利用forestSAS程序包中的treedata数据作为本次的案例数据，该数据为一块面积为 30*25 m 的样地的单木调查数据。数据形式如下：
library(forestSAS) ##若未加载forestSAS程序包，需通过以下代码加载install.packages("forestSAS")## Warning: package 'forestSAS' was built under R version 4.0.3treedata## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality
## 1 1413.52 Excellent
## 2 79.68 Good
## 3 517.70 Good
## 4 397.11 Low
## 5 57.29 Excellent
## 6 77.57 Average
## 7 136.34 Good
## 8 99.60 Excellent
## 9 246.74 Excellent
## 10 284.79 Average
## 11 735.60 Average
## 12 311.95 Poor
## 13 42.40 Excellent
## 14 203.87 Average
## 15 117.96 Good
## 16 55.54 Low
## 17 123.38 Excellent
## 18 113.10 Average
## 19 101.01 Good
## 20 82.79 Excellent
## 21 239.05 Excellent
## 22 193.86 Average
## 23 152.90 Average
## 24 38.16 Poor
## 25 58.10 Excellent
## 26 209.53 Average
## 27 37.00 Good
## 28 171.19 Excellent
## 29 120.80 Excellent
## 30 87.72 Average
## 31 28.29 Average
## 32 464.12 Poor
## 33 19.01 Excellent
## 34 124.58 Average
## 35 81.71 Good
## 36 318.60 Excellent
## 37 268.49 Excellent
## 38 115.78 Good
## 39 648.48 Good
## 40 1779.37 Low
## 41 903.64 Excellent其中 tree.id 为林木编号， T1-T41; x 与 y 为每株林木在样地中空间坐标， x 的坐标范围为 0~30 m， y 的坐标范围为 0~25 m; Sp.code 为物种代码， sp1~sp9; dbh.cm为林木的胸径， 单位为 cm; h.m 为林木的树高， 单位为 h.m; storey 为林木所处的林层， S1~S6; crownwid.m 为林木的冠幅，单位为 m; group 为林木的树种组，包括Exotic, Pioneer, Transitional, 和 Climax; biomass.kg 为林木的生物量，单位为 kg;quality 为单木质量，包括 Excellent, Good, Average, Poor, Low。
1 计算 treedata 数据中共有多少行，多少列
dim(treedata)## [1] 41 11nrow(treedata)## [1] 41ncol(treedata)## [1] 112 计算 Pioneer, Transtional, Exotic, Climax 树种的数目
table(treedata$group)##
## Climax Exotic Pioneer Transitional
## 6 2 21 123 计算样地中出现的物种数目
table(treedata$sp.code)##
## sp1 sp2 sp3 sp4 sp5 sp6 sp7 sp8 sp9
## 7 7 14 1 3 3 1 2 34 筛选出处于核心区的林木，即去除处于样地周边 5 m 缓冲带的林木
subdata<-subset(treedata,x>=5&x<=25&y>=5&y<=20)
subdata## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## biomass.kg quality
## 12 311.95 Poor
## 13 42.40 Excellent
## 14 203.87 Average
## 15 117.96 Good
## 20 82.79 Excellent
## 21 239.05 Excellent
## 22 193.86 Average
## 23 152.90 Average
## 24 38.16 Poor
## 25 58.10 Excellent
## 26 209.53 Average
## 28 171.19 Excellent
## 29 120.80 Excellent
## 32 464.12 Poor
## 33 19.01 Excellent
## 34 124.58 Average
## 35 81.71 Good
## 38 115.78 Good
## 39 648.48 Good5 绘制各树种在样地中的分布图，用不同颜色表示不同树种类型，并画出核心区
sp1data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp1")
sp2data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp2")
sp3data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp3")
sp4data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp4")
sp5data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp5")
sp6data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp6")
sp7data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp7")
sp8data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp8")
sp9data<-subset(treedata,sp.code=="sp9")
opar<-par(mar=c(4,4,3,1))
plot(sp1data$y~sp1data$x,
col=1, #设定点的颜色
pch=19, #设定点的形状
main=" ", # 题目
xlab="X 轴 X data (m)",
ylab="Y 轴 Y data (m)",
xlim=c(0,30), #设定 x 轴的范围为 0-30
ylim=c(0,25), #设定 y 轴的范围为 0-25
xaxs="i", #x 轴从端点开始
yaxs="i") #y 轴从端点开始
points(sp2data$y~sp2data$x,col=2,pch=19)
points(sp3data$y~sp3data$x,col=3,pch=19)
points(sp4data$y~sp4data$x,col=4,pch=19)
points(sp5data$y~sp5data$x,col=5,pch=19)
points(sp6data$y~sp6data$x,col=6,pch=19)
points(sp7data$y~sp7data$x,col=7,pch=19)
points(sp8data$y~sp8data$x,col=8,pch=19)
points(sp9data$y~sp9data$x,col=9,pch=19)
rect(5,5,25,20,border="red")
legend("top",title="树种 Tree species",cex=0.8,inset=-0.16,xpd=TRUE,
legend=paste("sp",1:9,sep=""),border="white",bty="n",
col=1:9,pch=19,xjust = 2, yjust = 1,ncol=9)
par(opar)6 筛选出处于 S5 storey 的 Pioneer 树种
subset(treedata,storey=="S5"&group=="Pioneer")## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group biomass.kg
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer 397.11
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer 57.29
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer 77.57
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer 136.34
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer 284.79
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer 311.95
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer 123.38
