iris
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
## 7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 8 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
## 11 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 13 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 setosa
## 14 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 setosa
## 15 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 setosa
## 16 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 17 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 setosa
## 18 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 19 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 setosa
## 20 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 setosa
## 21 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 setosa
## 22 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 23 4.6 3.6 1.0 0.2 setosa
## 24 5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5 setosa
## 25 4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2 setosa
## 26 5.0 3.0 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 27 5.0 3.4 1.6 0.4 setosa
## 28 5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 29 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 30 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 31 4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 32 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4 setosa
## 33 5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
## 34 5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 35 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 36 5.0 3.2 1.2 0.2 setosa
## 37 5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 38 4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1 setosa
## 39 4.4 3.0 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 40 5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 41 5.0 3.5 1.3 0.3 setosa
## 42 4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3 setosa
## 43 4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 44 5.0 3.5 1.6 0.6 setosa
## 45 5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4 setosa
## 46 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.3 setosa
## 47 5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2 setosa
## 48 4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 49 5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 50 5.0 3.3 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 51 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4 versicolor
## 52 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 53 6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5 versicolor
## 54 5.5 2.3 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 55 6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5 versicolor
## 56 5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3 versicolor
## 57 6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6 versicolor
## 58 4.9 2.4 3.3 1.0 versicolor
## 59 6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3 versicolor
## 60 5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4 versicolor
## 61 5.0 2.0 3.5 1.0 versicolor
## 62 5.9 3.0 4.2 1.5 versicolor
## 63 6.0 2.2 4.0 1.0 versicolor
## 64 6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4 versicolor
## 65 5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3 versicolor
## 66 6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4 versicolor
## 67 5.6 3.0 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 68 5.8 2.7 4.1 1.0 versicolor
## 69 6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 70 5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1 versicolor
## 71 5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8 versicolor
## 72 6.1 2.8 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 73 6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5 versicolor
## 74 6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2 versicolor
## 75 6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3 versicolor
## 76 6.6 3.0 4.4 1.4 versicolor
## 77 6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4 versicolor
## 78 6.7 3.0 5.0 1.7 versicolor
## 79 6.0 2.9 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 80 5.7 2.6 3.5 1.0 versicolor
## 81 5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1 versicolor
## 82 5.5 2.4 3.7 1.0 versicolor
## 83 5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2 versicolor
## 84 6.0 2.7 5.1 1.6 versicolor
## 85 5.4 3.0 4.5 1.5 versicolor
## 86 6.0 3.4 4.5 1.6 versicolor
## 87 6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5 versicolor
## 88 