Colors in R

In R, colors can be specified either by name (e.g col = “red”) or as a hexadecimal RGB triplet (such as col = “#FFCC00”)¹. There are other color palettes available from ggplot2, viridis, or RColorBrewer package.

R Colors by Name

---

Simply call the colors by name: blue, red, green, etc. The R documentation has a great explanation of how to use color by name². Here’s a full list of built in R colors by name:

# 1.Define R Color Data ----
# RGB codes
color.rgb <- t(col2rgb(colors()))
# Hexadecimal codes
color.hex <- rgb(color.rgb[,1], color.rgb[,2], color.rgb[,3], maxColorValue = 255)
# Text highlighting
color.text <- ifelse(apply(color.rgb, 1, mean) > 127, "black", "white")
# Consolidate
color.df <- data.frame(name = colors(),
                       red = color.rgb[, "red"],
                       green = color.rgb[, "green"],
                       blue = color.rgb[, "blue"],
                       hex = color.hex,
                       text = color.text)

# 2.Plot R Colors By Name ----
# configure graphical device
n.col <- 11
n.row <- 60
par(pin = c(11.692, 6.267), mai=c(0, 0, 0, 0))
# create plot
plot(c(0, n.col), c(0, n.row), 
     type = "n", 
     bty = "n", 
     ylab = "", 
     xlab = "", 
     axes = FALSE)

for(i in 1:n.col){
  color.count <- (i-1) * n.row
  color.mod <- length(colors()) - color.count
  y.val <- ifelse(color.mod < n.row, n.row - color.mod + 1, 1)
  color.names <- as(color.df[color.count + 1:n.row, "name"], "character")
  rect(i - 1, y.val - 0.5, i, n.row:y.val + 0.5, border = "black", col = color.names)
  text.color <- as(color.df[color.count + 1:n.row, "text"], "character")
  text(i-0.5, n.row:y.val, labels = color.names, cex = 0.75, col = text.color)
}

R Colors by Hex Code

---

Hexadecimal Colors

• Hexadecimal color values are also supported in all browsers³.
• A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB.

RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) are hexadecimal integers between 00 and FF specifying the intensity of the color.

For example, #0000FF is displayed as blue, because the blue component is set to its highest value (FF) and the others are set to 00.

par(pin = c(11.692, 6.267), mai=c(0, 0, 0, 0))

# create plot
plot(c(0, n.col), c(0, n.row), 
     type = "n", 
     bty = "n", 
     ylab = "", 
     xlab = "", 
     axes = FALSE)

for(i in 1:n.col){
  color.count <- (i-1) * n.row
  color.mod <- length(colors()) - color.count
  y.val <- ifelse(color.mod < n.row, n.row-color.mod + 1, 1)
  color.names <- as(color.df[color.count + 1:n.row, "hex"], "character")
  rect(i - 1, y.val - 0.5, i, n.row:y.val + 0.5, border = "black", col = color.names)
  text.color <- as(color.df[color.count + 1:n.row, "text"], "character")
  text(i-0.5, n.row:y.val, labels = color.names, cex = 0.75, col = text.color)
}

RColorBrewer

---

library(RColorBrewer)
## create a sequential palette for usage and show colors
mypalette<-brewer.pal(7,"Greens")
image(1:7,1,as.matrix(1:7),col=mypalette,xlab="Greens (sequential)",
ylab="",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",bty="n")

## display a divergent palette
display.brewer.pal(7,"BrBG")

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
## display a qualitative palette
display.brewer.pal(7,"Accent")

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
## display a palettes simultanoeusly
display.brewer.all(n=10, exact.n=FALSE)

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
display.brewer.all(n=10)

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
display.brewer.all()

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
display.brewer.all(type="div")

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
display.brewer.all(type="seq")

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
#RColorBrewer

display.brewer.all(type="qual")

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)
display.brewer.all(n=5,type="div",exact.n=TRUE)

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)

display.brewer.all(colorblindFriendly=TRUE)

#devAskNewPage(ask=TRUE)

brewer.pal.info

##          maxcolors category colorblind
## BrBG            11      div       TRUE
## PiYG            11      div       TRUE
## PRGn            11      div       TRUE
## PuOr            11      div       TRUE
## RdBu            11      div       TRUE
## RdGy            11      div      FALSE
## RdYlBu          11      div       TRUE
## RdYlGn          11      div      FALSE
## Spectral        11      div      FALSE
## Accent           8     qual      FALSE
## Dark2            8     qual       TRUE
## Paired          12     qual       TRUE
## Pastel1          9     qual      FALSE
## Pastel2          8     qual      FALSE
## Set1             9     qual      FALSE
## Set2             8     qual       TRUE
## Set3            12     qual      FALSE
## Blues            9      seq       TRUE
## BuGn             9      seq       TRUE
## BuPu             9      seq       TRUE
## GnBu             9      seq       TRUE
## Greens           9      seq       TRUE
## Greys            9      seq       TRUE
## Oranges          9      seq       TRUE
## OrRd             9      seq       TRUE
## PuBu             9      seq       TRUE
## PuBuGn           9      seq       TRUE
## PuRd             9      seq       TRUE
## Purples          9      seq       TRUE
## RdPu             9      seq       TRUE
## Reds             9      seq       TRUE
## YlGn             9      seq       TRUE
## YlGnBu           9      seq       TRUE
## YlOrBr           9      seq       TRUE
## YlOrRd           9      seq       TRUE

brewer.pal.info["Blues",]

##       maxcolors category colorblind
## Blues         9      seq       TRUE

brewer.pal.info["Blues",]$maxcolors

## [1] 9

Palettes

---

List available built-in palettes using palette.pals().

palette.pals()

##  [1] "R3"              "R4"              "ggplot2"         "Okabe-Ito"      
##  [5] "Accent"          "Dark 2"          "Paired"          "Pastel 1"       
##  [9] "Pastel 2"        "Set 1"           "Set 2"           "Set 3"          
## [13] "Tableau 10"      "Classic Tableau" "Polychrome 36"   "Alphabet"

Default

Demonstrate the colors 1:8 in different palettes using a custom matplot().

sinplot <- function(main=NULL) {
    x <- outer(
    seq(-pi, pi, length.out = 50),
    seq(0, pi, length.out = 8),
    function(x, y) sin(x - y)
    )
    matplot(x, type = "l", lwd = 4, lty = 1, col = 1:8, ylab = "", main=main)
}
sinplot("default palette")

R3

palette("R3");        sinplot("R3")

Okabe-Ito

palette("Okabe-Ito"); sinplot("Okabe-Ito")

Tableau

palette("Tableau")  ; sinplot("Tableau")

Color Swatch

---

Color swatches for palette.colors().

palette("default") # reset

palette.swatch <- function(palette = palette.pals(), n = 8, nrow = 8,
                           border = "black", cex = 1, ...)
{
     cols <- sapply(palette, palette.colors, n = n, recycle = TRUE)
     ncol <- ncol(cols)
     nswatch <- min(ncol, nrow)
     op <- par(mar = rep(0.1, 4),
               mfrow = c(1, min(5, ceiling(ncol/nrow))),
               cex = cex, ...)
     on.exit(par(op))
     while (length(palette)) {
    subset <- seq_len(min(nrow, ncol(cols)))
    plot.new()
    plot.window(c(0, n), c(0.25, nrow + 0.25))
    y <- rev(subset)
    text(0, y + 0.1, palette[subset], adj = c(0, 0))
    y <- rep(y, each = n)
    rect(rep(0:(n-1), n), y, rep(1:n, n), y - 0.5,
         col = cols[, subset], border = border)
    palette <- palette[-subset]
    cols    <- cols [, -subset, drop = FALSE]
     }
}

palette.swatch()

