Individual Presentation_20450532

Article

#  devtools::install_github('ModelOriented/treeshap')

#  treeshap doesn’t work with factor features so we one-hot encode them with function from the mlr package
library(treeshap)
aps_data <- mlr::createDummyFeatures(DALEX::apartments) 

# random forest implementation
model <- ranger::ranger(m2.price ~ ., data = aps_data)
model

## Ranger result
## 
## Call:
##  ranger::ranger(m2.price ~ ., data = aps_data) 
## 
## Type:                             Regression 
## Number of trees:                  500 
## Sample size:                      1000 
## Number of independent variables:  14 
## Mtry:                             3 
## Target node size:                 5 
## Variable importance mode:         none 
## Splitrule:                        variance 
## OOB prediction error (MSE):       63613.06 
## R squared (OOB):                  0.9226203

# unifying the model, changes the object of the tree ensemble model into a form understandable for treeshap.
model_unified <- ranger.unify(model, aps_data)

# unified2 <- set_reference_dataset(model_unified, aps_data[1:2000, ])

# aps_data[1:500] as training data(50%)
treeshap_res <- treeshap(model_unified, aps_data[1:500, ])

## 
|0%----|------|20%---|------|40%---|------|60%---|------|80%---|------|100%
## =---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

======================================================----------------- (75%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

====================================================================--- (95%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================= (100%)

# check the shap value
treeshap_res$shaps

#  SHAP values can be used to explain contribution of features into the prediction for a single observation.
plot_contribution(treeshap_res, obs = 234, min_max = c(3400, 4200))

# True price is 4235

plot_contribution(treeshap_res, obs = 235, min_max = c(2500, 3600))

plot_contribution(treeshap_res, obs = 500)

plot_feature_importance(treeshap_res, max_vars = 8)

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_res, 'surface')

inter <- treeshap(model_unified, aps_data[1:500,], interactions = T)

## 
|0%----|------|20%---|------|40%---|------|60%---|------|80%---|------|100%
## =---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

======================================================----------------- (75%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

====================================================================--- (95%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================= (100%)

plot_interaction(inter, 'surface', 'no.rooms')

Self-Practice 1

setwd("/Users/zhangling/Downloads/Data-20200926")
library(foreign)
churn = read.arff("churn.arff")
churn0 = sapply(churn, as.numeric) 
data  = as.data.frame(churn0)
z = data$LEAVE==1 # FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, ....
data[,'target'] = as.numeric(z) # data$target
data[,'LEAVE']  = NULL   # delete了leave这一列column

# Model
m1 <- ranger::ranger(target ~ ., data = data)
m1_unified <- ranger.unify(m1, data)

treeshap_churn <- treeshap(m1_unified, data[1:500, ]) # actually i use 10000 here, but it will use almost 1 hour to run, so i change it to 500 in order to knit file faster.

## 
|0%----|------|20%---|------|40%---|------|60%---|------|80%---|------|100%
## =---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

======================================================----------------- (75%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

====================================================================--- (95%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================= (100%)

treeshap_churn$shaps

# the 113th observation
plot_contribution(treeshap_churn, obs = 113)

# feature importance
plot_feature_importance(treeshap_churn, max_vars = 11)

# check single feature
plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_churn, 'HOUSE')

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_churn, 'INCOME')

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_churn, 'OVERAGE')

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_churn, 'LEFTOVER')

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_churn, 'OVER_15MINS_CALLS_PER_MONTH')

Self-Practice 2

# load and clean data
urlpage = "https://www.statlearning.com/s/College.csv"
college = read.csv(url(urlpage))
rownames(college) <- college[, 1]
college = college[,-1] 
Elite = rep("No", nrow(college))
Elite[college$Top10perc>50] = "Yes"
Elite = as.factor(Elite)
Elite = as.numeric(Elite)
college$Private = as.numeric(as.factor(college$Private))
college = data.frame(college, Elite)

m2 = ranger::ranger(Grad.Rate ~ ., data = college)
m2_unified <- ranger.unify(m2, college)
treeshap_college <- treeshap(m2_unified, college[1:389, ])

## 
|0%----|------|20%---|------|40%---|------|60%---|------|80%---|------|100%
## =---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (0%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

=---------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (1%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

==--------------------------------------------------------------------- (2%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (3%)

===-------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (4%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

====------------------------------------------------------------------- (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (5%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

=====------------------------------------------------------------------ (6%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (7%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

======----------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (8%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

=======---------------------------------------------------------------- (9%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (10%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

========--------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (11%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

=========-------------------------------------------------------------- (12%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (13%)

==========------------------------------------------------------------- (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (14%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

===========------------------------------------------------------------ (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (15%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

============----------------------------------------------------------- (16%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (17%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

=============---------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (18%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

==============--------------------------------------------------------- (19%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (20%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

===============-------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (21%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

================------------------------------------------------------- (22%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (22%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (23%)

=================------------------------------------------------------ (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (24%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

==================----------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (25%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

===================---------------------------------------------------- (26%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (27%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

====================--------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (28%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

=====================-------------------------------------------------- (29%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (30%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

======================------------------------------------------------- (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (31%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

=======================------------------------------------------------ (32%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (32%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (33%)

========================----------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (34%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

=========================---------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (35%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (36%)

==========================--------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (37%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

===========================-------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (38%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

============================------------------------------------------- (39%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (40%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

=============================------------------------------------------ (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (41%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

==============================----------------------------------------- (42%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (42%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (43%)

===============================---------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (44%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

================================--------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (45%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (46%)

=================================-------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (47%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

==================================------------------------------------- (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (48%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

===================================------------------------------------ (49%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (50%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

====================================----------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (51%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

=====================================---------------------------------- (52%)

======================================--------------------------------- (52%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (53%)

======================================--------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (54%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

=======================================-------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (55%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (56%)

========================================------------------------------- (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (57%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

=========================================------------------------------ (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (58%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

==========================================----------------------------- (59%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (60%)

===========================================---------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (61%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

============================================--------------------------- (62%)

=============================================-------------------------- (62%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (63%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

=============================================-------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (64%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

==============================================------------------------- (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (65%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (66%)

===============================================------------------------ (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (67%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

================================================----------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (68%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

=================================================---------------------- (69%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (70%)

==================================================--------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (71%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

===================================================-------------------- (72%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (73%)

====================================================------------------- (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (74%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

=====================================================------------------ (75%)

======================================================----------------- (75%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (76%)

======================================================----------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (77%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

=======================================================---------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (78%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

========================================================--------------- (79%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (80%)

=========================================================-------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (81%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

==========================================================------------- (82%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (83%)

===========================================================------------ (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (84%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

============================================================----------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (85%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

=============================================================---------- (86%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (87%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

==============================================================--------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (88%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

===============================================================-------- (89%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (90%)

================================================================------- (91%)

================================================================------- (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (91%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

=================================================================------ (92%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (93%)

==================================================================----- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (94%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

===================================================================---- (95%)

====================================================================--- (95%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

====================================================================--- (96%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (97%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

=====================================================================-- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (98%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================- (99%)

======================================================================= (100%)

plot_feature_importance(treeshap_college, max_vars = 8)

plot_contribution(treeshap_college, obs = 10)

plot_contribution(treeshap_college, obs = 251)

plot_feature_dependence(treeshap_college, 'Outstate')