6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3 versicolor
## 89 5.6 3.0 4.1 1.3 versicolor
## 90 5.5 2.5 4.0 1.3 versicolor
## 91 5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2 versicolor
## 92 6.1 3.0 4.6 1.4 versicolor
## 93 5.8 2.6 4.0 1.2 versicolor
## 94 5.0 2.3 3.3 1.0 versicolor
## 95 5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3 versicolor
## 96 5.7 3.0 4.2 1.2 versicolor
## 97 5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3 versicolor
## 98 6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3 versicolor
## 99 5.1 2.5 3.0 1.1 versicolor
## 100 5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3 versicolor
## 101 6.3 3.3 6.0 2.5 virginica
## 102 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 virginica
## 103 7.1 3.0 5.9 2.1 virginica
## 104 6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8 virginica
## 105 6.5 3.0 5.8 2.2 virginica
## 106 7.6 3.0 6.6 2.1 virginica
## 107 4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7 virginica
## 108 7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8 virginica
## 109 6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8 virginica
## 110 7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5 virginica
## 111 6.5 3.2 5.1 2.0 virginica
## 112 6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9 virginica
## 113 6.8 3.0 5.5 2.1 virginica
## 114 5.7 2.5 5.0 2.0 virginica
## 115 5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4 virginica
## 116 6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3 virginica
## 117 6.5 3.0 5.5 1.8 virginica
## 118 7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2 virginica
## 119 7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3 virginica
## 120 6.0 2.2 5.0 1.5 virginica
## 121 6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3 virginica
## 122 5.6 2.8 4.9 2.0 virginica
## 123 7.7 2.8 6.7 2.0 virginica
## 124 6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8 virginica
## 125 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1 virginica
## 126 7.2 3.2 6.0 1.8 virginica
## 127 6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8 virginica
## 128 6.1 3.0 4.9 1.8 virginica
## 129 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1 virginica
## 130 7.2 3.0 5.8 1.6 virginica
## 131 7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9 virginica
## 132 7.9 3.8 6.4 2.0 virginica
## 133 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2 virginica
## 134 6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5 virginica
## 135 6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4 virginica
## 136 7.7 3.0 6.1 2.3 virginica
## 137 6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4 virginica
## 138 6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8 virginica
## 139 6.0 3.0 4.8 1.8 virginica
## 140 6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1 virginica
## 141 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4 virginica
## 142 6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3 virginica
## 143 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 virginica
## 144 6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3 virginica
## 145 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5 virginica
## 146 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 virginica
## 147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 virginica
## 148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 virginica
## 149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 virginica
## 150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 virginica
summary(iris)
## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
## Min. :4.300 Min. :2.000 Min. :1.000 Min. :0.100
## 1st Qu.:5.100 1st Qu.:2.800 1st Qu.:1.600 1st Qu.:0.300
## Median :5.800 Median :3.000 Median :4.350 Median :1.300
## Mean :5.843 Mean :3.057 Mean :3.758 Mean :1.199
## 3rd Qu.:6.400 3rd Qu.:3.300 3rd Qu.:5.100 3rd Qu.:1.800
## Max. :7.900 Max. :4.400 Max. :6.900 Max. :2.500
## Species
## setosa :50
## versicolor:50
## virginica :50
##
##
##
irispca <- princomp(iris[-5])
summary(irispca)
## Importance of components:
## Comp.1 Comp.2 Comp.3 Comp.4
## Standard deviation 2.0494032 0.49097143 0.27872586 0.153870700
## Proportion of Variance 0.9246187 0.05306648 0.01710261 0.005212184
## Cumulative Proportion 0.9246187 0.97768521 0.99478782 1.000000000
irispca$loadings
##
## Loadings:
## Comp.1 Comp.2 Comp.3 Comp.4
## Sepal.Length 0.361 0.657 0.582 0.315
## Sepal.Width 0.730 -0.598 -0.320
## Petal.Length 0.857 -0.173 -0.480
## Petal.Width 0.358 -0.546 0.754
##
## Comp.1 Comp.2 Comp.3 Comp.4
## SS loadings 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
## Proportion Var 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
## Cumulative Var 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
irispca$scores
