https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/russia-investigation/ The dataset I have chosen for this assignments is a collection of scandals that took place during US presidencies. For this assignment, I chose to compare Watergate to Russiagate, as I found inspiration from the title of the FiveThirtyEight article:“Is the Russia Investigation Really Another Watergate?”
Immediately, we can say no, as both scandals are clearly independent
of each other. But what I found interesting were the differences between those who were sentenced in Watergate and Russiagate: According the graphs on 538, we can clearly see more individuals were indicted, but not convicted, during Russiagate than Watergate. This is exemplified under the “Pleas” section.
PT 1: Loading Data
## Warning: package 'tidyverse' was built under R version 4.0.3## -- Attaching packages ------------------------------------------------ tidyverse 1.3.0 --## v ggplot2 3.3.2 v purrr 0.3.4
## v tibble 3.0.3 v dplyr 1.0.0
## v tidyr 1.1.0 v stringr 1.4.0
## v readr 1.3.1 v forcats 0.5.0## -- Conflicts --------------------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()## Warning: package 'openintro' was built under R version 4.0.3## Loading required package: airports## Warning: package 'airports' was built under R version 4.0.3## Loading required package: cherryblossom## Warning: package 'cherryblossom' was built under R version 4.0.3## Loading required package: usdata## Warning: package 'usdata' was built under R version 4.0.3library(dplyr)
x <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fivethirtyeight/data/master/russia-investigation/russia-investigation.csv")
str(x)## 'data.frame': 194 obs. of 13 variables:
## $ investigation : chr "watergate" "watergate" "watergate" "watergate" ...
## $ investigation.start: chr "1973-05-19" "1973-05-19" "1973-05-19" "1973-05-19" ...
## $ investigation.end : chr "1977-06-19" "1977-06-19" "1977-06-19" "1977-06-19" ...
## $ investigation.days : int 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 1492 ...
## $ name : chr "James W. McCord" "Bernard L. Barker" "Bernard L. Barker" "Eugenio R. Martinez" ...
## $ indictment.days : int -246 -246 292 -246 292 -246 -246 -246 292 -246 ...
## $ type : chr "conviction" "conviction" "conviction" "guilty-plea" ...
## $ cp.date : chr "1973-01-30" "1973-01-15" "1974-07-12" "1973-01-15" ...
## $ cp.days : int -109 -124 419 -124 419 -124 -124 -109 419 -128 ...
## $ overturned : logi FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE ...
## $ pardoned : logi FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE ...
## $ american : logi TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE ...
## $ president : chr "Richard Nixon" "Richard Nixon" "Richard Nixon" "Richard Nixon" ...PT 2: Dropping, and renaming columns
data1 <- select(x, -c(indictment.days, cp.date, cp.days, american))
names(data1) <- c("Scandal", "Start Date", "End Date", "Days", "Defendants", "Legality", "Retraction", "Pardoned", "Presidency")
data2 <- names(data1) <- data1
data2## Scandal Start Date End Date Days
## 1 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 2 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 3 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 4 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 5 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 6 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 7 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 8 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 9 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 10 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 11 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 12 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 13 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 14 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 15 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 16 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 17 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 18 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 19 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 20 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 21 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 22 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 23 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 24 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 25 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 26 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 27 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 28 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 29 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 30 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 31 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 32 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 33 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 34 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 35 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 36 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 37 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 38 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 39 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 40 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 41 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 42 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 43 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 44 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 45 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 46 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 47 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 48 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 49 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 50 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 51 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 52 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 53 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 54 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 55 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 56 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 57 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 58 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 59 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 60 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 61 