Refugee Integration Paper Results

Summary statistics

IPL-12 scores

Means (unweighted):

Means (Weighted using sample weights):

Medians:

SDs:

By Gender

Tabulation:

Weighted means by gender:

Distribution

General

Correlations

Spatial

Overall

Linguistic

Political

Social

Economic

Psychological

Navigational

Descriptives

Years in US

Gender

Spider chart

Citizenship status

Highest education level

English proficiency

Speak

Read

Income

Unemployment

Country of birth

Household size

Weighted Regressions

Baseline characteristics

Model: \[ipl12s = female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + \epsilon\]

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.214***	-0.250***	0.120***	0.021	0.385***	0.669***	0.376***
	(0.018)	(0.000)	(0.046)	(0.036)	(0.042)	(0.041)	(0.045)
female	-0.022***	0.000	-0.017	-0.017	-0.075***	-0.038**	-0.005
	(0.008)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.034***	0.049***	0.008	0.001	0.043***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.037***	0.125***	0.016	0.029**	0.009	0.020*	0.011
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.001	0.000**	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.008**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.015	0.000*	0.024	0.037	0.007	-0.154***	-0.003
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.055***	0.000*	0.198***	0.075***	-0.053*	0.050**	0.040
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.029)	(0.027)	(0.029)	(0.025)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.004	0.000***	0.066**	-0.005	-0.045	-0.078***	0.039
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.025)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.018	0.000	0.028	-0.077*	-0.032	-0.066	0.214***
	(0.024)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.054)	(0.048)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.030**	0.000***	0.209***	-0.016	0.009	-0.092***	0.028
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	-0.000	-0.000	0.028	0.002	0.029	-0.030	-0.014
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.007	0.000	0.099***	0.017	0.043*	-0.050**	-0.066**
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.025)
R2	0.511	1.000	0.213	0.199	0.067	0.108	0.082
Adj. R2	0.505	1.000	0.204	0.190	0.056	0.098	0.072
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.298	0.000	0.698	0.658	0.656	0.637	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Years in US

Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + \epsilon\]

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.411***	0.426***	0.283***	0.247***	0.359***	0.638***	0.498***
	(0.010)	(0.020)	(0.016)	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.014)	(0.015)
years_in_us	0.016***	0.020***	0.022***	0.013***	0.006	0.013***	0.012***
	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
R2	0.057	0.021	0.033	0.012	0.003	0.015	0.012
Adj. R2	0.056	0.021	0.032	0.012	0.002	0.014	0.011
Num. obs.	963	1129	1078	1113	1039	1115	1102
RMSE	0.413	0.886	0.767	0.730	0.681	0.671	0.710
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Loess curves:

Years in US + Baseline characteristics

Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + \epsilon\]

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.204***	-0.250***	0.095**	0.016	0.376***	0.668***	0.366***
	(0.019)	(0.000)	(0.046)	(0.037)	(0.043)	(0.041)	(0.045)
years_in_us	0.005**	-0.000***	0.012**	0.002	0.004	0.000	0.004
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)
female	-0.022***	-0.000	-0.018	-0.017	-0.074***	-0.038**	-0.005
	(0.008)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.034***	0.049***	0.008	0.001	0.043***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.036***	0.125***	0.013	0.028**	0.008	0.020*	0.010
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.000	-0.000***	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.008**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.016	0.000***	0.021	0.036	0.006	-0.154***	-0.004
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.044***	0.000***	0.170***	0.071**	-0.062**	0.049*	0.029
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.031)	(0.027)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.006	0.000***	0.061**	-0.006	-0.047*	-0.078***	0.037
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.010	0.000	0.007	-0.080*	-0.039	-0.067	0.207***
	(0.025)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.035**	0.000***	0.222***	-0.014	0.013	-0.092***	0.033
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	0.000	-0.000	0.028	0.002	0.030	-0.030	-0.014
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.008	-0.000	0.099***	0.017	0.043	-0.050**	-0.065**
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.026)
R2	0.515	1.000	0.219	0.199	0.068	0.108	0.084
Adj. R2	0.508	1.000	0.210	0.190	0.056	0.097	0.073
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.695	0.658	0.656	0.637	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Years in US + Baseline characteristics + State fixed effects