Swatch LIst

palette.swatch(n = 26) # show full "Alphabet"; recycle most others

Near Colors

---

Red Tones

hsv(.5,.5,.5)

## [1] "#408080"

n <- 20;  y <- -sin(3*pi*((1:n)-1/2)/n)
op <- par(mar = rep(1.5, 4))
plot(y, axes = FALSE, frame.plot = TRUE,
     xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 21, cex = 30,
     bg = rainbow(n, start = .85, end = .1),
     main = "Red tones")

par(op)

plotCol <- function(col, nrow=1, ncol=ceiling(length(col) / nrow),
                    txt.col="black") {
    stopifnot(nrow >= 1, ncol >= 1)
    if(length(col) > nrow*ncol)
        warning("some colors will not be shown")
    require(grid)
    grid.newpage()
    gl <- grid.layout(nrow, ncol)
    pushViewport(viewport(layout=gl))
    ic <- 1
    for(i in 1:nrow) {
        for(j in 1:ncol) {
            pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row=i, layout.pos.col=j))
            grid.rect(gp= gpar(fill=col[ic]))
            grid.text(col[ic], gp=gpar(col=txt.col))
           upViewport()
            ic <- ic+1
        }
    }
    upViewport()
    invisible(gl)
}

Chocolate

plotCol(c("#CC8C3C", paste0("chocolate", 2:4),
          paste0("darkorange", c("",1:2)), paste0("darkgoldenrod", 1:2),
          "orange", "orange1", "sandybrown", "tan1", "tan2"),
        nrow=2)

## Loading required package: grid

##' Find close R colors() to a given color {original by Marius Hofert)
##' using Euclidean norm in (HSV / RGB / ...) color space
nearRcolor <- function(rgb, cSpace = c("hsv", "rgb255", "Luv", "Lab"),
                       dist = switch(cSpace, "hsv" = 0.10, "rgb255" = 30,
                       "Luv" = 15, "Lab" = 12))
{
    if(is.character(rgb)) rgb <- col2rgb(rgb)
    stopifnot(length(rgb <- as.vector(rgb)) == 3)
    Rcol <- col2rgb(.cc <- colors())
    uniqC <- !duplicated(t(Rcol)) # gray9 == grey9 (etc)
    Rcol <- Rcol[, uniqC] ; .cc <- .cc[uniqC]
    cSpace <- match.arg(cSpace)
    convRGB2 <- function(Rgb, to)
        t(convertColor(t(Rgb), from="sRGB", to=to, scale.in=255))
    ## the transformation,  rgb{0..255} --> cSpace :
    TransF <- switch(cSpace,
                     "rgb255" = identity,
                     "hsv" = rgb2hsv,
                     "Luv" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Luv"),
                     "Lab" = function(RGB) convRGB2(RGB, "Lab"))
    d <- sqrt(colSums((TransF(Rcol) - as.vector(TransF(rgb)))^2))
    iS <- sort.list(d[near <- d <= dist])# sorted: closest first
    setNames(.cc[near][iS], format(d[near][iS], digits=3))
}

Blue

plotCol(nearRcolor("deepskyblue", "rgb", dist=50))

plotCol(nearRcolor("blue", dist=.1))

Tomato

Using rgb

plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "rgb", dist= 50), nrow=3)

Using hsv

plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "hsv", dist=.12), nrow=3)

Using Luv

plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "Luv", dist= 25), nrow=3)

Using Lab

plotCol(nearRcolor("tomato", "Lab", dist= 18), nrow=3)

Green

plotCol(nearRcolor("green", "rgb", dist=50))

Purple

plotCol(nearRcolor("purple", "rgb", dist=50))

Yellow

plotCol(nearRcolor("yellow", "rgb", dist=50))

Saturation

---

Interpolating a sequential ColorBrewer palette

Here space="rgb" gives palettes that vary only in saturation, as intended. With space="Lab" the steps are more uniform, but the hues are slightly purple.

filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette =
                   colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue")),
               asp = 1)

filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette =
                   colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue"),
                                    space = "Lab"),
               asp = 1)

YlOrBr <- c("#FFFFD4", "#FED98E", "#FE9929", "#D95F0E", "#993404")
filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette = colorRampPalette(YlOrBr, space = "Lab"),
               asp = 1)

filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette = colorRampPalette(YlOrBr, space = "Lab",
                                                bias = 0.5),
               asp = 1)

Jet Colors

The jet.colors following Matlab theme.

jet.colors <-
  colorRampPalette(c("#00007F", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan",
                     "#7FFF7F", "yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))
filled.contour(volcano, color = jet.colors, asp = 1)

Lab Colors

space="Lab" helps when colors don’t form a natural sequence

m <- outer(1:20,1:20,function(x,y) sin(sqrt(x*y)/3))
rgb.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "orange", "blue"),
                                space = "rgb")
Lab.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "orange", "blue"),
                                space = "Lab")
filled.contour(m, col = rgb.palette(20))

filled.contour(m, col = Lab.palette(20))

Transparency

---

When on a device where alpha transparency is supported, use 'alpha.f = 0.3' transparency with the default palette⁴:

mycols <- adjustcolor(palette(), alpha.f = 0.3)
opal <- palette(mycols)
x <- rnorm(1000); xy <- cbind(x, 3*x + rnorm(1000))
plot (xy, lwd = 2,
       main = "Alpha-Transparency Palette\n alpha = 0.3")
xy[,1] <- -xy[,1]
points(xy, col = 8, pch = 16, cex = 1.5)

palette("default")

R Color to RGB

---

R color to RGB (red/green/blue) conversion.

Name to RGB

col2rgb("peachpuff")

##       [,1]
## red    255
## green  218
## blue   185

Multiple Names to RGB

col2rgb(c(blu = "royalblue", reddish = "tomato"))  # note: colnames

##       blu reddish
## red    65     255
## green 105      99
## blue  225      71

Palette to RGB

col2rgb(paste0("gold", 1:4))

##       [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## red    255  238  205  139
## green  215  201  173  117
## blue     0    0    0    0

Hex to RGB

col2rgb("#08a0ff")

##       [,1]
## red      8
## green  160
## blue   255

Three Color Specs

All three kinds of color specifications:

col2rgb(c(red = "red", hex = "#abcdef"))