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 62 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 63 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 64 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 65 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 66 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 67 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 68 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 69 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1493
## 70 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 71 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1494
## 72 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492
## 73 hamilton-jordan 1979-11-29 1980-05-28 181
## 74 tim-kraft 1980-09-09 1982-01-15 493
## 75 raymond-donovan 1981-12-29 1982-06-25 178
## 76 edwin-meese 1984-04-02 1984-09-20 171
## 77 ted-olson 1986-04-23 1989-03-14 1056
## 78 deaver 1986-05-29 1989-08-16 1175
## 79 sealed-investigation-reagan 1986-12-19 1987-12-18 364
## 80 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 81 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 82 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 83 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 84 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 85 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 86 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 87 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 88 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 89 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 90 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 91 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 92 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 93 iran-contra 1986-12-19 1993-08-03 2419
## 94 wedtech 1987-02-02 1988-07-08 522
## 95 sealed-investigation-hwbush-1 1991-04-19 1992-07-15 453
## 96 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 97 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 98 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 99 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 100 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 101 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 102 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 103 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 104 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 105 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 106 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 107 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 108 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 109 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 110 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 111 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 112 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 113 pierce 1990-03-01 1998-10-27 3162
## 114 sealed-investigation-hwbush-2 1991-04-19 1992-07-15 453
## 115 bush-clinton-passport 1992-12-14 1995-11-30 1081
## 116 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 117 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 118 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 119 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 120 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 121 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 122 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 123 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 124 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 125 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 126 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 127 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 128 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 129 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 130 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 131 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 132 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 133 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 134 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 135 whitewater 1994-08-05 2002-03-06 2770
## 136 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 137 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 138 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 139 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 140 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 141 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 142 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 143 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 144 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 145 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 146 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 147 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 148 espy 1994-09-09 2001-01-30 2335
## 149 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 150 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 151 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 152 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 153 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 154 cisneros 1995-05-24 2004-08-31 3387
## 155 ron-brown 1995-07-06 1996-11-14 497
## 156 eli-segal 1996-11-27 1997-08-21 267
## 157 bruce-babbitt 1998-03-19 1999-12-30 651
## 158 herman 1998-05-26 2000-04-07 682
## 159 waco 1999-09-09 2000-04-22 226
## 160 plame 2003-12-31 2007-03-06 1161
## 161 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 162 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 163 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 164 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 165 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 166 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 167 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 168 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 169 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 170 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 171 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 172 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 173 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 174 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 175 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 176 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 177 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 178 