Model: \[ipl12s = yearsInUS + female + read + speak + householdSize + homeCountry + educationLevel + currentState + \epsilon\]

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
years_in_us	0.005**	0.000***	0.011**	0.001	0.006	-0.000	0.006
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
female	-0.017**	0.000*	-0.014	-0.014	-0.066***	-0.030*	0.004
	(0.008)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
read	0.040***	0.125***	0.031**	0.041***	0.012	0.002	0.046***
	(0.007)	(0.000)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.014)
speak	0.037***	0.125***	0.013	0.035***	0.005	0.017	0.008
	(0.007)	(0.000)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.015)
householdSize	0.001	-0.000***	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.009**	-0.000
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.023	-0.000	0.015	0.011	0.038	-0.188***	0.011
	(0.016)	(0.000)	(0.036)	(0.034)	(0.034)	(0.033)	(0.036)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.040**	-0.000	0.173***	0.062*	-0.037	0.019	0.033
	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.035)	(0.034)	(0.034)	(0.032)	(0.035)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.011	-0.000	0.056*	-0.024	-0.024	-0.102***	0.038
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.028)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	-0.012	-0.000	-0.014	-0.063	-0.032	-0.128**	0.120**
	(0.027)	(0.000)	(0.070)	(0.044)	(0.064)	(0.056)	(0.060)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.027	-0.000	0.219***	-0.037	0.029	-0.117***	0.019
	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.038)	(0.034)	(0.037)	(0.035)	(0.038)
educationTercilesMedium education	0.000	0.000	0.027	0.002	0.035	-0.027	-0.013
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.023)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.013	0.000**	0.104***	0.024	0.047*	-0.032	-0.059**
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.025)	(0.026)
R2	0.546	1.000	0.269	0.254	0.118	0.143	0.155
Adj. R2	0.518	1.000	0.227	0.212	0.068	0.095	0.108
Num. obs.	855	988	939	968	911	971	964
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.692	0.654	0.657	0.639	0.671
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Interactions