##       red hex
## red   255 171
## green   0 205
## blue    0 239

All Colors to RGB

library(kableExtra)
crgb <- col2rgb(cc <- colors())
colnames(crgb) <- cc
CRGB <- t(crgb)
# The whole table
kbl(CRGB) %>%
  kable_classic_2(full_width = F)

	red	green	blue
white	255	255	255
aliceblue	240	248	255
antiquewhite	250	235	215
antiquewhite1	255	239	219
antiquewhite2	238	223	204
antiquewhite3	205	192	176
antiquewhite4	139	131	120
aquamarine	127	255	212
aquamarine1	127	255	212
aquamarine2	118	238	198
aquamarine3	102	205	170
aquamarine4	69	139	116
azure	240	255	255
azure1	240	255	255
azure2	224	238	238
azure3	193	205	205
azure4	131	139	139
beige	245	245	220
bisque	255	228	196
bisque1	255	228	196
bisque2	238	213	183
bisque3	205	183	158
bisque4	139	125	107
black	0	0	0
blanchedalmond	255	235	205
blue	0	0	255
blue1	0	0	255
blue2	0	0	238
blue3	0	0	205
blue4	0	0	139
blueviolet	138	43	226
brown	165	42	42
brown1	255	64	64
brown2	238	59	59
brown3	205	51	51
brown4	139	35	35
burlywood	222	184	135
burlywood1	255	211	155
burlywood2	238	197	145
burlywood3	205	170	125
burlywood4	139	115	85
cadetblue	95	158	160
cadetblue1	152	245	255
cadetblue2	142	229	238
cadetblue3	122	197	205
cadetblue4	83	134	139
chartreuse	127	255	0
chartreuse1	127	255	0
chartreuse2	118	238	0
chartreuse3	102	205	0
chartreuse4	69	139	0
chocolate	210	105	30
chocolate1	255	127	36
chocolate2	238	118	33
chocolate3	205	102	29
chocolate4	139	69	19
coral	255	127	80
coral1	255	114	86
coral2	238	106	80
coral3	205	91	69
coral4	139	62	47
cornflowerblue	100	149	237
cornsilk	255	248	220
cornsilk1	255	248	220
cornsilk2	238	232	205
cornsilk3	205	200	177
cornsilk4	139	136	120
cyan	0	255	255
cyan1	0	255	255
cyan2	0	238	238
cyan3	0	205	205
cyan4	0	139	139
darkblue	0	0	139
darkcyan	0	139	139
darkgoldenrod	184	134	11
darkgoldenrod1	255	185	15
darkgoldenrod2	238	173	14
darkgoldenrod3	205	149	12
darkgoldenrod4	139	101	8
darkgray	169	169	169
darkgreen	0	100	0
darkgrey	169	169	169
darkkhaki	189	183	107
darkmagenta	139	0	139
darkolivegreen	85	107	47
darkolivegreen1	202	255	112
darkolivegreen2	188	238	104
darkolivegreen3	162	205	90
darkolivegreen4	110	139	61
darkorange	255	140	0
darkorange1	255	127	0
darkorange2	238	118	0
darkorange3	205	102	0
darkorange4	139	69	0
darkorchid	153	50	204
darkorchid1	191	62	255
darkorchid2	178	58	238
darkorchid3	154	50	205
darkorchid4	104	34	139
darkred	139	0	0
darksalmon	233	150	122
darkseagreen	143	188	143
darkseagreen1	193	255	193
darkseagreen2	180	238	180
darkseagreen3	155	205	155
darkseagreen4	105	139	105
darkslateblue	72	61	139
darkslategray	47	79	79
darkslategray1	151	255	255
darkslategray2	141	238	238
darkslategray3	121	205	205
darkslategray4	82	139	139
darkslategrey	47	79	79
darkturquoise	0	206	209
darkviolet	148	0	211
deeppink	255	20	147
deeppink1	255	20	147
deeppink2	238	18	137
deeppink3	205	16	118
deeppink4	139	10	80
deepskyblue	0	191	255
deepskyblue1	0	191	255
deepskyblue2	0	178	238
deepskyblue3	0	154	205
deepskyblue4	0	104	139
dimgray	105	105	105
dimgrey	105	105	105
dodgerblue	30	144	255
dodgerblue1	30	144	255
dodgerblue2	28	134	238
dodgerblue3	24	116	205
dodgerblue4	16	78	139
firebrick	178	34	34
firebrick1	255	48	48
firebrick2	238	44	44
firebrick3	205	38	38
firebrick4	139	26	26
floralwhite	255	250	240
forestgreen	34	139	34
gainsboro	220	220	220
ghostwhite	248	248	255
gold	255	215	0
gold1	255	215	0
gold2	238	201	0
gold3	205	173	0
gold4	139	117	0
goldenrod	218	165	32
goldenrod1	255	193	37
goldenrod2	238	180	34
goldenrod3	205	155	29
goldenrod4	139	105	20
gray	190	190	190
gray0	0	0	0
gray1	3	3	3
gray2	5	5	5
gray3	8	8	8
gray4	10	10	10
gray5	13	13	13
gray6	15	15	15
gray7	18	18	18
gray8	20	20	20
gray9	23	23	23
gray10	26	26	26
gray11	28	28	28
gray12	31	31	31
gray13	33	33	33
gray14	36	36	36
gray15	38	38	38
gray16	41	41	41
gray17	43	43	43
gray18	46	46	46
gray19	48	48	48
gray20	51	51	51
gray21	54	54	54
gray22	56	56	56
gray23	59	59	59
gray24	61	61	61
gray25	64	64	64
gray26	66	66	66
gray27	69	69	69
gray28	71	71	71
gray29	74	74	74
gray30	77	77	77
gray31	79	79	79
gray32	82	82	82
gray33	84	84	84
gray34	87	87	87
gray35	89	89	89
gray36	92	92	92
gray37	94	94	94
gray38	97	97	97
gray39	99	99	99
gray40	102	102	102
gray41	105	105	105
gray42	107	107	107
gray43	110	110	110
gray44	112	112	112
gray45	115	115	115
gray46	117	117	117
gray47	120	120	120
gray48	122	122	122
gray49	125	125	125
gray50	127	127	127
gray51	130	130	130
gray52	133	133	133
gray53	135	135	135
gray54	138	138	138
gray55	140	140	140
gray56	143	143	143
gray57	145	145	145
gray58	148	148	148
gray59	150	150	150
gray60	153	153	153
gray61	156	156	156
gray62	158	158	158
gray63	161	161	161
gray64	163	163	163
gray65	166	166	166
gray66	168	168	168
gray67	171	171	171
gray68	173	173	173
gray69	176	176	176
gray70	179	179	179
gray71	181	181	181
gray72	184	184	184
gray73	186	186	186
gray74	189	189	189
gray75	191	191	191
gray76	194	194	194
gray77	196	196	196
gray78	199	199	199
gray79	201	201	201
gray80	204	204	204
gray81	207	207	207
gray82	209	209	209
gray83	212	212	212
gray84	214	214	214
gray85	217	217	217
gray86	219	219	219
gray87	222	222	222
gray88	224	224	224
gray89	227	227	227
gray90	229	229	229
gray91	232	232	232
gray92	235	235	235
gray93	237	237	237
gray94	240	240	240
gray95	242	242	242
gray96	245	245	245
gray97	247	247	247
gray98	250	250	250
gray99	252	252	252
gray100	255	255	255
green	0	255	0
green1	0	255	0
green2	0	238	0
green3	0	205	0
green4	0	139	0
greenyellow	173	255	47
grey	190	190	190
grey0	0	0	0
grey1	3	3	3
grey2	5	5	5
grey3	8	8	8
grey4	10	10	10
grey5	13	13	13
grey6	15	15	15
grey7	18	18	18
grey8	20	20	20
grey9	23	23	23
grey10	26	26	26
grey11	28	28	28
grey12	31	31	31
grey13	33	33	33
grey14	36	36	36
grey15	38	38	38
grey16	41	41	41
grey17	43	43	43
grey18	46	46	46
grey19	48	48	48
grey20	51	51	51
grey21	54	54	54
grey22	56	56	56
grey23	59	59	59
grey24	61	61	61
grey25	64	64	64
grey26	66	66	66
grey27	69	69	69
grey28	71	71	71
grey29	74	74	74
grey30	77	77	77
grey31	79	79	79
grey32	82	82	82
grey33	84	84	84
grey34	87	87	87
grey35	89	89	89
grey36	92	92	92
grey37	94	94	94
grey38	97	97	97
grey39	99	99	99
grey40	102	102	102
grey41	105	105	105
grey42	107	107	107
grey43	110	110	110
grey44	112	112	112
grey45	115	115	115
grey46	117	117	117
grey47	120	120	120
grey48	122	122	122
grey49	125	125	125
grey50	127	127	127
grey51	130	130	130
grey52	133	133	133
grey53	135	135	135
grey54	138	138	138
grey55	140	140	140
grey56	143	143	143
grey57	145	145	145
grey58	148	148	148
grey59	150	150	150
grey60	153	153	153
grey61	156	156	156
grey62	158	158	158
grey63	161	161	161
grey64	163	163	163
grey65	166	166	166
grey66	168	168	168
grey67	171	171	171
grey68	173	173	173
grey69	176	176	176
grey70	179	179	179
grey71	181	181	181
grey72	184	184	184
grey73	186	186	186
grey74	189	189	189
grey75	191	191	191
grey76	194	194	194
grey77	196	196	196
grey78	199	199	199
grey79	201	201	201
grey80	204	204	204