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 179 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 180 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 181 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 182 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 183 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 184 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 185 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 186 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 187 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 188 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 189 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 190 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 191 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 192 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 193 russia 2017-05-17 659
## 194 russia 2017-05-17 659
## Defendants Legality Retraction Pardoned
## 1 James W. McCord conviction FALSE FALSE
## 2 Bernard L. Barker conviction FALSE FALSE
## 3 Bernard L. Barker conviction TRUE FALSE
## 4 Eugenio R. Martinez guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 5 Eugenio R. Martinez conviction TRUE FALSE
## 6 Frank A. Sturgis guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 7 Virgilio R. Gonzalez guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 8 G. Gordon Liddy conviction FALSE FALSE
## 9 G. Gordon Liddy conviction FALSE FALSE
## 10 E. Howard Hunt guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 11 Robert C. Mardian conviction TRUE FALSE
## 12 Maurice H. Stans indictment FALSE FALSE
## 13 Maurice H. Stans guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 14 Robert L. Vesco indictment FALSE FALSE
## 15 Harry L. Sears indictment FALSE FALSE
## 16 George Hearing guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 17 John N. Mitchell conviction FALSE FALSE
## 18 Frederick LaRue guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 19 Jeb Magruder guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 20 Donald Segretti guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 21 Egil Krogh guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 22 Harry Heltzer guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 23 Russell DeYoung guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 24 John W. Dean III guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 25 Dwayne O. Andreas indictment FALSE FALSE
## 26 Harding L. Lawrence guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 27 Claude C. Wild, Jr. guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 28 Orin E. Atkins guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 29 Dwight Chapin conviction FALSE FALSE
## 30 William W. Keeler guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 31 H. Everett Olson guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 32 Herbert Porter guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 33 Jake Jacobsen guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 34 Herbert Kalmbach guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 35 Charles Colson guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 36 H.R. Haldeman conviction FALSE FALSE
## 37 John D. Ehrlichman conviction FALSE FALSE
## 38 Gordon C. Strachan indictment FALSE FALSE
## 39 Kenneth W. Parkinson indictment FALSE FALSE
## 40 Felipe De Diego indictment FALSE FALSE
## 41 Ray Dubrowin guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 42 Ed Reinecke conviction TRUE FALSE
## 43 George M. Steinbrenner guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 44 John H. Melcher guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 45 Richard Kleindienst guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 46 James Allen guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 47 Thomas V. Jones guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 48 Richard L. Allison guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 49 Francis X. Carroll guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 50 David L. Parr guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 51 John B. Connally indictment FALSE FALSE
## 52 Harold Nelson guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 53 Norman Sherman guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 54 John Valentine guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 55 William Lyles, Sr. guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 56 Raymond Abendroth guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 57 Edward Morgan guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 58 Jack A. Gleason guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 59 Charles N. Huseman guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 60 Tim M. Babcock guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 61 Harry Dent guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 62 Stuart Russell indictment TRUE FALSE
## 63 Jack Chestnut conviction FALSE FALSE
## 64 Harry Ratrie conviction FALSE FALSE
## 65 Augustus Robbins, III conviction FALSE FALSE
## 66 Wendell Wyatt conviction FALSE FALSE
## 67 Frank DeMarco indictment FALSE FALSE
## 68 Ralph Newman conviction FALSE FALSE
## 69 Armand Hammer guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 70 James R. Jones guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 71 William C. Viglia guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 72 W. Marvin Watson guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 73 FALSE FALSE
## 74 FALSE FALSE
## 75 FALSE FALSE
## 76 FALSE FALSE
## 77 FALSE FALSE
## 78 Michael Deaver conviction FALSE FALSE
## 79 FALSE FALSE
## 80 Carl R. Channell guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 81 Richard Miller guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 82 Robert McFarlane guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 83 Oliver North conviction TRUE FALSE
## 84 John Poindexter conviction TRUE FALSE
## 85 Richard Secord guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 86 Albert Hakim guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 87 Joseph Fernandez indictment FALSE FALSE
## 88 Thomas G. Clines conviction FALSE FALSE
## 89 Alan G. Fiers guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 90 Clair E. George conviction FALSE TRUE
## 91 Elliott Abrams guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 92 Duane Clarridge indictment FALSE TRUE
## 93 Caspar Weinberger indictment