Female \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.200***	-0.250***	0.099**	0.021	0.369***	0.662***	0.358***
	(0.018)	(0.000)	(0.048)	(0.037)	(0.043)	(0.041)	(0.046)
female	-0.007	-0.000	-0.033	-0.034	-0.051	-0.015	0.026
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.034)	(0.029)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.034)
years_in_us	0.006**	0.000	0.010*	-0.000	0.006	0.003	0.008
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.035***	0.049***	0.008	0.001	0.041***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.036***	0.125***	0.013	0.028**	0.008	0.020*	0.011
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.000	-0.000***	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.008**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.016	0.000**	0.022	0.037	0.006	-0.155***	-0.005
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.044***	0.000**	0.171***	0.072**	-0.063**	0.047*	0.028
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.029)	(0.031)	(0.027)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.007	0.000***	0.062**	-0.004	-0.049*	-0.080***	0.035
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.011	0.000	0.007	-0.079*	-0.039	-0.068	0.207***
	(0.025)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.033**	0.000***	0.224***	-0.011	0.010	-0.096***	0.028
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.033)
educationTercilesMedium education	0.001	-0.000	0.027	0.001	0.031	-0.029	-0.012
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.008	-0.000	0.099***	0.017	0.043*	-0.050**	-0.065**
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.025)
female:years_in_us	-0.004	-0.000	0.004	0.005	-0.007	-0.006	-0.009
	(0.004)	(0.000)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.009)
R2	0.516	1.000	0.220	0.200	0.069	0.109	0.085
Adj. R2	0.509	1.000	0.209	0.189	0.056	0.097	0.073
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.695	0.659	0.656	0.637	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Read \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.218***	-0.250***	0.142**	0.025	0.424***	0.706***	0.395***
	(0.022)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.044)	(0.050)	(0.050)	(0.057)
female	-0.022**	-0.000	-0.017	-0.017	-0.074***	-0.038**	-0.005
	(0.009)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.038***	0.125***	0.019	0.046***	-0.008	-0.011	0.033*
	(0.007)	(0.000)	(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.017)
years_in_us	0.001	-0.000	-0.002	-0.001	-0.010	-0.010	-0.004
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.011)	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.013)
speak	0.036***	0.125***	0.013	0.028**	0.008	0.020*	0.010
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.001	0.000	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.008**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.016	0.000	0.019	0.036	0.005	-0.156***	-0.005
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.043***	0.000	0.167***	0.070**	-0.067**	0.045	0.027
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.028)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.006	0.000	0.059**	-0.006	-0.048*	-0.080***	0.036
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.011	0.000	0.008	-0.079*	-0.037	-0.067	0.207***
	(0.025)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.034**	0.000*	0.217***	-0.015	0.009	-0.095***	0.031
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	0.000	-0.000	0.029	0.002	0.031	-0.030	-0.013
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.007	0.000	0.097***	0.017	0.041	-0.052**	-0.067***
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.026)
read:years_in_us	0.001	-0.000***	0.004	0.001	0.005	0.004	0.003
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)
R2	0.516	1.000	0.221	0.200	0.071	0.110	0.085
Adj. R2	0.508	1.000	0.211	0.189	0.058	0.098	0.073
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.694	0.659	0.655	0.637	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Speak \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.209***	-0.250***	0.110*	-0.004	0.445***	0.712***	0.384***
	(0.022)	(0.000)	(0.058)	(0.044)	(0.050)	(0.049)	(0.056)
female	-0.022***	0.000	-0.018	-0.017	-0.074***	-0.038**	-0.005
	(0.009)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.034***	0.049***	0.008	0.002	0.043***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.034***	0.125***	0.008	0.035**	-0.015	0.005	0.004
	(0.007)	(0.000)	(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.017)
years_in_us	0.003	0.000	0.007	0.007	-0.017*	-0.012	-0.001
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.012)
householdSize	0.001	0.000	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.008**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.016	0.000	0.020	0.037	0.005	-0.156***	-0.005
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.044***	0.000	0.169***	0.073**	-0.071**	0.044	0.028
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.027)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.006	0.000	0.060**	-0.004	-0.049*	-0.081***	0.036
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.010	0.000	0.007	-0.080*	-0.038	-0.067	0.207***
	(0.025)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.035**	0.000	0.219***	-0.011	0.005	-0.098***	0.031