## Comp.1 Comp.2 Comp.3 Comp.4
## [1,] -2.684125626 0.319397247 0.027914828 0.0022624371
## [2,] -2.714141687 -0.177001225 0.210464272 0.0990265503
## [3,] -2.888990569 -0.144949426 -0.017900256 0.0199683897
## [4,] -2.745342856 -0.318298979 -0.031559374 -0.0755758166
## [5,] -2.728716537 0.326754513 -0.090079241 -0.0612585926
## [6,] -2.280859633 0.741330449 -0.168677658 -0.0242008576
## [7,] -2.820537751 -0.089461385 -0.257892158 -0.0481431065
## [8,] -2.626144973 0.163384960 0.021879318 -0.0452978706
## [9,] -2.886382732 -0.578311754 -0.020759570 -0.0267447358
## [10,] -2.672755798 -0.113774246 0.197632725 -0.0562954013
## [11,] -2.506947091 0.645068899 0.075318009 -0.0150199245
## [12,] -2.612755231 0.014729939 -0.102150260 -0.1563792078
## [13,] -2.786109266 -0.235112000 0.206844430 -0.0078879115
## [14,] -3.223803744 -0.511394587 -0.061299672 -0.0216798118
## [15,] -2.644750390 1.178764636 0.151627524 0.1592097177
## [16,] -2.386039034 1.338062330 -0.277776903 0.0065515459
## [17,] -2.623527875 0.810679514 -0.138183228 0.1677347372
## [18,] -2.648296706 0.311849145 -0.026668316 0.0776281796
## [19,] -2.199820324 0.872839039 0.120305523 0.0270518681
## [20,] -2.587986400 0.513560309 -0.213665172 -0.0662726502
## [21,] -2.310256215 0.391345936 0.239444043 -0.0150707908
## [22,] -2.543705229 0.432996063 -0.208457232 0.0410654027
## [23,] -3.215939416 0.133468070 -0.292396751 0.0044821251
## [24,] -2.302733182 0.098708855 -0.039123259 0.1483525893
## [25,] -2.355754049 -0.037281860 -0.125021083 -0.3003309039
## [26,] -2.506668907 -0.146016880 0.253420042 0.0346074722
## [27,] -2.468820073 0.130951489 -0.094910576 0.0574497158
## [28,] -2.562319906 0.367718857 0.078494205 -0.0141727423
## [29,] -2.639534715 0.312039980 0.145908896 0.0657834667
## [30,] -2.631989387 -0.196961225 -0.040771079 -0.1239833064
## [31,] -2.587398477 -0.204318491 0.077222989 -0.0604622767
## [32,] -2.409932497 0.410924264 0.145524972 0.2316284917
## [33,] -2.648862334 0.813363820 -0.225669150 -0.2813723471
## [34,] -2.598736749 1.093145759 -0.157810813 -0.0953488583
## [35,] -2.636926878 -0.121322348 0.143049582 0.0190703413
## [36,] -2.866241652 0.069364472 0.164332307 0.1625984463
## [37,] -2.625238050 0.599370021 0.268350376 0.1764412129
## [38,] -2.800684115 0.268643738 -0.093699082 -0.1681730544
## [39,] -2.980502044 -0.487958344 -0.072927046 -0.0107331474
## [40,] -2.590006314 0.229043837 0.080082303 -0.0137491513
## [41,] -2.770102426 0.263527534 -0.077247693 0.0940633590
## [42,] -2.849368705 -0.940960574 0.349230377 0.3199874870
## [43,] -2.997406547 -0.341926057 -0.192509212 -0.0746777682
## [44,] -2.405614485 0.188871429 -0.263867946 0.1762088905
## [45,] -2.209489238 0.436663142 -0.298742746 -0.1828425025
## [46,] -2.714451427 -0.250208204 0.097678144 0.1428435736
## [47,] -2.538148259 0.503771144 -0.166705637 -0.1896222914
## [48,] -2.839462168 -0.227945569 -0.083726849 -0.0595642283
## [49,] -2.543085750 0.579410022 0.017115024 -0.0465686438
## [50,] -2.703359782 0.107706082 0.089294008 0.0346583385
## [51,] 1.284825689 0.685160470 0.406568025 0.0185252879
## [52,] 0.932488532 0.318333638 0.018014187 0.0005665121
## [53,] 1.464302322 0.504262815 0.338325765 -0.0016531759
## [54,] 0.183317720 -0.827959012 0.179591392 0.0935668402
## [55,] 1.088103258 0.074590675 0.307757896 0.1120205742
## [56,] 0.641669084 -0.418246872 -0.041076091 -0.2431167665
## [57,] 1.095060663 0.283468270 -0.169810240 -0.0835565724
## [58,] -0.749122670 -1.004890961 -0.012302919 -0.0179077226
## [59,] 1.044131826 0.228361900 0.415336085 -0.0391345020
## [60,] -0.008745404 -0.723081905 -0.281141431 -0.0056189179
## [61,] -0.507840884 -1.265971191 0.269817183 0.0455624408
## [62,] 0.511698557 -0.103981235 -0.130547750 0.0507192325
## [63,] 0.264976508 -0.550036464 0.694146830 0.0571855195
## [64,] 0.984934510 -0.124817854 0.062114408 -0.1694962546
## [65,] -0.173925372 -0.254854209 -0.090457691 0.1252172921
## [66,] 0.927860781 0.467179494 0.314620976 0.0998031365
## [67,] 0.660283762 -0.352969666 -0.328027528 -0.1878786215
## [68,] 0.236104993 -0.333610767 0.271161837 -0.2137573696
## [69,] 0.944733728 -0.543145551 0.499519046 0.2571921772
## [70,] 0.045226976 -0.583834377 0.235002105 -0.0415766476
## [71,] 1.116283177 -0.084616852 -0.459620991 -0.0750315529
## [72,] 0.357888418 -0.068925032 0.229853888 0.1229976041
## [73,] 1.298183875 -0.327787308 0.347854352 0.0008883706
## [74,] 