FALSE TRUE
## 94 Lyn Nofziger conviction TRUE FALSE
## 95 FALSE FALSE
## 96 Leonard Briscoe conviction FALSE FALSE
## 97 Maurice Steier conviction FALSE FALSE
## 98 Samuel P. Singletary guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 99 Lance H. Wilson conviction TRUE FALSE
## 100 Victor R. Cruse indictment FALSE FALSE
## 101 Deborah Gore Dean conviction FALSE FALSE
## 102 Thomas Demery guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 103 Phillip McCafferty indictment FALSE FALSE
## 104 Elaine Richardson guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 105 Silvio J. DeBartolomeis guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 106 Philip D. Winn guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 107 Robert B. Olsen guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 108 Joseph A. Straus guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 109 J. Michael Queenan conviction FALSE FALSE
## 110 Ronald L. Mahon conviction FALSE FALSE
## 111 Carlos A. Figueroa guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 112 Catalina Vasquez Villalpando guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 113 James G. Watt guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 114 FALSE FALSE
## 115 FALSE FALSE
## 116 David L. Hale guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 117 Charles Matthews guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 118 Eugene Fitzhugh guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 119 Robert W. Palmer guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 120 Webster L. Hubbell guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 121 Neal T. Ainley guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 122 Christopher Wade guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 123 Jim Guy Tucker conviction FALSE FALSE
## 124 John Haley guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 125 Stephen A. Smith guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 126 William J. Marks Sr. guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 127 Larry Kuca guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 128 James McDougal conviction FALSE FALSE
## 129 Susan McDougal conviction FALSE TRUE
## 130 Herbert Branscum indictment FALSE FALSE
## 131 Robert Hill indictment FALSE FALSE
## 132 Suzanna Hubbell indictment FALSE FALSE
## 133 Michael C. Schaufele indictment FALSE FALSE
## 134 Charles C. Owen indictment FALSE FALSE
## 135 Julie Hiatt Steele indictment FALSE FALSE
## 136 James Lake guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 137 Brooke Keith Mitchell, Sr guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 138 Brooke Keith Mitchell, Jr indictment FALSE FALSE
## 139 Gary Black indictment FALSE FALSE
## 140 Alverez Ferrouillet conviction FALSE TRUE
## 141 Henry Espy, Jr. indictment FALSE FALSE
## 142 John Hemmingson conviction FALSE TRUE
## 143 Jack L. Williams conviction FALSE TRUE
## 144 Richard Douglas guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 145 Norris Faust, Jr. indictment FALSE FALSE
## 146 Ronald H. Blackley conviction FALSE FALSE
## 147 Mike Espy indictment FALSE FALSE
## 148 Archibald Schaffer conviction FALSE TRUE
## 149 Linda (Medlar) Jones guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 150 Patsy Wooten guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 151 Allen Wooten guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 152 Henry Cisneros guilty-plea FALSE TRUE
## 153 Sylvia Arce-Garcia indictment FALSE FALSE
## 154 John D. Rosales indictment FALSE FALSE
## 155 FALSE FALSE
## 156 FALSE FALSE
## 157 FALSE FALSE
## 158 Abdul Rahman indictment FALSE FALSE
## 159 FALSE FALSE
## 160 I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby conviction FALSE TRUE
## 161 George Papadopolous guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 162 Paul Manafort conviction FALSE FALSE
## 163 Rick Gates guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 164 Michael Flynn guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 165 Russian national 1 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 166 Russian national 2 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 167 Russian national 3 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 168 Russian national 4 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 169 Russian national 5 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 170 Russian national 6 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 171 Russian national 7 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 172 Russian national 8 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 173 Russian national 9 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 174 Russian national 10 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 175 Russian national 11 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 176 Russian national 12 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 177 Russian national 13 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 178 Richard Pinedo guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 179 Alex Van Der Zwaan guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 180 Konstantin Kilimnik indictment FALSE FALSE
## 181 Russian national 14 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 182 Russian national 15 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 183 Russian national 16 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 184 Russian national 17 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 185 Russian national 18 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 186 Russian national 19 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 187 Russian national 20 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 188 Russian national 21 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 189 Russian national 22 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 190 Russian national 23 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 191 Russian national 24 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 192 Russian national 25 indictment FALSE FALSE
## 193 Michael Cohen guilty-plea FALSE FALSE
## 194 Roger Stone indictment FALSE FALSE
## Presidency
## 1 Richard Nixon
## 2 Richard Nixon
## 3 Richard Nixon
## 4 Richard Nixon
## 5 Richard Nixon
## 6 Richard Nixon
## 7 Richard Nixon
## 8 Richard Nixon
## 9 Richard Nixon
## 10 Richard Nixon
## 11 Richard Nixon
## 12 Richard Nixon
## 13 