Virtual Learning
YanwenXu
11/8/2020
Data Import and data cleaning
library(rio)
library(stats)
library(psych)
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(CTT)##
## Attaching package: 'CTT'## The following object is masked from 'package:psych':
##
## polyserialVL <-read.csv("/Users/Lorraine/Desktop/Virtual Learning1.csv")
data <- VL[,31:61]
#changing the first row as column name (It will work if the columns are factors or characters)
names(data) <- lapply(data[1, ], as.character)
data <- data[-1,]
#changing all scale reponses to numaric values
datatran <- ifelse(
data == "1 - disagree", 1, ifelse(
data == "2 - somewhat disagree", 2, ifelse(
data == "3 - somewhat agree", 3, ifelse(
data == "4 - agree", 4, NA)
)
)
)
datatran <- as.data.frame(datatran)
summary(datatran)## I am easily distracted by other things at home (people, pets, food, electronics, etc.) during virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.234
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## There are more distractions during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :1.896
## 3rd Qu.:2.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Virtual learning can accomplish the same objectives as in-person learning.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.636
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## It is easier for me to learn new material when I am physically present in a classroom.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.221
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I learn more effectively from virtual classes than in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :1.948
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I am more focused during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.208
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I better retain information during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.195
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I take better notes for in-person classes than I do in virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.844
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## My work on assignments is of a higher quality when I attend in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.779
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## In-person classes are more appropriate for my learning style than virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.156
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I ask fewer questions during virtual classes than I would ask if the class was in-person.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.597
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I spend the same amount of time studying on my own, whether classes are in-person or virtual.
## Min. :1.00
## 1st Qu.:2.00
## Median :3.00
## Mean :2.74
## 3rd Qu.:4.00
## Max. :4.00
## NA's :23
## It requires more effort to understand class material presented virtually than in-person.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.857
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Virtual classes require better time management than in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.974
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## It is easier to manage my time for virtual classes than in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.545
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## When there are distractions around, I focus better during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:3.000
## Median :4.000
## Mean :3.338
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## It is easier to ask questions during virtual classes than during in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.338
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## It is easier to discuss material with others during virtual classes than during in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :1.883
## 3rd Qu.:2.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Team projects are easier to accomplish for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.143
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## I need additional support for virtual learning compared to in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.662
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## The quality of my social interactions is better with virtual classes than with in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :1.000
## Mean :1.649
## 3rd Qu.:2.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Collaboration with classmates is more conducive to learning during in-person classes than virtual classes.
## Min. :1.00
## 1st Qu.:3.00
## Median :3.00
## Mean :3.26
## 3rd Qu.:4.00
## Max. :4.00
## NA's :23
## Instructors provide more individual attention for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.883
## 3rd Qu.:4.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Instructors can respond to questions more promptly during virtual classes than in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.273
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Instructors are easier to contact for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## Min. :1.00
## 1st Qu.:2.00
## Median :3.00
## Mean :2.61
## 3rd Qu.:3.00
## Max. :4.00
## NA's :23
## Learning resources are more accessible for virtual classes than for in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.481
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## The instructor better communicates the information when they teach virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.117
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Instructors can be as effective in teaching virtually as they would in-person.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :2.636
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## There are more technical problems during in-person classes than during virtual classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :1.766
## 3rd Qu.:2.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Online resources the school provides are just as useful as the on-campus resources.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :2.338
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23
## Team projects are easier to accomplish for virtual classes than for in-person classes.
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:1.000
## Median :2.000
## Mean :1.974
## 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :4.000
## NA's :23final <- na.omit(datatran)##Reverse code some items
final[,c(1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,19,20,22,23,25)] <- 5-final[,c(1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,19,20,22,23,25)]Item Analysis
itemanalysis <- itemAnalysis(final)
itemanalysis$itemReport## itemName
## 1 I am easily distracted by other things at home (people, pets, food, electronics, etc.) during virtual classes.
## 2 There are more distractions during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## 3 Virtual learning can accomplish the same objectives as in-person learning.