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	0.000	-0.000	0.028	0.002	0.031	-0.029	-0.013
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.008	0.000	0.099***	0.018	0.041	-0.051**	-0.066**
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.026)
speak:years_in_us	0.000	-0.000	0.001	-0.002	0.007**	0.004	0.002
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
R2	0.515	1.000	0.220	0.200	0.074	0.111	0.084
Adj. R2	0.508	1.000	0.209	0.189	0.061	0.099	0.072
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.695	0.659	0.654	0.636	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Household size \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.183***	-0.250***	0.090	0.030	0.362***	0.672***	0.283***
	(0.022)	(0.000)	(0.055)	(0.043)	(0.055)	(0.050)	(0.050)
female	-0.023***	-0.000	-0.018	-0.016	-0.075***	-0.038**	-0.008
	(0.008)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.034***	0.049***	0.008	0.001	0.043***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.036***	0.125***	0.013	0.028**	0.008	0.020*	0.009
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.005*	-0.000*	-0.005	0.002	-0.001	0.008	0.018**
	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.007)
years_in_us	0.011**	0.000	0.013	-0.002	0.008	-0.001	0.031***
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.010)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.015	-0.000	0.021	0.036	0.007	-0.154***	-0.001
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.031)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.044***	0.000	0.170***	0.071**	-0.063**	0.049*	0.027
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.031)	(0.027)	(0.031)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.006	-0.000	0.061**	-0.005	-0.047*	-0.078***	0.036
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.025)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.013	0.000	0.007	-0.081*	-0.038	-0.067	0.217***
	(0.024)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.046)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.053)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.035**	-0.000	0.222***	-0.014	0.013	-0.092***	0.033
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	-0.000	0.000	0.028	0.002	0.030	-0.030	-0.016
	(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
educationTercilesHigh education	0.007	-0.000	0.099***	0.018	0.042	-0.050**	-0.069***
	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.025)
householdSize:years_in_us	-0.001*	0.000***	-0.000	0.001	-0.001	0.000	-0.006***
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
R2	0.517	1.000	0.219	0.200	0.068	0.108	0.095
Adj. R2	0.510	1.000	0.209	0.189	0.055	0.096	0.083
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.695	0.659	0.656	0.637	0.677
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Education terciles \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.213***	-0.250***	0.120**	0.021	0.400***	0.695***	0.386***
	(0.021)	(0.000)	(0.050)	(0.040)	(0.046)	(0.043)	(0.049)
female	-0.022***	0.000	-0.019	-0.017	-0.076***	-0.039**	-0.007
	(0.009)	(0.000)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)
read	0.042***	0.125***	0.033**	0.049***	0.008	0.000	0.041***
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
speak	0.036***	0.125***	0.015	0.029**	0.009	0.021*	0.012
	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.013)
householdSize	0.001	-0.000***	-0.006	0.005	-0.004	0.009**	-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
bcountryBinnedCongo - Kinshasa	-0.016	0.000	0.023	0.036	0.007	-0.157***	-0.002
	(0.014)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.030)	(0.029)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedIraq	0.043***	-0.000	0.168***	0.070**	-0.066**	0.041	0.027
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.031)	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.027)	(0.032)
bcountryBinnedOther	-0.006	-0.000	0.064**	-0.006	-0.046	-0.080***	0.040
	(0.013)	(0.000)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.028)	(0.026)	(0.029)
bcountryBinnedSomalia	0.013	-0.000	0.017	-0.078*	-0.031	-0.061	0.215***
	(0.025)	(0.000)	(0.057)	(0.047)	(0.055)	(0.049)	(0.054)
bcountryBinnedUkraine	0.037**	-0.000	0.230***	-0.013	0.019	-0.087***	0.042
	(0.015)	(0.000)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.032)
educationTercilesMedium education	-0.013	-0.000	-0.030	-0.004	-0.013	-0.063*	-0.065*
	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.039)	(0.033)	(0.037)	(0.035)	(0.037)
educationTercilesHigh education	-0.009	0.000	0.063	0.009	0.003	-0.111***	-0.093**
	(0.018)	(0.000)	(0.041)	(0.037)	(0.044)	(0.036)	(0.043)
years_in_us	0.002	-0.000	0.003	0.001	-0.003	-0.007	-0.002
	(0.004)	(0.000)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
educationTercilesMedium education:years_in_us	0.004	-0.000	0.017	0.002	0.012	0.009	0.015
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)
educationTercilesHigh education:years_in_us	0.004	0.000	0.010	0.002	0.011	0.017**	0.008
	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.010)
R2	0.516	1.000	0.222	0.200	0.071	0.112	0.087
Adj. R2	0.508	1.000	0.211	0.188	0.057	0.100	0.074
Num. obs.	887	1028	978	1007	949	1011	1000
RMSE	0.297	0.000	0.694	0.659	0.655	0.636	0.681
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Gender Results (Detailed)