Richard Nixon
## 14 Richard Nixon
## 15 Richard Nixon
## 16 Richard Nixon
## 17 Richard Nixon
## 18 Richard Nixon
## 19 Richard Nixon
## 20 Richard Nixon
## 21 Richard Nixon
## 22 Richard Nixon
## 23 Richard Nixon
## 24 Richard Nixon
## 25 Richard Nixon
## 26 Richard Nixon
## 27 Richard Nixon
## 28 Richard Nixon
## 29 Richard Nixon
## 30 Richard Nixon
## 31 Richard Nixon
## 32 Richard Nixon
## 33 Richard Nixon
## 34 Richard Nixon
## 35 Richard Nixon
## 36 Richard Nixon
## 37 Richard Nixon
## 38 Richard Nixon
## 39 Richard Nixon
## 40 Richard Nixon
## 41 Richard Nixon
## 42 Richard Nixon
## 43 Richard Nixon
## 44 Richard Nixon
## 45 Richard Nixon
## 46 Richard Nixon
## 47 Richard Nixon
## 48 Richard Nixon
## 49 Richard Nixon
## 50 Richard Nixon
## 51 Richard Nixon
## 52 Richard Nixon
## 53 Richard Nixon
## 54 Richard Nixon
## 55 Richard Nixon
## 56 Richard Nixon
## 57 Richard Nixon
## 58 Richard Nixon
## 59 Richard Nixon
## 60 Richard Nixon
## 61 Richard Nixon
## 62 Richard Nixon
## 63 Richard Nixon
## 64 Richard Nixon
## 65 Richard Nixon
## 66 Richard Nixon
## 67 Richard Nixon
## 68 Richard Nixon
## 69 Richard Nixon
## 70 Richard Nixon
## 71 Richard Nixon
## 72 Richard Nixon
## 73 Jimmy Carter
## 74 Jimmy Carter
## 75 Ronald Reagan
## 76 Ronald Reagan
## 77 Ronald Reagan
## 78 Ronald Reagan
## 79 Ronald Reagan
## 80 Ronald Reagan
## 81 Ronald Reagan
## 82 Ronald Reagan
## 83 Ronald Reagan
## 84 Ronald Reagan
## 85 Ronald Reagan
## 86 Ronald Reagan
## 87 Ronald Reagan
## 88 Ronald Reagan
## 89 Ronald Reagan
## 90 Ronald Reagan
## 91 Ronald Reagan
## 92 Ronald Reagan
## 93 Ronald Reagan
## 94 Ronald Reagan
## 95 George H.W. Bush
## 96 George H.W. Bush
## 97 George H.W. Bush
## 98 George H.W. Bush
## 99 George H.W. Bush
## 100 George H.W. Bush
## 101 George H.W. Bush
## 102 George H.W. Bush
## 103 George H.W. Bush
## 104 George H.W. Bush
## 105 George H.W. Bush
## 106 George H.W. Bush
## 107 George H.W. Bush
## 108 George H.W. Bush
## 109 George H.W. Bush
## 110 George H.W. Bush
## 111 George H.W. Bush
## 112 George H.W. Bush
## 113 George H.W. Bush
## 114 George H.W. Bush
## 115 Bill Clinton
## 116 Bill Clinton
## 117 Bill Clinton
## 118 Bill Clinton
## 119 Bill Clinton
## 120 Bill Clinton
## 121 Bill Clinton
## 122 Bill Clinton
## 123 Bill Clinton
## 124 Bill Clinton
## 125 Bill Clinton
## 126 Bill Clinton
## 127 Bill Clinton
## 128 Bill Clinton
## 129 Bill Clinton
## 130 Bill Clinton
## 131 Bill Clinton
## 132 Bill Clinton
## 133 Bill Clinton
## 134 Bill Clinton
## 135 Bill Clinton
## 136 Bill Clinton
## 137 Bill Clinton
## 138 Bill Clinton
## 139 Bill Clinton
## 140 Bill Clinton
## 141 Bill Clinton
## 142 Bill Clinton
## 143 Bill Clinton
## 144 Bill Clinton
## 145 Bill Clinton
## 146 Bill Clinton
## 147 Bill Clinton
## 148 Bill Clinton
## 149 Bill Clinton
## 150 Bill Clinton
## 151 Bill Clinton
## 152 Bill Clinton
## 153 Bill Clinton
## 154 Bill Clinton
## 155 Bill Clinton
## 156 Bill Clinton
## 157 Bill Clinton
## 158 Bill Clinton
## 159 Bill Clinton
## 160 George W. Bush
## 161 Donald Trump
## 162 Donald Trump
## 163 Donald Trump
## 164 Donald Trump
## 165 Donald Trump
## 166 Donald Trump
## 167 Donald Trump
## 168 Donald Trump
## 169 Donald Trump
## 170 Donald Trump
## 171 Donald Trump
## 172 Donald Trump
## 173 Donald Trump
## 174 Donald Trump
## 175 Donald Trump
## 176 Donald Trump
## 177 Donald Trump
## 178 Donald Trump
## 179 Donald Trump
## 180 Donald Trump
## 181 Donald Trump
## 182 Donald Trump
## 183 Donald Trump
## 184 Donald Trump
## 185 Donald Trump
## 186 Donald Trump
## 187 Donald Trump
## 188 Donald Trump
## 189 Donald Trump
## 190 Donald Trump
## 191 Donald Trump
## 192 Donald Trump
## 193 Donald Trump
## 194 Donald TrumpPT 3: Creating Watergate and Russiagate subsets
## Scandal Start Date End Date Days Defendants Legality
## 1 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 James W. McCord conviction
## 2 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Bernard L. Barker conviction
## 3 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Bernard L. Barker conviction
## 4 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Eugenio R. Martinez guilty-plea
## 5 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Eugenio R. Martinez conviction
## 6 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Frank A. Sturgis guilty-plea
## 7 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Virgilio R. Gonzalez guilty-plea
## 8 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 G. Gordon Liddy conviction
## 9 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 G. Gordon Liddy conviction
## 10 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 E. Howard Hunt guilty-plea
## 11 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Robert C. Mardian conviction
## 12 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Maurice H. Stans indictment
## 13 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Maurice H. Stans guilty-plea
## 14 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Robert L. Vesco indictment
## 15 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harry L. Sears indictment
## 16 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 George Hearing guilty-plea
## 17 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John N. Mitchell conviction
## 18 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Frederick LaRue guilty-plea
## 19 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Jeb Magruder guilty-plea
## 20 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Donald Segretti guilty-plea
## 21 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Egil Krogh guilty-plea
## 22 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harry Heltzer guilty-plea
## 23 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Russell DeYoung guilty-plea
## 24 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John W. Dean III guilty-plea
## 25 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Dwayne O. Andreas indictment
## 26 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harding L. Lawrence guilty-plea
## 27 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Claude C. Wild, Jr. guilty-plea
## 28 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Orin E. Atkins guilty-plea
## 29 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Dwight Chapin conviction
## 30 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 William W. Keeler guilty-plea
## 31 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 H. Everett Olson guilty-plea
## 