grey81	207	207	207
grey82	209	209	209
grey83	212	212	212
grey84	214	214	214
grey85	217	217	217
grey86	219	219	219
grey87	222	222	222
grey88	224	224	224
grey89	227	227	227
grey90	229	229	229
grey91	232	232	232
grey92	235	235	235
grey93	237	237	237
grey94	240	240	240
grey95	242	242	242
grey96	245	245	245
grey97	247	247	247
grey98	250	250	250
grey99	252	252	252
grey100	255	255	255
honeydew	240	255	240
honeydew1	240	255	240
honeydew2	224	238	224
honeydew3	193	205	193
honeydew4	131	139	131
hotpink	255	105	180
hotpink1	255	110	180
hotpink2	238	106	167
hotpink3	205	96	144
hotpink4	139	58	98
indianred	205	92	92
indianred1	255	106	106
indianred2	238	99	99
indianred3	205	85	85
indianred4	139	58	58
ivory	255	255	240
ivory1	255	255	240
ivory2	238	238	224
ivory3	205	205	193
ivory4	139	139	131
khaki	240	230	140
khaki1	255	246	143
khaki2	238	230	133
khaki3	205	198	115
khaki4	139	134	78
lavender	230	230	250
lavenderblush	255	240	245
lavenderblush1	255	240	245
lavenderblush2	238	224	229
lavenderblush3	205	193	197
lavenderblush4	139	131	134
lawngreen	124	252	0
lemonchiffon	255	250	205
lemonchiffon1	255	250	205
lemonchiffon2	238	233	191
lemonchiffon3	205	201	165
lemonchiffon4	139	137	112
lightblue	173	216	230
lightblue1	191	239	255
lightblue2	178	223	238
lightblue3	154	192	205
lightblue4	104	131	139
lightcoral	240	128	128
lightcyan	224	255	255
lightcyan1	224	255	255
lightcyan2	209	238	238
lightcyan3	180	205	205
lightcyan4	122	139	139
lightgoldenrod	238	221	130
lightgoldenrod1	255	236	139
lightgoldenrod2	238	220	130
lightgoldenrod3	205	190	112
lightgoldenrod4	139	129	76
lightgoldenrodyellow	250	250	210
lightgray	211	211	211
lightgreen	144	238	144
lightgrey	211	211	211
lightpink	255	182	193
lightpink1	255	174	185
lightpink2	238	162	173
lightpink3	205	140	149
lightpink4	139	95	101
lightsalmon	255	160	122
lightsalmon1	255	160	122
lightsalmon2	238	149	114
lightsalmon3	205	129	98
lightsalmon4	139	87	66
lightseagreen	32	178	170
lightskyblue	135	206	250
lightskyblue1	176	226	255
lightskyblue2	164	211	238
lightskyblue3	141	182	205
lightskyblue4	96	123	139
lightslateblue	132	112	255
lightslategray	119	136	153
lightslategrey	119	136	153
lightsteelblue	176	196	222
lightsteelblue1	202	225	255
lightsteelblue2	188	210	238
lightsteelblue3	162	181	205
lightsteelblue4	110	123	139
lightyellow	255	255	224
lightyellow1	255	255	224
lightyellow2	238	238	209
lightyellow3	205	205	180
lightyellow4	139	139	122
limegreen	50	205	50
linen	250	240	230
magenta	255	0	255
magenta1	255	0	255
magenta2	238	0	238
magenta3	205	0	205
magenta4	139	0	139
maroon	176	48	96
maroon1	255	52	179
maroon2	238	48	167
maroon3	205	41	144
maroon4	139	28	98
mediumaquamarine	102	205	170
mediumblue	0	0	205
mediumorchid	186	85	211
mediumorchid1	224	102	255
mediumorchid2	209	95	238
mediumorchid3	180	82	205
mediumorchid4	122	55	139
mediumpurple	147	112	219
mediumpurple1	171	130	255
mediumpurple2	159	121	238
mediumpurple3	137	104	205
mediumpurple4	93	71	139
mediumseagreen	60	179	113
mediumslateblue	123	104	238
mediumspringgreen	0	250	154
mediumturquoise	72	209	204
mediumvioletred	199	21	133
midnightblue	25	25	112
mintcream	245	255	250
mistyrose	255	228	225
mistyrose1	255	228	225
mistyrose2	238	213	210
mistyrose3	205	183	181
mistyrose4	139	125	123
moccasin	255	228	181
navajowhite	255	222	173
navajowhite1	255	222	173
navajowhite2	238	207	161
navajowhite3	205	179	139
navajowhite4	139	121	94
navy	0	0	128
navyblue	0	0	128
oldlace	253	245	230
olivedrab	107	142	35
olivedrab1	192	255	62
olivedrab2	179	238	58
olivedrab3	154	205	50
olivedrab4	105	139	34
orange	255	165	0
orange1	255	165	0
orange2	238	154	0
orange3	205	133	0
orange4	139	90	0
orangered	255	69	0
orangered1	255	69	0
orangered2	238	64	0
orangered3	205	55	0
orangered4	139	37	0
orchid	218	112	214
orchid1	255	131	250
orchid2	238	122	233
orchid3	205	105	201
orchid4	139	71	137
palegoldenrod	238	232	170
palegreen	152	251	152
palegreen1	154	255	154
palegreen2	144	238	144
palegreen3	124	205	124
palegreen4	84	139	84
paleturquoise	175	238	238
paleturquoise1	187	255	255
paleturquoise2	174	238	238
paleturquoise3	150	205	205
paleturquoise4	102	139	139
palevioletred	219	112	147
palevioletred1	255	130	171
palevioletred2	238	121	159
palevioletred3	205	104	137
palevioletred4	139	71	93
papayawhip	255	239	213
peachpuff	255	218	185
peachpuff1	255	218	185
peachpuff2	238	203	173
peachpuff3	205	175	149
peachpuff4	139	119	101
peru	205	133	63
pink	255	192	203
pink1	255	181	197
pink2	238	169	184
pink3	205	145	158
pink4	139	99	108
plum	221	160	221
plum1	255	187	255
plum2	238	174	238
plum3	205	150	205
plum4	139	102	139
powderblue	176	224	230
purple	160	32	240
purple1	155	48	255
purple2	145	44	238
purple3	125	38	205
purple4	85	26	139
red	255	0	0
red1	255	0	0
red2	238	0	0
red3	205	0	0
red4	139	0	0
rosybrown	188	143	143
rosybrown1	255	193	193
rosybrown2	238	180	180
rosybrown3	205	155	155
rosybrown4	139	105	105
royalblue	65	105	225
royalblue1	72	118	255
royalblue2	67	110	238
royalblue3	58	95	205
royalblue4	39	64	139
saddlebrown	139	69	19
salmon	250	128	114
salmon1	255	140	105
salmon2	238	130	98
salmon3	205	112	84
salmon4	139	76	57
sandybrown	244	164	96
seagreen	46	139	87
seagreen1	84	255	159
seagreen2	78	238	148
seagreen3	67	205	128
seagreen4	46	139	87
seashell	255	245	238
seashell1	255	245	238
seashell2	238	229	222
seashell3	205	197	191
seashell4	139	134	130
sienna	160	82	45
sienna1	255	130	71
sienna2	238	121	66
sienna3	205	104	57
sienna4	139	71	38
skyblue	135	206	235
skyblue1	135	206	255
skyblue2	126	192	238
skyblue3	108	166	205
skyblue4	74	112	139
slateblue	106	90	205
slateblue1	131	111	255
slateblue2	122	103	238
slateblue3	105	89	205
slateblue4	71	60	139
slategray	112	128	144
slategray1	198	226	255
slategray2	185	211	238
slategray3	159	182	205
slategray4	108	123	139
slategrey	112	128	144
snow	255	250	250
snow1	255	250	250
snow2	238	233	233
snow3	205	201	201
snow4	139	137	137
springgreen	0	255	127
springgreen1	0	255	127
springgreen2	0	238	118
springgreen3	0	205	102
springgreen4	0	139	69
steelblue	70	130	180
steelblue1	99	184	255
steelblue2	92	172	238
steelblue3	79	148	205
steelblue4	54	100	139
tan	210	180	140
tan1	255	165	79
tan2	238	154	73
tan3	205	133	63
tan4	139	90	43
thistle	216	191	216
thistle1	255	225	255
thistle2	238	210	238
thistle3	205	181	205
thistle4	139	123	139
tomato	255	99	71
tomato1	255	99	71
tomato2	238	92	66
tomato3	205	79	57
tomato4	139	54	38
turquoise	64	224	208
turquoise1	0	245	255
turquoise2	0	229	238
turquoise3	0	197	205
turquoise4	0	134	139
violet	238	130	238
violetred	208	32	144
violetred1	255	62	150
violetred2	238	58	140
violetred3	205	50	120
violetred4	139	34	82
wheat	245	222	179
wheat1	255	231	186
wheat2	238	216	174
wheat3	205	186	150
wheat4	139	126	102
whitesmoke	245	245	245
yellow	255	255	0
yellow1	255	255	0
yellow2	238	238	0
yellow3	205	205	0
yellow4	139	139	0
yellowgreen	154	205	50