0.921728922 -0.182737794 0.231071778 -0.2882554293
## [75,] 0.714853326 0.149055944 0.321800937 0.0417197556
## [76,] 0.900174373 0.328504474 0.316209074 0.1002267276
## [77,] 1.332024437 0.244440876 0.521702780 0.0353331921
## [78,] 1.557802155 0.267495447 0.164920984 0.0699692823
## [79,] 0.813290650 -0.163350301 -0.035424505 -0.0297114340
## [80,] -0.305583778 -0.368262190 0.318491581 0.0745696136
## [81,] -0.068126492 -0.705172132 0.244213810 0.0068308422
## [82,] -0.189622472 -0.680286764 0.306420561 -0.0205510016
## [83,] 0.136428712 -0.314032438 0.177242766 0.0329419128
## [84,] 1.380026436 -0.420954287 -0.016167128 -0.1783044629
## [85,] 0.588006443 -0.484287420 -0.444433499 -0.2509760601
## [86,] 0.806858313 0.194182315 -0.388963063 -0.1142072433
## [87,] 1.220690882 0.407619594 0.237167010 0.0312171829
## [88,] 0.815095236 -0.372037060 0.614720843 0.1540209998
## [89,] 0.245957680 -0.268524397 -0.188366812 -0.1466745117
## [90,] 0.166413217 -0.681926725 0.060009226 0.0296222195
## [91,] 0.464800288 -0.670711545 0.024306856 -0.2696514282
## [92,] 0.890815198 -0.034464444 0.009946933 -0.1534846663
## [93,] 0.230548024 -0.404385848 0.229410241 0.0169303245
## [94,] -0.704531759 -1.012248228 0.105691149 0.0456133071
## [95,] 0.356981495 -0.504910093 -0.016617170 -0.0987414793
## [96,] 0.331934480 -0.212654684 -0.083204291 -0.2384754337
## [97,] 0.376215651 -0.293218929 -0.077996351 -0.1311373808
## [98,] 0.642576008 0.017738190 0.205394967 -0.0213776830
## [99,] -0.906469865 -0.756093367 0.012599648 0.2325348443
## [100,] 0.299000842 -0.348897806 -0.010581660 -0.0511811717
## [101,] 2.531192728 -0.009849109 -0.760165427 -0.0290555728
## [102,] 1.415235877 -0.574916348 -0.296322527 -0.0153046739
## [103,] 2.616676016 0.343903151 0.110787883 0.0657720412
## [104,] 1.971531053 -0.179727904 -0.108424662 -0.2367909342
## [105,] 2.350005920 -0.040260947 -0.285389563 -0.0001706333
## [106,] 3.397038736 0.550836673 0.348437556 -0.1123716532
## [107,] 0.521232244 -1.192758727 -0.545659296 -0.0981266196
## [108,] 2.932587069 0.355500003 0.420239936 -0.2571910322
## [109,] 2.321228817 -0.243831502 0.348304395 -0.0786746130
## [110,] 2.916750967 0.782791949 -0.423335418 0.1109820710
## [111,] 1.661774154 0.242228408 -0.242440190 0.1210405518
## [112,] 1.803401953 -0.215637617 0.037648168 0.0780198444
## [113,] 2.165591796 0.216275585 -0.033326642 0.1630614782
## [114,] 1.346163579 -0.776818347 -0.281902882 0.1404408688
## [115,] 1.585928224 -0.539640714 -0.629029326 0.3295517284
## [116,] 1.904456375 0.119250692 -0.479639820 0.2196212627
## [117,] 1.949689059 0.041943260 -0.044186168 -0.1576819073
## [118,] 3.487055364 1.175739330 -0.133894874 -0.3092195730
## [119,] 3.795645422 0.257322973 0.513767764 0.0538460965
## [120,] 1.300791713 -0.761149636 0.344995038 -0.0458247549
## [121,] 2.427817913 0.378196013 -0.219119324 0.1854292644
## [122,] 1.199001105 -0.606091528 -0.511855509 0.0609591171
## [123,] 3.499920039 0.460674099 0.573182243 -0.1402279544
## [124,] 1.388766132 -0.204399327 0.064522757 0.1630409774
## [125,] 2.275430504 0.334990606 -0.286150091 -0.0603719696
## [126,] 2.614090474 0.560901355 0.205534524 -0.2407049865
## [127,] 1.258508161 -0.179704795 -0.045847704 0.1475038465
## [128,] 1.291132059 -0.116668651 -0.231256463 0.0040266077
## [129,] 2.123608723 -0.209729477 -0.154180024 0.0528273230
## [130,] 2.388003016 0.464639805 0.449530192 -0.2315240534
## [131,] 2.841672778 0.375269167 0.498898076 -0.0223364626
## [132,] 3.230673661 1.374165087 0.114548205 -0.2529019234
## [133,] 2.159437642 -0.217277579 -0.208763167 0.1281930656
## [134,] 1.444161242 -0.143413410 0.153233888 -0.1909963579
## [135,] 1.781294810 -0.499901681 0.172875189 -0.5054344118
## [136,] 3.076499932 0.688085678 0.335592292 0.3098280446
## [137,] 2.144243314 0.140064201 -0.734878937 0.0555419691
## [138,] 1.905098149 0.049300526 -0.162180236 -0.2212029369
## [139,] 1.169326339 -0.164990262 -0.281835840 0.0204617872
## [140,] 2.107611143 0.372287872 -0.027291132 0.2106217858
## [141,] 2.314154705 0.183651279 -0.322693747 0.2776537774
## [142,] 1.922267801 0.409203467 -0.113586596 0.5053049669
## [143,] 1.415235877 -0.574916348 -0.296322527 -0.0153046739
## [144,] 2.563013375 0.277862603 -0.292569525 0.0579127477
## [145,] 2.418746183 0.304798198 -0.504482664 0.2410910005
## [146,] 1.944109795 0.187532303 -0.177825091 0.4261959400
## [147,] 1.527166615 -0.375316983 0.121898172 0.2543674420
## [148,] 1.764345717 0.078858855 -0.130481631 0.1370012739
## [149,] 1.900941614 0.116627959 -0.723251563 0.0445953047
## [150,] 1.390188862 -0.282660938 -0.362909648 -0.1550386282