## 4 It is easier for me to learn new material when I am physically present in a classroom.
## 5 I learn more effectively from virtual classes than in-person classes.
## 6 I am more focused during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## 7 I better retain information during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## 8 I take better notes for in-person classes than I do in virtual classes.
## 9 My work on assignments is of a higher quality when I attend in-person classes.
## 10 In-person classes are more appropriate for my learning style than virtual classes.
## 11 I ask fewer questions during virtual classes than I would ask if the class was in-person.
## 12 I spend the same amount of time studying on my own, whether classes are in-person or virtual.
## 13 It requires more effort to understand class material presented virtually than in-person.
## 14 Virtual classes require better time management than in-person classes.
## 15 It is easier to manage my time for virtual classes than in-person classes.
## 16 When there are distractions around, I focus better during in-person classes than in virtual classes.
## 17 It is easier to ask questions during virtual classes than during in-person classes.
## 18 It is easier to discuss material with others during virtual classes than during in-person classes.
## 19 Team projects are easier to accomplish for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## 20 I need additional support for virtual learning compared to in-person classes.
## 21 The quality of my social interactions is better with virtual classes than with in-person classes.
## 22 Collaboration with classmates is more conducive to learning during in-person classes than virtual classes.
## 23 Instructors provide more individual attention for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## 24 Instructors can respond to questions more promptly during virtual classes than in-person classes.
## 25 Instructors are easier to contact for in-person classes than for virtual classes.
## 26 Learning resources are more accessible for virtual classes than for in-person classes.
## 27 The instructor better communicates the information when they teach virtual classes.
## 28 Instructors can be as effective in teaching virtually as they would in-person.
## 29 There are more technical problems during in-person classes than during virtual classes.
## 30 Online resources the school provides are just as useful as the on-campus resources.
## 31 Team projects are easier to accomplish for virtual classes than for in-person classes.
## itemMean pBis bis alphaIfDeleted
## 1 1.766234 0.4740298 0.5353088 0.9083742
## 2 1.896104 0.3853470 0.4259674 0.9097621
## 3 2.636364 0.5574134 0.5995997 0.9071348
## 4 1.779221 0.7374357 0.8298587 0.9043536
## 5 1.948052 0.6833907 0.7473165 0.9054323
## 6 1.792208 0.6533313 0.7337908 0.9056155
## 7 1.805195 0.7406975 0.8291435 0.9042723
## 8 2.155844 0.5529365 0.5996994 0.9070404
## 9 2.220779 0.4828177 0.5174659 0.9082325
## 10 1.844156 0.5520796 0.6105313 0.9073007
## 11 2.402597 0.4196468 0.4504798 0.9094650
## 12 2.740260 0.2733637 0.2937089 0.9117991
## 13 2.142857 0.5602940 0.6035915 0.9070010
## 14 2.025974 0.1871437 0.2040451 0.9129824
## 15 2.545455 0.4947161 0.5330181 0.9081394
## 16 1.662338 0.4696559 0.5451406 0.9084523
## 17 2.337662 0.4319659 0.4629120 0.9090599
## 18 1.883117 0.5144283 0.5671469 0.9078627
## 19 1.857143 0.5836851 0.6506986 0.9066269
## 20 2.337662 0.3429384 0.3660726 0.9104563
## 21 1.649351 