All Colors

---

Returns the built-in color names which R knows about. Indicating logical if the colors returned should all be distinct; e.g., “snow” and “snow1” are effectively the same point in the (0:255)^3 RGB space.

colors(distinct = FALSE)

##   [1] "white"                "aliceblue"            "antiquewhite"        
##   [4] "antiquewhite1"        "antiquewhite2"        "antiquewhite3"       
##   [7] "antiquewhite4"        "aquamarine"           "aquamarine1"         
##  [10] "aquamarine2"          "aquamarine3"          "aquamarine4"         
##  [13] "azure"                "azure1"               "azure2"              
##  [16] "azure3"               "azure4"               "beige"               
##  [19] "bisque"               "bisque1"              "bisque2"             
##  [22] "bisque3"              "bisque4"              "black"               
##  [25] "blanchedalmond"       "blue"                 "blue1"               
##  [28] "blue2"                "blue3"                "blue4"               
##  [31] "blueviolet"           "brown"                "brown1"              
##  [34] "brown2"               "brown3"               "brown4"              
##  [37] "burlywood"            "burlywood1"           "burlywood2"          
##  [40] "burlywood3"           "burlywood4"           "cadetblue"           
##  [43] "cadetblue1"           "cadetblue2"           "cadetblue3"          
##  [46] "cadetblue4"           "chartreuse"           "chartreuse1"         
##  [49] "chartreuse2"          "chartreuse3"          "chartreuse4"         
##  [52] "chocolate"            "chocolate1"           "chocolate2"          
##  [55] "chocolate3"           "chocolate4"           "coral"               
##  [58] "coral1"               "coral2"               "coral3"              
##  [61] "coral4"               "cornflowerblue"       "cornsilk"            
##  [64] "cornsilk1"            "cornsilk2"            "cornsilk3"           
##  [67] "cornsilk4"            "cyan"                 "cyan1"               
##  [70] "cyan2"                "cyan3"                "cyan4"               
##  [73] "darkblue"             "darkcyan"             "darkgoldenrod"       
##  [76] "darkgoldenrod1"       "darkgoldenrod2"       "darkgoldenrod3"      
##  [79] "darkgoldenrod4"       "darkgray"             "darkgreen"           
##  [82] "darkgrey"             "darkkhaki"            "darkmagenta"         
##  [85] "darkolivegreen"       "darkolivegreen1"      "darkolivegreen2"     
##  [88] "darkolivegreen3"      "darkolivegreen4"      "darkorange"          
##  [91] "darkorange1"          "darkorange2"          "darkorange3"         
##  [94] "darkorange4"          "darkorchid"           "darkorchid1"         
##  [97] "darkorchid2"          "darkorchid3"          "darkorchid4"         
## [100] "darkred"              "darksalmon"           "darkseagreen"        
## [103] "darkseagreen1"        "darkseagreen2"        "darkseagreen3"       
## [106] "darkseagreen4"        "darkslateblue"        "darkslategray"       
## [109] "darkslategray1"       "darkslategray2"       "darkslategray3"      
## [112] "darkslategray4"       "darkslategrey"        "darkturquoise"       
## [115] "darkviolet"           "deeppink"             "deeppink1"           
## [118] "deeppink2"            "deeppink3"            "deeppink4"           
## [121] "deepskyblue"          "deepskyblue1"         "deepskyblue2"        
## [124] "deepskyblue3"         "deepskyblue4"         "dimgray"             
## [127] "dimgrey"              "dodgerblue"           "dodgerblue1"         
## [130] "dodgerblue2"          "dodgerblue3"          "dodgerblue4"         
## [133] "firebrick"            "firebrick1"           "firebrick2"          
## [136] "firebrick3"           "firebrick4"           "floralwhite"         
## [139] "forestgreen"          "gainsboro"            "ghostwhite"          
## [142] "gold"                 "gold1"                "gold2"               
## [145] "gold3"                "gold4"                "goldenrod"           
## [148] "goldenrod1"           "goldenrod2"           "goldenrod3"          
## [151] "goldenrod4"           "gray"                 "gray0"               
## [154] "gray1"                "gray2"                "gray3"               
## [157] "gray4"                "gray5"                "gray6"               
## [160] "gray7"                "gray8"                "gray9"               
## [163] "gray10"               "gray11"               "gray12"              
## [166] "gray13"               "gray14"               "gray15"              
## [169] "gray16"               "gray17"               "gray18"              
## [172] "gray19"               "gray20"               "gray21"              
## [175] "gray22"               "gray23"               "gray24"              
## [178] "gray25"               "gray26"               "gray27"              
## [181] "gray28"               "gray29"               "gray30"              
## [184] "gray31"               "gray32"               "gray33"              
## [187] "gray34"               "gray35"               "gray36"              
## [190] "gray37"               "gray38"               "gray39"              
## [193] "gray40"               "gray41"               "gray42"              
## [196] "gray43"               "gray44"               "gray45"              
## [199] "gray46"               "gray47"               "gray48"              
## [202] "gray49"               "gray50"               "gray51"              
## [205] "gray52"               "gray53"               "gray54"              
## [208] "gray55"               "gray56"               "gray57"              
## [211] "gray58"               "gray59"               "gray60"              
## [214] "gray61"               "gray62"               "gray63"              
## [217] "gray64"               "gray65"               "gray66"              
## [220] "gray67"               "gray68"               "gray69"              
## [223] "gray70"               "gray71"               "gray72"              
## [226] "gray73"               "gray74"               "gray75"              
## [229] "gray76"               "gray77"               "gray78"              
## [232] "gray79"               "gray80"               "gray81"              
## [235] "gray82"               "gray83"               "gray84"              
## [238] "gray85"               "gray86"               "gray87"              
## [241] "gray88"               "gray89"               "gray90"              
## [244] "gray91"               "gray92"               "gray93"              
## [247] "gray94"               "gray95"               "gray96"              
## [250] "gray97"               "gray98"               "gray99"              
## [253] "gray100"              "green"                "green1"              
## [256] "green2"               "green3"               "green4"              
## [259] "greenyellow"          "grey"                 "grey0"               
## [262] "grey1"                "grey2"                "grey3"               
## [265] "grey4"                "grey5"                "grey6"               
## [268] "grey7"                "grey8"                "grey9"               
## [271] "grey10"               "grey11"               "grey12"              
## [274] "grey13"               "grey14"               "grey15"              
## [277] "grey16"               "grey17"               "grey18"              
## [280] "grey19"               "grey20"               "grey21"              
## [283] "grey22"               "grey23"               "grey24"              
## [286] "grey25"               "grey26"               "grey27"              
## [289] "grey28"               "grey29"               "grey30"              
## [292] "grey31"               "grey32"               "grey33"              
## [295] "grey34"               "grey35"               "grey36"              
## [298] "grey37"               "grey38"               "grey39"              
## [301] "grey40"               "grey41"               "grey42"              
## [304] "grey43"               "grey44"               "grey45"              
## [307] "grey46"               "grey47"               "grey48"              
## [310] "grey49"               "grey50"               "grey51"              
## [313] "grey52"               "grey53"               "grey54"              
## [316] "grey55"               "grey56"               "grey57"              
## [319] "grey58"               "grey59"               "grey60"              
## [322] "grey61"               "grey62"               "grey63"              