32 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Herbert Porter guilty-plea
## 33 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Jake Jacobsen guilty-plea
## 34 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Herbert Kalmbach guilty-plea
## 35 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Charles Colson guilty-plea
## 36 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 H.R. Haldeman conviction
## 37 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John D. Ehrlichman conviction
## 38 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Gordon C. Strachan indictment
## 39 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Kenneth W. Parkinson indictment
## 40 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Felipe De Diego indictment
## 41 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Ray Dubrowin guilty-plea
## 42 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Ed Reinecke conviction
## 43 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 George M. Steinbrenner guilty-plea
## 44 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John H. Melcher guilty-plea
## 45 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Richard Kleindienst guilty-plea
## 46 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 James Allen guilty-plea
## 47 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Thomas V. Jones guilty-plea
## 48 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Richard L. Allison guilty-plea
## 49 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Francis X. Carroll guilty-plea
## 50 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 David L. Parr guilty-plea
## 51 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John B. Connally indictment
## 52 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harold Nelson guilty-plea
## 53 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Norman Sherman guilty-plea
## 54 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 John Valentine guilty-plea
## 55 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 William Lyles, Sr. guilty-plea
## 56 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Raymond Abendroth guilty-plea
## 57 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Edward Morgan guilty-plea
## 58 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Jack A. Gleason guilty-plea
## 59 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Charles N. Huseman guilty-plea
## 60 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Tim M. Babcock guilty-plea
## 61 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harry Dent guilty-plea
## 62 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Stuart Russell indictment
## 63 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Jack Chestnut conviction
## 64 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Harry Ratrie conviction
## 65 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Augustus Robbins, III conviction
## 66 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Wendell Wyatt conviction
## 67 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Frank DeMarco indictment
## 68 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 Ralph Newman conviction
## 69 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1493 Armand Hammer guilty-plea
## 70 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 James R. Jones guilty-plea
## 71 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1494 William C. Viglia guilty-plea
## 72 watergate 1973-05-19 1977-06-19 1492 W. Marvin Watson guilty-plea
## Retraction Pardoned Presidency
## 1 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 2 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 3 TRUE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 4 FALSE TRUE Richard Nixon
## 5 TRUE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 6 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 7 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 8 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 9 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 10 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 11 TRUE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 12 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 13 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 14 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 15 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 16 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 17 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 18 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 19 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 20 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 21 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 22 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 23 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 24 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 25 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 26 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 27 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 28 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 29 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 30 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 31 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 32 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 33 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 34 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 35 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 36 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 37 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 38 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 39 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 40 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 41 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 42 TRUE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 43 FALSE TRUE Richard Nixon
## 44 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 45 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 46 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 47 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 48 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 49 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 50 FALSE TRUE Richard Nixon
## 51 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 52 FALSE TRUE Richard Nixon
## 53 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 54 