Descriptives

Tabulation

Weighted means by gender

Overall IPL-12 score by gender:

IPL-12 score components by gender:

By each IPL-12 question

Regressions:

Female

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.493***	0.544***	0.379***	0.316***	0.411***	0.706***	0.547***
	(0.006)	(0.013)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
female	-0.071***	-0.127***	-0.048**	-0.068***	-0.087***	-0.064***	-0.014
	(0.011)	(0.023)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.016)	(0.018)
R2	0.051	0.039	0.007	0.017	0.031	0.017	0.001
Adj. R2	0.050	0.038	0.006	0.016	0.030	0.016	-0.000
Num. obs.	957	1121	1072	1105	1032	1107	1095
RMSE	0.415	0.880	0.778	0.728	0.672	0.671	0.714
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Female \(\times\) Years in US

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.428***	0.478***	0.299***	0.272***	0.379***	0.656***	0.495***
	(0.011)	(0.025)	(0.020)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
female	-0.043**	-0.126***	-0.044	-0.067**	-0.043	-0.046	0.009
	(0.021)	(0.042)	(0.034)	(0.029)	(0.030)	(0.028)	(0.032)
years_in_us	0.018***	0.018***	0.022***	0.012**	0.009*	0.014***	0.014***
	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
female:years_in_us	-0.007	0.001	0.000	0.001	-0.012	-0.004	-0.006
	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.009)
R2	0.105	0.056	0.039	0.028	0.035	0.031	0.014
Adj. R2	0.103	0.054	0.037	0.025	0.032	0.028	0.011
Num. obs.	957	1121	1072	1105	1032	1107	1095
RMSE	0.403	0.872	0.766	0.725	0.671	0.667	0.710
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Female \(\times\) Children in household

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.496***	0.543***	0.421***	0.298***	0.426***	0.668***	0.528***
	(0.011)	(0.023)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.017)	(0.018)
female	-0.054***	-0.079**	-0.040	-0.041	-0.109***	-0.002	-0.007
	(0.018)	(0.037)	(0.032)	(0.028)	(0.029)	(0.026)	(0.028)
householdChildren	-0.001	0.001	-0.019***	0.008	-0.007	0.017***	0.008
	(0.004)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.006)
female:householdChildren	-0.008	-0.023*	-0.005	-0.011	0.012	-0.029***	-0.006
	(0.006)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.010)
R2	0.056	0.044	0.025	0.017	0.031	0.031	0.004
Adj. R2	0.053	0.041	0.023	0.014	0.028	0.029	0.001
Num. obs.	947	1102	1054	1087	1019	1088	1078
RMSE	0.414	0.880	0.775	0.730	0.671	0.669	0.710
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Female \(\times\) Household adults

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.502***	0.617***	0.382***	0.325***	0.415***	0.687***	0.582***
	(0.013)	(0.026)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.022)
female	-0.049**	-0.145***	-0.019	-0.020	-0.088**	-0.035	-0.005
	(0.023)	(0.045)	(0.037)	(0.035)	(0.039)	(0.033)	(0.035)
householdAdults	-0.003	-0.026***	-0.001	-0.004	-0.002	0.007	-0.012*
	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.007)
female:householdAdults	-0.009	0.005	-0.011	-0.017	0.002	-0.011	-0.008
	(0.008)	(0.016)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.011)	(0.012)
R2	0.057	0.052	0.009	0.020	0.028	0.019	0.010
Adj. R2	0.054	0.049	0.006	0.017	0.025	0.016	0.007
Num. obs.	947	1100	1052	1085	1019	1086	1076
RMSE	0.414	0.876	0.782	0.729	0.671	0.672	0.708
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Female \(\times\) Marital Status

