Source Data Explained

Data was imported from http://asayanalytics.com/scorecard_csv. After cleaning & wrangling, there are a total of 7,115 entries and 34 columns in the scorecard data frame, where 5 columns are added columns for the ease of further analysis. There are 3 parts to data cleaning & wrangling: Data Conformity, Blatant Data Errors, and Dummy Variables.

Data conformity: - Missing values are recorded as “0” since data type of the fields is numeric. - Character values recorded as “NULL” and “Not Available” are also replaced with “0” and then converted to numeric values.

Blatant Data Errors: - Anomalies and errors are addressed. For example, percenteages should never exceed 100% or be negative, and any number except longitude should not be negative.d Any rows with such values would be removed. However, there are not such values in this subset of data, so no rows were removed. - Control of institution where there are multiple variations on 3 possible values (1 - Public, 2 - Private nonprofit, and 3 - Private for-profit). Entries with character values are converted into appropriate number of control, and the column is converted into an appropriate data type, numeric. - Other fields that were character type are also converted into numeric as they should be, including FAMINC, UGDS, CONTROL, and HBCU. Data type of ZIP entity is also converted from numeric to character data type.

Dummy Variables: - A dummy variable for average family income of an institution whose income is greater than the median of household income for Ohio in 2019, which is $54,021. Values are recorded as TRUE if average family income is higher than the median of Ohio household income in 2019, otherwise recorded as FALSE. - Dummy variables indicating whether the institution is a ‘University,’ ‘College,’ or ‘Other’ based on the words used in the institution name. Values are recorded as TRUE if name of institution matches any of the above condition. - A dummy variable for institutions in states bordering Ohio. Values are recorded as TRUE if institutions are in states bordering Ohio.

Below is a summary table explaining each variable in the data set.

Data Table

Below is a sample data table of the Institutions Scorecard.

Summary Information

Visualization 4.1

The bar chart below shows the number of institutions in Ohio and compare it to the number of institutions in the states bordering Ohio. It shows that Pennsylvania has the most number of institutions, with 378 institutions total.

Visualization 4.2

Point graph below illustrates how the cost of attendance varies by family income for all institutions. The illustration shows that the higher the average family income, the higher the cost of attendance an institution gets since family has enough income to pay for more expensive institution.

What is interesting about this is the two outliers at the top and one on the right. One outlier is where cost of attendance is very high but the average family income is less than $50,000 in 2015. This may indicate that the institution give out many scholarships and grants to students. Another outlier is where the average family income is at the highest out of all institutions but cost of attendance for the school is much cheaper than the first outlier.

Visualization 4.3

The bar chart below compares the total number of undergraduates at all institutions attending each of the 3 institutional control types. It shows that public institutions have the most number of undergraduate students attending.

Visualization 4.4

Faceted point graphs below show the relationship between SAT test scores and average family income for Ohio and each of the states that border Ohio. The visualization shows that the higher the average family income, the higher the average of SAT score seems to be. From the chart, West Virginia and Pennsylvania are the two states that are on the opposite extreme - there seem to be a lot more institutions in PA than in WV, plus, more rich family in PA than in WV.

Visualization 4.5

How does Ohio compare to neighboring states with respect to the percent of institutions that are HBCU’s, men-only or women-only?

The bar chart below shows a number of institutions in Ohio and bordering states that are HBCU’s, men-only, or women-only. The result shows that Ohio has the second most number of such institutions, the first is PA.

Note that some institutions are flagged as both HBCU and Men-only. This may create a biased result in the chart below.

5.1

Question: Do you find support for the old adage: “Private schools cost more than public schools”?

From the bar chart below, I do find support for the old adage: “Private schools cost more than public schools.” The chart shows the average cost of attendance of all institutions in each category. It shows that the average cost of attendance of private nonprofit schools is $26,264, which is more than twice higher than the average cost of attendance of public institutions.

5.2

Question: How does the average family income of Xavier University students compare nationally and within Ohio?

From the tables below, comparing with other institutions within Ohio and nationally, the average family income of Xavier University students, $114,330, is much higher, whereas the average family income within Ohio and nationally are only 39,848 and 35,778 dollars, respectively.

5.3

Question: How much variance exists in the cost of attending an Ohio college or university? How does this variance compare to colleges and universities in the states that border Ohio?

Variance in the cost of attending an Ohio college or university is $191,608,900, which is similar to the variance in the cost of attending colleges and universities in Indiana and Michigan, whereas the variances in Kentucky and West Virginia are lower (with WV being the lowest), and the variance is highest in Philadelphia, 264,049,015 dollars.

5.4

Question: What types of schools have the highest and lowest percentage of students receiving Pell grants?

As shown in the bar chart below, the type of school that has the highest percentage of students receiving Pell grants is private for-profit institutions with 60.99%, whereas the type with lowest percentage is private nonprofit institutions, with 41.26 percents of students receiving Pell grants.

5.5

Question: Do schools with wealthier student families and high dependency rates have a higher or lower average age of entry?

From the points graph below, the higher the average student family income and higher dependency rates, the lower the average of entry.

5.6

Question: Does there appear to be a relationship between the tuition charged by the institution and the average faculty salary?

Yes, there appears to be a relationship between the tuition charged by the institution and the average faculty salary. From the jitter plot below, the higher the cost of attendance, the higher the average faculty salary.

6.1

Instruction: Compare the relationship between the average cost of attendance, the percent of students receiving a Pell grant, the percent of students receiving a federal student loan and the average family income in whatever way you choose. If one of these variables was thought to cause the others, which would you say it is?

Visualization 4.2 already showed that the higher the average cost of attendance, the average family income of students is also higher. From the graphs below, there are a few relationships shown. First, there is a correlation between percentage of students receiving Pell grants and receiving Federal loans and family income - there are more students receiving Pell grants and Federal loans when the average family income is lower.

Note that an outlier is taken out from the following graphs for clearer visualization

6.2

Instructions: How does Xavier University of Ohio compare with the other ‘Xavier’ schools in the country? Identify at least 2 similarities and 2 differences between our Xavier University and the other Xavier schools.

Similarities:

1. All ‘Xavier’ institutions are private schools.

2. The admission rates of all ‘Xavier’ institutions are +/-10 from the average admission rate within its control type (private nonprofit).

3. All ‘Xavier’ institutions having Private nonprofit control type are all Universities.

Differences:

1. Xavier University of Ohio has the highest average family income out of all ‘Xavier’ institutions.

2. Xavier University of Ohio also has the highest average cost of attendance.

3. Xavier University of Ohio has the lowest percentage of female and first generation students.

4. Xavier University of Ohio has the lowest percetange of students receiving Pell Grants and Federal Student Loans.

Note that Xavier College School of Nursing of California is not included as its cost of attendance is missing in the data

6.3 Additional Self-Directed Analysis Using a Framework