## [325] "grey64"               "grey65"               "grey66"              
## [328] "grey67"               "grey68"               "grey69"              
## [331] "grey70"               "grey71"               "grey72"              
## [334] "grey73"               "grey74"               "grey75"              
## [337] "grey76"               "grey77"               "grey78"              
## [340] "grey79"               "grey80"               "grey81"              
## [343] "grey82"               "grey83"               "grey84"              
## [346] "grey85"               "grey86"               "grey87"              
## [349] "grey88"               "grey89"               "grey90"              
## [352] "grey91"               "grey92"               "grey93"              
## [355] "grey94"               "grey95"               "grey96"              
## [358] "grey97"               "grey98"               "grey99"              
## [361] "grey100"              "honeydew"             "honeydew1"           
## [364] "honeydew2"            "honeydew3"            "honeydew4"           
## [367] "hotpink"              "hotpink1"             "hotpink2"            
## [370] "hotpink3"             "hotpink4"             "indianred"           
## [373] "indianred1"           "indianred2"           "indianred3"          
## [376] "indianred4"           "ivory"                "ivory1"              
## [379] "ivory2"               "ivory3"               "ivory4"              
## [382] "khaki"                "khaki1"               "khaki2"              
## [385] "khaki3"               "khaki4"               "lavender"            
## [388] "lavenderblush"        "lavenderblush1"       "lavenderblush2"      
## [391] "lavenderblush3"       "lavenderblush4"       "lawngreen"           
## [394] "lemonchiffon"         "lemonchiffon1"        "lemonchiffon2"       
## [397] "lemonchiffon3"        "lemonchiffon4"        "lightblue"           
## [400] "lightblue1"           "lightblue2"           "lightblue3"          
## [403] "lightblue4"           "lightcoral"           "lightcyan"           
## [406] "lightcyan1"           "lightcyan2"           "lightcyan3"          
## [409] "lightcyan4"           "lightgoldenrod"       "lightgoldenrod1"     
## [412] "lightgoldenrod2"      "lightgoldenrod3"      "lightgoldenrod4"     
## [415] "lightgoldenrodyellow" "lightgray"            "lightgreen"          
## [418] "lightgrey"            "lightpink"            "lightpink1"          
## [421] "lightpink2"           "lightpink3"           "lightpink4"          
## [424] "lightsalmon"          "lightsalmon1"         "lightsalmon2"        
## [427] "lightsalmon3"         "lightsalmon4"         "lightseagreen"       
## [430] "lightskyblue"         "lightskyblue1"        "lightskyblue2"       
## [433] "lightskyblue3"        "lightskyblue4"        "lightslateblue"      
## [436] "lightslategray"       "lightslategrey"       "lightsteelblue"      
## [439] "lightsteelblue1"      "lightsteelblue2"      "lightsteelblue3"     
## [442] "lightsteelblue4"      "lightyellow"          "lightyellow1"        
## [445] "lightyellow2"         "lightyellow3"         "lightyellow4"        
## [448] "limegreen"            "linen"                "magenta"             
## [451] "magenta1"             "magenta2"             "magenta3"            
## [454] "magenta4"             "maroon"               "maroon1"             
## [457] "maroon2"              "maroon3"              "maroon4"             
## [460] "mediumaquamarine"     "mediumblue"           "mediumorchid"        
## [463] "mediumorchid1"        "mediumorchid2"        "mediumorchid3"       
## [466] "mediumorchid4"        "mediumpurple"         "mediumpurple1"       
## [469] "mediumpurple2"        "mediumpurple3"        "mediumpurple4"       
## [472] "mediumseagreen"       "mediumslateblue"      "mediumspringgreen"   
## [475] "mediumturquoise"      "mediumvioletred"      "midnightblue"        
## [478] "mintcream"            "mistyrose"            "mistyrose1"          
## [481] "mistyrose2"           "mistyrose3"           "mistyrose4"          
## [484] "moccasin"             "navajowhite"          "navajowhite1"        
## [487] "navajowhite2"         "navajowhite3"         "navajowhite4"        
## [490] "navy"                 "navyblue"             "oldlace"             
## [493] "olivedrab"            "olivedrab1"           "olivedrab2"          
## [496] "olivedrab3"           "olivedrab4"           "orange"              
## [499] "orange1"              "orange2"              "orange3"             
## [502] "orange4"              "orangered"            "orangered1"          
## [505] "orangered2"           "orangered3"           "orangered4"          
## [508] "orchid"               "orchid1"              "orchid2"             
## [511] "orchid3"              "orchid4"              "palegoldenrod"       
## [514] "palegreen"            "palegreen1"           "palegreen2"          
## [517] "palegreen3"           "palegreen4"           "paleturquoise"       
## [520] "paleturquoise1"       "paleturquoise2"       "paleturquoise3"      
## [523] "paleturquoise4"       "palevioletred"        "palevioletred1"      
## [526] "palevioletred2"       "palevioletred3"       "palevioletred4"      
## [529] "papayawhip"           "peachpuff"            "peachpuff1"          
## [532] "peachpuff2"           "peachpuff3"           "peachpuff4"          
## [535] "peru"                 "pink"                 "pink1"               
## [538] "pink2"                "pink3"                "pink4"               
## [541] "plum"                 "plum1"                "plum2"               
## [544] "plum3"                "plum4"                "powderblue"          
## [547] "purple"               "purple1"              "purple2"             
## [550] "purple3"              "purple4"              "red"                 
## [553] "red1"                 "red2"                 "red3"                
## [556] "red4"                 "rosybrown"            "rosybrown1"          
## [559] "rosybrown2"           "rosybrown3"           "rosybrown4"          
## [562] "royalblue"            "royalblue1"           "royalblue2"          
## [565] "royalblue3"           "royalblue4"           "saddlebrown"         
## [568] "salmon"               "salmon1"              "salmon2"             
## [571] "salmon3"              "salmon4"              "sandybrown"          
## [574] "seagreen"             "seagreen1"            "seagreen2"           
## [577] "seagreen3"            "seagreen4"            "seashell"            
## [580] "seashell1"            "seashell2"            "seashell3"           
## [583] "seashell4"            "sienna"               "sienna1"             
## [586] "sienna2"              "sienna3"              "sienna4"             
## [589] "skyblue"              "skyblue1"             "skyblue2"            
## [592] "skyblue3"             "skyblue4"             "slateblue"           
## [595] "slateblue1"           "slateblue2"           "slateblue3"          
## [598] "slateblue4"           "slategray"            "slategray1"          
## [601] "slategray2"           "slategray3"           "slategray4"          
## [604] "slategrey"            "snow"                 "snow1"               
## [607] "snow2"                "snow3"                "snow4"               
## [610] "springgreen"          "springgreen1"         "springgreen2"        
## [613] "springgreen3"         "springgreen4"         "steelblue"           
## [616] "steelblue1"           "steelblue2"           "steelblue3"          
## [619] "steelblue4"           "tan"                  "tan1"                
## [622] "tan2"                 "tan3"                 "tan4"                
## [625] "thistle"              "thistle1"             "thistle2"            
## [628] "thistle3"             "thistle4"             "tomato"              
## [631] "tomato1"              "tomato2"              "tomato3"             
## [634] "tomato4"              "turquoise"            "turquoise1"          
## [637] "turquoise2"           "turquoise3"           "turquoise4"          
## [640] "violet"               "violetred"            "violetred1"          
## [643] "violetred2"           "violetred3"           "violetred4"          
## [646] "wheat"                "wheat1"               "wheat2"              
## [649] "wheat3"               "wheat4"               "whitesmoke"          
## [652] "yellow"               "yellow1"              "yellow2"             
## [655] "yellow3"              "yellow4"              "yellowgreen"