0.3918002 0.4489738 0.9095410
## 22 1.740260 0.4735872 0.5320679 0.9084367
## 23 2.116883 0.5050525 0.5461850 0.9078716
## 24 2.272727 0.4142062 0.4449395 0.9092485
## 25 2.389610 0.4953866 0.5299918 0.9080418
## 26 2.480519 0.2341823 0.2497966 0.9119856
## 27 2.116883 0.4895603 0.5343205 0.9082805
## 28 2.636364 0.5603820 0.5993029 0.9069368
## 29 1.766234 0.3143333 0.3551489 0.9107635
## 30 2.337662 0.4723798 0.5052873 0.9084002
## 31 1.974026 0.4188737 0.4580460 0.9092440itemanalysis$alpha## [1] 0.9110495##EFA
fa.parallel(final, fm = "pa", fa = "fa", n.iter = 500)
## Parallel analysis suggests that the number of factors = 4 and the number of components = NA## 4 factor, changing column names cuz it's messy on the output
colnames(final) <- final[1,"q1:q30"]
loadingz4 <- fa(final, rotate = "promax", fm = "pa", nfactors = 4)## Loading required namespace: GPArotationprint.psych(loadingz4, cut = .3, sort = TRUE)## Factor Analysis using method = pa
## Call: fa(r = final, nfactors = 4, rotate = "promax", fm = "pa")
## Standardized loadings (pattern matrix) based upon correlation matrix
## item PA1 PA3 PA2 PA4 h2 u2 com
## 7 7 0.85 0.77 0.23 1.0
## 4 4 0.82 0.77 0.23 1.1
## 6 6 0.80 0.66 0.34 1.2
## 10 10 0.62 0.45 0.55 1.3
## 8 8 0.60 0.36 0.53 0.47 1.9
## 12 12 0.60 0.35 0.65 1.7
## 9 9 0.57 0.34 0.66 1.1
## 13 13 0.54 0.42 0.58 1.3
## 20 20 0.50 0.23 0.77 1.3
## 1 1 0.43 0.29 0.71 1.6
## 5 5 0.42 0.42 0.61 0.39 2.8
## 29 29 0.39 0.19 0.81 1.8
## 2 2 0.38 0.22 0.78 1.5
## 27 27 0.32 0.32 0.68 2.8
## 15 15 0.32 0.28 0.72 2.5
## 24 24 0.89 -0.33 0.71 0.29 1.4
## 17 17 0.80 0.62 0.38 1.3
## 23 23 0.58 0.48 0.52 1.4
## 11 11 0.51 0.35 0.47 0.53 2.0
## 25 25 0.42 0.34 0.66 1.7
## 3 3 0.36 0.64 3.2
## 31 31 0.71 0.53 0.47 1.4
## 22 22 0.66 0.49 0.51 1.0
## 21 21 0.55 0.36 0.43 0.57 2.1
## 18 18 0.54 0.44 0.55 0.45 2.2
## 19 19 0.36 0.48 0.57 0.43 2.1
## 16 16 0.30 0.46 0.37 0.63 1.9
## 14 14 0.43 0.16 0.84 1.4
## 28 28 0.57 0.54 0.46 1.4
## 30 30 0.52 0.43 0.57 1.5
## 26 26 0.50 0.25 0.75 1.3
##
## PA1 PA3 PA2 PA4
## SS loadings 5.54 3.05 2.96 2.19
## Proportion Var 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.07
## Cumulative Var 0.18 0.28 0.37 0.44
## Proportion Explained 0.40 0.22 0.22 0.16
## Cumulative Proportion 0.40 0.63 0.84 1.00
##
## With factor correlations of
## PA1 PA3 PA2 PA4
## PA1 1.00 0.41 0.40 0.35
## PA3 0.41 1.00 0.44 0.21
## PA2 0.40 0.44 1.00 0.18
## PA4 0.35 0.21 0.18 1.00
##
## Mean item complexity = 1.7
## Test of the hypothesis that 4 factors are sufficient.
##
## The degrees of freedom for the null model are 465 and the objective function was 19.11 with Chi Square of 1239.15
## The degrees of freedom for the model are 347 and the objective function was 7.03
##
## The root mean square of the residuals (RMSR) is 0.07
## The df corrected root mean square of the residuals is 0.08
##
## The harmonic number of observations is 77 with the empirical chi square 315.53 with prob < 0.89
## The total number of observations was 77 with Likelihood Chi Square = 437.21 with prob < 0.00071
##
## Tucker Lewis Index of factoring reliability = 0.833
## RMSEA index = 0.084 and the 90 % confidence intervals are 0.039 NA
## BIC = -1070.09
## Fit based upon off diagonal values = 0.95
## Measures of factor score adequacy
## PA1 PA3 PA2 PA4
## Correlation of (regression) scores with factors 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.9
## Multiple R square of scores with factors 0.94 0.88 0.85 0.8
## Minimum correlation of possible factor scores 0.88 0.76 0.70 0.6