) 0.129 (0.620)
Median [Min, Max] -0.228 [-3.07, 0.995] 0.262 [-2.92, 1.60] 0.214 [-3.07, 1.60]
Missing 3 (2.0%) 6 (0.5%) 9 (0.7%)
Relationship Status
Divorced 14 (9.3%) 134 (11.9%) 148 (11.6%)
Married 52 (34.7%) 464 (41.4%) 516 (40.6%)
Never married 9 (6.0%) 71 (6.3%) 80 (6.3%)
Separated 0 (0%) 2 (0.2%) 2 (0.2%)
Widowed 60 (40.0%) 431 (38.4%) 491 (38.6%)
Missing 15 (10.0%) 20 (1.8%) 35 (2.8%)
Education
Less than College 76 (50.7%) 430 (38.3%) 506 (39.8%)
College 74 (49.3%) 692 (61.7%) 766 (60.2%)
Sex
Female 108 (72.0%) 853 (76.0%) 961 (75.6%)
Male 42 (28.0%) 269 (24.0%) 311 (24.4%)
Income
<25K 52 (34.7%) 217 (19.3%) 269 (21.1%)
25-50K 52 (34.7%) 360 (32.1%) 412 (32.4%)
50-75K 19 (12.7%) 218 (19.4%) 237 (18.6%)
>75K 16 (10.7%) 286 (25.5%) 302 (23.7%)
Missing 11 (7.3%) 41 (3.7%) 52 (4.1%)
Race
White 142 (94.7%) 1046 (93.2%) 1188 (93.4%)
Black 7 (4.7%) 60 (5.3%) 67 (5.3%)
Other 1 (0.7%) 16 (1.4%) 17 (1.3%)
Spanish
Yes 6 (4.0%) 33 (2.9%) 39 (3.1%)
No 144 (96.0%) 1089 (97.1%) 1233 (96.9%)
Perceived Discrimination
Mean (SD) 1.04 (1.56) 0.665 (1.10) 0.694 (1.15)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 7.00] 0 [0, 8.00] 0 [0, 8.00]
Missing 94 (62.7%) 465 (41.4%) 559 (43.9%)
Risk Aversion Coef
Mean (SD) 0.370 (0.318) 0.303 (0.307) 0.311 (0.309)
Median [Min, Max] 0.249 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.0894 [0.0468, 0.904] 0.111 [0.0468, 0.904]
Risk
Mean (SD) 10.2 (3.81) 10.8 (3.52) 10.7 (3.56)
Median [Min, Max] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0] 10.0 [2.00, 20.0]
Missing 3 (2.0%) 6 (0.5%) 9 (0.7%)
Baseline Wellbeing
Mean (SD) 5.26 (0.638) 5.59 (0.579) 5.55 (0.595)
Median [Min, Max] 5.33 [3.00, 6.44] 5.67 [3.17, 7.00] 5.61 [3.00, 7.00]
Missing 0 (0%) 6 (0.5%) 6 (0.5%)
Baseline Clinical Cognitive Diagnosis
1 86 (57.3%) 852 (75.9%) 938 (73.7%)
2 45 (30.0%) 220 (19.6%) 265 (20.8%)
3 3 (2.0%) 1 (0.1%) 4 (0.3%)
4 13 (8.7%) 38 (3.4%) 51 (4.0%)
5 0 (0%) 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.2%)
6 0 (0%) 3 (0.3%) 3 (0.2%)
Missing 3 (2.0%) 5 (0.4%) 8 (0.6%) 
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction
## 
## data:  base.dat$edu and base.dat$any_scam
## X-squared = 7.9062, df = 1, p-value = 0.004926
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  cog.noscam and cog.yesscam
## t = 7.9007, df = 182.2, p-value = 2.542e-13
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.3274068 0.5453686
## sample estimates:
##  mean of x  mean of y 
##  0.1796500 -0.2567377
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  negsoc.noscam and negsoc.yesscam
## t = -1.3209, df = 73.534, p-value = 0.1906
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.22686347  0.04599335
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  1.523695  1.614130
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  socsup.noscam and socsup.yesscam
## t = 3.3121, df = 182.61, p-value = 0.001116
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.07335717 0.28953798
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  4.405586  4.224138
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  well.noscam and well.yesscam
## t = 5.9737, df = 183.44, p-value = 1.18e-08
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.2197381 0.4364681
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  5.592177  5.264074
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  net.noscam and net.yesscam
## t = 0.22288, df = 189, p-value = 0.8239
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.8946215  1.1225415
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  7.107111  6.993151

T-tests and chi-square tests were conducted to investigate baseline differences among those who reported higher scam susceptibility (at least one score >4 during the study) and those who said they “disagreed” or were neutral regarding whether they were scammed throughout the entire study. There was no apparent difference between negative life events but this could be due to the missing data. Statistically significant differences were in education (51% of those who reported higher scam susceptibility had less than a college education, p=.005), loneliness (those who were more lonely at baseline reported higher scam susceptibility - very small albeit significant difference, p=5.841e05), global cognitive function (those with lower cognitive function reported higher scam susceptibility, p=2.54e-13), perceived social support (those with higher scam susceptibility had slightly lower percieved social support, p=.001) and baseline well-being (slighter lower score for wellbeing for those who reported higher scam susceptibility,p=1.18e-08). However, these results should be taken with a grain of salt as there is a huge discrepancy among those who reported higher scam susceptibility at least once during the study and those who did not. Only 12% of individuals had an average score corresponding to agreed or strongly agreed with statements about being scammed at least once during the study.

Overall, among those who answer the scam susceptibility questions, negative life events, negative social activity and perceived discrimination were the variables with high missing data rates while the other variables had little to no missing data at baseline. T-tests comparing loneliness, percieved social support, global cognitive function. education,