These color names can be used with a col= specification in graphics functions.

colours(distinct = TRUE)

##   [1] "white"                "aliceblue"            "antiquewhite"        
##   [4] "antiquewhite1"        "antiquewhite2"        "antiquewhite3"       
##   [7] "antiquewhite4"        "aquamarine"           "aquamarine2"         
##  [10] "aquamarine3"          "aquamarine4"          "azure"               
##  [13] "azure2"               "azure3"               "azure4"              
##  [16] "beige"                "bisque"               "bisque2"             
##  [19] "bisque3"              "bisque4"              "black"               
##  [22] "blanchedalmond"       "blue"                 "blue2"               
##  [25] "blue3"                "blue4"                "blueviolet"          
##  [28] "brown"                "brown1"               "brown2"              
##  [31] "brown3"               "brown4"               "burlywood"           
##  [34] "burlywood1"           "burlywood2"           "burlywood3"          
##  [37] "burlywood4"           "cadetblue"            "cadetblue1"          
##  [40] "cadetblue2"           "cadetblue3"           "cadetblue4"          
##  [43] "chartreuse"           "chartreuse2"          "chartreuse3"         
##  [46] "chartreuse4"          "chocolate"            "chocolate1"          
##  [49] "chocolate2"           "chocolate3"           "chocolate4"          
##  [52] "coral"                "coral1"               "coral2"              
##  [55] "coral3"               "coral4"               "cornflowerblue"      
##  [58] "cornsilk"             "cornsilk2"            "cornsilk3"           
##  [61] "cornsilk4"            "cyan"                 "cyan2"               
##  [64] "cyan3"                "cyan4"                "darkgoldenrod"       
##  [67] "darkgoldenrod1"       "darkgoldenrod2"       "darkgoldenrod3"      
##  [70] "darkgoldenrod4"       "darkgray"             "darkgreen"           
##  [73] "darkkhaki"            "darkmagenta"          "darkolivegreen"      
##  [76] "darkolivegreen1"      "darkolivegreen2"      "darkolivegreen3"     
##  [79] "darkolivegreen4"      "darkorange"           "darkorange1"         
##  [82] "darkorange2"          "darkorange3"          "darkorange4"         
##  [85] "darkorchid"           "darkorchid1"          "darkorchid2"         
##  [88] "darkorchid3"          "darkorchid4"          "darkred"             
##  [91] "darksalmon"           "darkseagreen"         "darkseagreen1"       
##  [94] "darkseagreen2"        "darkseagreen3"        "darkseagreen4"       
##  [97] "darkslateblue"        "darkslategray"        "darkslategray1"      
## [100] "darkslategray2"       "darkslategray3"       "darkslategray4"      
## [103] "darkturquoise"        "darkviolet"           "deeppink"            
## [106] "deeppink2"            "deeppink3"            "deeppink4"           
## [109] "deepskyblue"          "deepskyblue2"         "deepskyblue3"        
## [112] "deepskyblue4"         "dimgray"              "dodgerblue"          
## [115] "dodgerblue2"          "dodgerblue3"          "dodgerblue4"         
## [118] "firebrick"            "firebrick1"           "firebrick2"          
## [121] "firebrick3"           "firebrick4"           "floralwhite"         
## [124] "forestgreen"          "gainsboro"            "ghostwhite"          
## [127] "gold"                 "gold2"                "gold3"               
## [130] "gold4"                "goldenrod"            "goldenrod1"          
## [133] "goldenrod2"           "goldenrod3"           "goldenrod4"          
## [136] "gray"                 "gray1"                "gray2"               
## [139] "gray3"                "gray4"                "gray5"               
## [142] "gray6"                "gray7"                "gray8"               
## [145] "gray9"                "gray10"               "gray11"              
## [148] "gray12"               "gray13"               "gray14"              
## [151] "gray15"               "gray16"               "gray17"              
## [154] "gray18"               "gray19"               "gray20"              
## [157] "gray21"               "gray22"               "gray23"              
## [160] "gray24"               "gray25"               "gray26"              
## [163] "gray27"               "gray28"               "gray29"              
## [166] "gray30"               "gray31"               "gray32"              
## [169] "gray33"               "gray34"               "gray35"              
## [172] "gray36"               "gray37"               "gray38"              
## [175] "gray39"               "gray40"               "gray42"              
## [178] "gray43"               "gray44"               "gray45"              
## [181] "gray46"               "gray47"               "gray48"              
## [184] "gray49"               "gray50"               "gray51"              
## [187] "gray52"               "gray53"               "gray54"              
## [190] "gray55"               "gray56"               "gray57"              
## [193] "gray58"               "gray59"               "gray60"              
## [196] "gray61"               "gray62"               "gray63"              
## [199] "gray64"               "gray65"               "gray66"              
## [202] "gray67"               "gray68"               "gray69"              
## [205] "gray70"               "gray71"               "gray72"              
## [208] "gray73"               "gray74"               "gray75"              
## [211] "gray76"               "gray77"               "gray78"              
## [214] "gray79"               "gray80"               "gray81"              
## [217] "gray82"               "gray83"               "gray84"              
## [220] "gray85"               "gray86"               "gray87"              
## [223] "gray88"               "gray89"               "gray90"              
## [226] "gray91"               "gray92"               "gray93"              
## [229] "gray94"               "gray95"               "gray96"              
## [232] "gray97"               "gray98"               "gray99"              
## [235] "green"                "green2"               "green3"              
## [238] "green4"               "greenyellow"          "honeydew"            
## [241] "honeydew2"            "honeydew3"            "honeydew4"           
## [244] "hotpink"              "hotpink1"             "hotpink2"            
## [247] "hotpink3"             "hotpink4"             "indianred"           
## [250] "indianred1"           "indianred2"           "indianred3"          
## [253] "indianred4"           "ivory"                "ivory2"              
## [256] "ivory3"               "ivory4"               "khaki"               