Statistical models

	Overall	Linguistic	Political	Social	Economic	Psychological	Navigational
(Intercept)	0.490***	0.530***	0.378***	0.304***	0.418***	0.723***	0.547***
	(0.007)	(0.015)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.012)
female	-0.063***	-0.120***	-0.035	-0.070***	-0.100***	-0.064***	-0.007
	(0.014)	(0.028)	(0.024)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.020)	(0.021)
maritalStatusNever married	0.027	0.130***	0.014	0.098***	-0.021	-0.069**	-0.003
	(0.018)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.029)	(0.030)	(0.028)
maritalStatusOther	0.017	0.023	0.014	0.011	-0.006	-0.076	0.053
	(0.038)	(0.094)	(0.087)	(0.065)	(0.063)	(0.069)	(0.067)
maritalStatusWidowed	-0.010	-0.199	-0.047	-0.056	-0.293***	-0.014	0.203***
	(0.007)	(0.160)	(0.160)	(0.120)	(0.011)	(0.080)	(0.012)
maritalStatusDivorced	-0.024	-0.070	-0.118	-0.108	0.043	0.033	0.052
	(0.044)	(0.091)	(0.100)	(0.103)	(0.066)	(0.108)	(0.084)
maritalStatusSeparated	-0.009	-0.197**	0.025	-0.100	-0.157*	-0.190*	-0.059
	(0.042)	(0.080)	(0.102)	(0.084)	(0.083)	(0.105)	(0.078)
female:maritalStatusNever married	0.000	-0.040	-0.026	-0.055	0.038	0.047	0.032
	(0.027)	(0.055)	(0.052)	(0.046)	(0.045)	(0.043)	(0.044)
female:maritalStatusOther	0.059	0.200*	0.057	0.201**	-0.110	0.107	0.036
	(0.053)	(0.116)	(0.142)	(0.097)	(0.114)	(0.103)	(0.099)
female:maritalStatusWidowed	-0.117***	0.020	-0.095	0.002	0.253***	-0.072	-0.313***
	(0.032)	(0.171)	(0.170)	(0.126)	(0.052)	(0.095)	(0.056)
female:maritalStatusDivorced	0.060	0.090	0.143	0.282**	0.063	-0.045	-0.103
	(0.071)	(0.128)	(0.122)	(0.116)	(0.092)	(0.118)	(0.118)
female:maritalStatusSeparated	-0.049	0.142	-0.075	-0.019	0.178	0.119	0.004
	(0.053)	(0.120)	(0.118)	(0.095)	(0.119)	(0.125)	(0.133)
R2	0.087	0.083	0.019	0.058	0.048	0.039	0.013
Adj. R2	0.077	0.073	0.008	0.048	0.038	0.029	0.003
Num. obs.	945	1105	1056	1089	1019	1091	1080
RMSE	0.410	0.864	0.779	0.717	0.670	0.668	0.715
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

ASR 2017 data

Key statistics by gender

## 
## --------Summary descriptives table by 'female'---------
## 
## _____________________________________________________________________________ 
##                                               0             1       p.overall 
##                                            N=2666        N=2413               
## ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 
## years_in_us                              3.77 (1.51)   3.65 (1.49)    0.008   
## employed                                 0.69 (0.46)   0.39 (0.49)   <0.001   
## earnings                                37195 (38948) 12822 (11205)  <0.001   
## public_assistance_received               0.76 (0.43)   0.82 (0.39)   <0.001   
## cash_assistance_received                 0.32 (0.47)   0.37 (0.48)   <0.001   
## medicaidrma_received                     0.35 (0.48)   0.46 (0.50)   <0.001   
## number of people in household (up to 5)  3.90 (1.28)   4.13 (1.11)   <0.001   
## legal_permanent_resident                 0.85 (0.36)   0.84 (0.37)    0.367   
## baseline_school_years                    13.4 (18.2)   13.0 (19.3)    0.562   
## speak_english_well_baseline              0.26 (0.44)   0.22 (0.41)    0.001   
## speak_english_well_now                   0.61 (0.49)   0.51 (0.50)   <0.001   
## ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯

ASR 2018 data

Key statistics by gender

## 
## --------Summary descriptives table by 'female'---------
## 
## _____________________________________________________________________________ 
##                                               0             1       p.overall 
##                                            N=2738        N=2522               
## ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 
## years_in_us                              2.93 (1.44)   2.81 (1.44)    0.005   
## employed                                 0.67 (0.47)   0.37 (0.48)   <0.001   
## earnings                                32798 (34015) 18655 (10944)   0.007   
## public_assistance_received               0.75 (0.43)   0.78 (0.42)    0.018   
## cash_assistance_received                 0.28 (0.45)   0.29 (0.45)    0.399   
## medicaidrma_received                     0.39 (0.49)   0.51 (0.50)   <0.001   
## number of people in household (up to 5)  4.04 (1.25)   4.23 (1.06)   <0.001   
## legal_permanent_resident                 0.86 (0.34)   0.86 (0.35)    0.470   
## baseline_school_years                    16.8 (24.3)   15.1 (23.4)    0.050   
## speak_english_well_baseline              0.22 (0.42)   0.17 (0.38)   <0.001   
## speak_english_well_now                   0.60 (0.49)   0.48 (0.50)   <0.001   
## ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