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 55 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 56 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 57 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 58 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 59 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 60 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 61 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 62 TRUE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 63 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 64 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 65 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 66 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 67 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 68 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 69 FALSE TRUE Richard Nixon
## 70 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 71 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon
## 72 FALSE FALSE Richard Nixon## Scandal Start Date End Date Days Defendants Legality Retraction
## 161 russia 2017-05-17 659 George Papadopolous guilty-plea FALSE
## 162 russia 2017-05-17 659 Paul Manafort conviction FALSE
## 163 russia 2017-05-17 659 Rick Gates guilty-plea FALSE
## 164 russia 2017-05-17 659 Michael Flynn guilty-plea FALSE
## 165 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 1 indictment FALSE
## 166 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 2 indictment FALSE
## 167 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 3 indictment FALSE
## 168 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 4 indictment FALSE
## 169 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 5 indictment FALSE
## 170 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 6 indictment FALSE
## 171 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 7 indictment FALSE
## 172 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 8 indictment FALSE
## 173 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 9 indictment FALSE
## 174 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 10 indictment FALSE
## 175 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 11 indictment FALSE
## 176 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 12 indictment FALSE
## 177 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 13 indictment FALSE
## 178 russia 2017-05-17 659 Richard Pinedo guilty-plea FALSE
## 179 russia 2017-05-17 659 Alex Van Der Zwaan guilty-plea FALSE
## 180 russia 2017-05-17 659 Konstantin Kilimnik indictment FALSE
## 181 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 14 indictment FALSE
## 182 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 15 indictment FALSE
## 183 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 16 indictment FALSE
## 184 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 17 indictment FALSE
## 185 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 18 indictment FALSE
## 186 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 19 indictment FALSE
## 187 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 20 indictment FALSE
## 188 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 21 indictment FALSE
## 189 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 22 indictment FALSE
## 190 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 23 indictment FALSE
## 191 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 24 indictment FALSE
## 192 russia 2017-05-17 659 Russian national 25 indictment FALSE
## 193 russia 2017-05-17 659 Michael Cohen guilty-plea FALSE
## 194 russia 2017-05-17 659 Roger Stone indictment FALSE
## Pardoned Presidency
## 161 FALSE Donald Trump
## 162 FALSE Donald Trump
## 163 FALSE Donald Trump
## 164 FALSE Donald Trump
## 165 FALSE Donald Trump
## 166 FALSE Donald Trump
## 167 FALSE Donald Trump
## 168 FALSE Donald Trump
## 169 FALSE Donald Trump
## 170 FALSE Donald Trump
## 171 FALSE Donald Trump
## 172 FALSE Donald Trump
## 173 FALSE Donald Trump
## 174 FALSE Donald Trump
## 175 FALSE Donald Trump
## 176 FALSE Donald Trump
## 177 FALSE Donald Trump
## 178 FALSE Donald Trump
## 179 FALSE Donald Trump
## 180 FALSE Donald Trump
## 181 FALSE Donald Trump
## 182 FALSE Donald Trump
## 183 FALSE Donald Trump
## 184 FALSE Donald Trump
## 185 FALSE Donald Trump
## 186 FALSE Donald Trump
## 187 FALSE Donald Trump
## 188 FALSE Donald Trump
## 189 FALSE Donald Trump
## 190 FALSE Donald Trump
## 191 FALSE Donald Trump
## 192 FALSE Donald Trump
## 193 FALSE Donald Trump
## 194 FALSE Donald TrumpPT 4: Tallying legal outcomes in Watergate and Russiagate respectively: Suspects are only convicted, plead guilty, or indicted–if one is convicted or plead guilty, then a sentence is served. If one is only indicted, then they are only under investigation for their involvement in the case. DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE GUILTY.
##
## conviction guilty-plea indictment
## 17 45 10##
## conviction guilty-plea indictment
## 1 6 27Conclusions:
In short, Watergate and Russiagate are certainly not alike. For one thing, Watergate has a substantial number of those who plead guilty, and were convicted (52 defendants). On the other hand, Russiagate only has 7 individuals who were convicted and plead guilty (only 1 plead guilty)
It is important to consider that before President Trump left office, he pardoned the following defendants for their indictments in Russiagate: George Papadopolous, Paul Manafort, Michael Flynn, Alex Van Der Zwaan, and Michael Cohen. President Trump has also commuted the sentence of Roger Stone via the grant of clemency. Since these are 6 individuals, that means only one individual remains from being indicted. According to the DOJ, the Dutch Lawyer Alex Can Der Zwaan was the individual who plead guilty.
Another important consideration is the fact that many of the indicted individuals are anonymous in this data set, as they are refferred to as “Russian Nationals”. I was not able to find who the Russians were in this case, and therefore could not determine if they were pardoned by President Trump.
Ultimately, this data set, particularly the Russiagate subset, is flawed due to the lack of updated information by the author. It has not been updated since March 2019, and much has changed in the outcome of this trial since then.
Recommendations: If possible, it would be advisable to change the data entries under the columns of legality in order to update the legal status of the defendants.