## [259] "khaki1"               "khaki2"               "khaki3"              
## [262] "khaki4"               "lavender"             "lavenderblush"       
## [265] "lavenderblush2"       "lavenderblush3"       "lavenderblush4"      
## [268] "lawngreen"            "lemonchiffon"         "lemonchiffon2"       
## [271] "lemonchiffon3"        "lemonchiffon4"        "lightblue"           
## [274] "lightblue1"           "lightblue2"           "lightblue3"          
## [277] "lightblue4"           "lightcoral"           "lightcyan"           
## [280] "lightcyan2"           "lightcyan3"           "lightcyan4"          
## [283] "lightgoldenrod"       "lightgoldenrod1"      "lightgoldenrod2"     
## [286] "lightgoldenrod3"      "lightgoldenrod4"      "lightgoldenrodyellow"
## [289] "lightgray"            "lightgreen"           "lightpink"           
## [292] "lightpink1"           "lightpink2"           "lightpink3"          
## [295] "lightpink4"           "lightsalmon"          "lightsalmon2"        
## [298] "lightsalmon3"         "lightsalmon4"         "lightseagreen"       
## [301] "lightskyblue"         "lightskyblue1"        "lightskyblue2"       
## [304] "lightskyblue3"        "lightskyblue4"        "lightslateblue"      
## [307] "lightslategray"       "lightsteelblue"       "lightsteelblue1"     
## [310] "lightsteelblue2"      "lightsteelblue3"      "lightsteelblue4"     
## [313] "lightyellow"          "lightyellow2"         "lightyellow3"        
## [316] "lightyellow4"         "limegreen"            "linen"               
## [319] "magenta"              "magenta2"             "magenta3"            
## [322] "maroon"               "maroon1"              "maroon2"             
## [325] "maroon3"              "maroon4"              "mediumorchid"        
## [328] "mediumorchid1"        "mediumorchid2"        "mediumorchid3"       
## [331] "mediumorchid4"        "mediumpurple"         "mediumpurple1"       
## [334] "mediumpurple2"        "mediumpurple3"        "mediumpurple4"       
## [337] "mediumseagreen"       "mediumslateblue"      "mediumspringgreen"   
## [340] "mediumturquoise"      "mediumvioletred"      "midnightblue"        
## [343] "mintcream"            "mistyrose"            "mistyrose2"          
## [346] "mistyrose3"           "mistyrose4"           "moccasin"            
## [349] "navajowhite"          "navajowhite2"         "navajowhite3"        
## [352] "navajowhite4"         "navy"                 "oldlace"             
## [355] "olivedrab"            "olivedrab1"           "olivedrab2"          
## [358] "olivedrab3"           "olivedrab4"           "orange"              
## [361] "orange2"              "orange3"              "orange4"             
## [364] "orangered"            "orangered2"           "orangered3"          
## [367] "orangered4"           "orchid"               "orchid1"             
## [370] "orchid2"              "orchid3"              "orchid4"             
## [373] "palegoldenrod"        "palegreen"            "palegreen1"          
## [376] "palegreen3"           "palegreen4"           "paleturquoise"       
## [379] "paleturquoise1"       "paleturquoise2"       "paleturquoise3"      
## [382] "paleturquoise4"       "palevioletred"        "palevioletred1"      
## [385] "palevioletred2"       "palevioletred3"       "palevioletred4"      
## [388] "papayawhip"           "peachpuff"            "peachpuff2"          
## [391] "peachpuff3"           "peachpuff4"           "peru"                
## [394] "pink"                 "pink1"                "pink2"               
## [397] "pink3"                "pink4"                "plum"                
## [400] "plum1"                "plum2"                "plum3"               
## [403] "plum4"                "powderblue"           "purple"              
## [406] "purple1"              "purple2"              "purple3"             
## [409] "purple4"              "red"                  "red2"                
## [412] "red3"                 "rosybrown"            "rosybrown1"          
## [415] "rosybrown2"           "rosybrown3"           "rosybrown4"          
## [418] "royalblue"            "royalblue1"           "royalblue2"          
## [421] "royalblue3"           "royalblue4"           "salmon"              
## [424] "salmon1"              "salmon2"              "salmon3"             
## [427] "salmon4"              "sandybrown"           "seagreen"            
## [430] "seagreen1"            "seagreen2"            "seagreen3"           
## [433] "seashell"             "seashell2"            "seashell3"           
## [436] "seashell4"            "sienna"               "sienna1"             
## [439] "sienna2"              "sienna3"              "sienna4"             
## [442] "skyblue"              "skyblue1"             "skyblue2"            
## [445] "skyblue3"             "skyblue4"             "slateblue"           
## [448] "slateblue1"           "slateblue2"           "slateblue3"          
## [451] "slateblue4"           "slategray"            "slategray1"          
## [454] "slategray2"           "slategray3"           "slategray4"          
## [457] "snow"                 "snow2"                "snow3"               
## [460] "snow4"                "springgreen"          "springgreen2"        
## [463] "springgreen3"         "springgreen4"         "steelblue"           
## [466] "steelblue1"           "steelblue2"           "steelblue3"          
## [469] "steelblue4"           "tan"                  "tan1"                
## [472] "tan2"                 "tan4"                 "thistle"             
## [475] "thistle1"             "thistle2"             "thistle3"            
## [478] "thistle4"             "tomato"               "tomato2"             
## [481] "tomato3"              "tomato4"              "turquoise"           
## [484] "turquoise1"           "turquoise2"           "turquoise3"          
## [487] "turquoise4"           "violet"               "violetred"           
## [490] "violetred1"           "violetred2"           "violetred3"          
## [493] "violetred4"           "wheat"                "wheat1"              
## [496] "wheat2"               "wheat3"               "wheat4"              
## [499] "yellow"               "yellow2"              "yellow3"             
## [502] "yellow4"

References

---

---

1. STDHA. Colors in R. Statistical Tools for High-Throughput Data Analysis. URL http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/colors-in-r.↩︎

2. R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.↩︎

3. Wc3Schools (2021). Colors HEX. URL https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_hexadecimal.asp↩︎

4. Applied R Code. R Color Tables. Data Science for Immediate Application. URL http://applied-r.com/r-color-tables/#r-color-tables-by-name↩︎