## quality
## 4 Low
## 5 Excellent
## 6 Average
## 7 Good
## 10 Average
## 12 Poor
## 17 Excellent7 将样地中的林木按 dbh.cm 的数值从大至小排列
treedata[order(treedata$dbh.cm,decreasing=TRUE),]## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality
## 41 903.64 Excellent
## 40 1779.37 Low
## 1 1413.52 Excellent
## 4 397.11 Low
## 22 193.86 Average
## 36 318.60 Excellent
## 14 203.87 Average
## 11 735.60 Average
## 39 648.48 Good
## 12 311.95 Poor
## 3 517.70 Good
## 32 464.12 Poor
## 10 284.79 Average
## 37 268.49 Excellent
## 20 82.79 Excellent
## 19 101.01 Good
## 18 113.10 Average
## 9 246.74 Excellent
## 21 239.05 Excellent
## 34 124.58 Average
## 26 209.53 Average
## 17 123.38 Excellent
## 23 152.90 Average
## 7 136.34 Good
## 2 79.68 Good
## 15 117.96 Good
## 28 171.19 Excellent
## 16 55.54 Low
## 35 81.71 Good
## 38 115.78 Good
## 8 99.60 Excellent
## 6 77.57 Average
## 13 42.40 Excellent
## 5 57.29 Excellent
## 24 38.16 Poor
## 27 37.00 Good
## 29 120.80 Excellent
## 25 58.10 Excellent
## 30 87.72 Average
## 33 19.01 Excellent
## 31 28.29 Average8 将样地中的林木按 h.m 的数值从小至大排列
treedata[order(treedata$dbh.cm),]## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality
## 31 28.29 Average
## 33 19.01 Excellent
## 30 87.72 Average
## 25 58.10 Excellent
## 29 120.80 Excellent
## 24 38.16 Poor
## 27 37.00 Good
## 5 57.29 Excellent
## 13 42.40 Excellent
## 6 77.57 Average
## 8 99.60 Excellent
## 38 115.78 Good
## 35 81.71 Good
## 16 55.54 Low
## 28 171.19 Excellent
## 15 117.96 Good
## 2 79.68 Good
## 7 136.34 Good
## 23 152.90 Average
## 17 123.38 Excellent
## 26 209.53 Average
## 34 124.58 Average
## 21 239.05 Excellent
## 9 246.74 Excellent
## 18 113.10 Average
## 19 101.01 Good
## 20 82.79 Excellent
## 37 268.49 Excellent
## 10 284.79 Average
## 32 464.12 Poor
## 3 517.70 Good
## 12 311.95 Poor
## 39 648.48 Good
## 11 735.60 Average
## 14 203.87 Average
## 36 318.60 Excellent
## 22 193.86 Average
## 4 397.11 Low
## 1 1413.52 Excellent
## 40 1779.37 Low
## 41 903.64 Excellent9 计算样地中每株林木的冠幅面积，并作为新的一列 area，加入数据中
treedata$area<-pi*((treedata$crownwid.m/2)^2)
treedata## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality area
## 1 1413.52 Excellent 52.810173
## 2 79.68 Good 8.042477
## 3 517.70 Good 18.857410
## 4 397.11 Low 45.364598
## 5 57.29 Excellent 7.068583
## 6 77.57 Average 7.547676
## 7 136.34 Good 8.042477
## 8 99.60 Excellent 7.547676
## 9 246.74 Excellent 10.752101
## 10 284.79 Average 17.349445
## 11 735.60 Average 21.237166
## 12 311.95 Poor 18.857410
## 13 42.40 Excellent 7.547676
## 14 203.87 Average 26.420794
## 15 117.96 Good 8.042477
## 16 55.54 Low 8.042477
## 17 123.38 Excellent 8.042477
## 18 113.10 Average 10.752101
## 19 101.01 Good 13.202543
## 20 82.79 Excellent 15.205308
## 21 239.05 Excellent 10.178760
## 22 193.86 Average 40.715041
## 23 152.90 Average 8.042477
## 24 38.16 Poor 5.309292
## 25 58.10 Excellent 2.544690
## 26 209.53 Average 9.621128
## 27 37.00 Good 5.309292
## 28 171.19 Excellent 8.042477
## 29 120.80 Excellent 2.835287
## 30 87.72 Average 2.269801
## 31 28.29 Average 1.130973
## 32 464.12 Poor 18.857410
## 33 19.01 Excellent 2.269801
## 34 124.58 Average 9.621128
## 35 81.71 Good 8.042477
## 36 318.60 Excellent 40.715041
## 37 268.49 Excellent 16.619025
## 38 115.78 Good 7.547676
## 39 648.48 Good 21.237166
## 40 1779.37 Low 81.712825
## 41 903.64 Excellent 86.59014810 单木材积的公式为 V=g1.3(h+3)f 来计算，其中 g1.3 为胸高断面积， h.m 为树高，g1.3为胸高断面积， f 为实验形数，以 0.45 计算。请求算样地中每株林木的单木材积。并作为新的一列 volume，加入数据中
treedata$volume<-pi*(treedata$dbh.cm/2)^2/10000*(treedata$h.m+3)*0.45
treedata## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality area volume
## 1 1413.52 Excellent 52.810173 1.73458967
## 2 79.68 Good 8.042477 0.10773200
## 3 517.70 Good 18.857410 0.62261087
## 4 397.11 Low 45.364598 0.52133178
## 5 57.29 Excellent 7.068583 0.07532791
## 6 77.57 Average 7.547676 0.09873397
## 7 136.34 Good 8.042477 0.16942334
## 8 99.60 Excellent 7.547676 0.12309429
## 9 246.74 Excellent 10.752101 0.30617711
## 10 284.79 Average 17.349445 0.35935731
## 11 735.60 Average 21.237166 0.88391223
## 12 311.95 Poor 18.857410 0.40069707
## 13 42.40 Excellent 7.547676 0.05999234
## 14 203.87 Average 26.420794 0.30418762
## 15 117.96 Good 8.042477 0.14888183
## 16 55.54 Low 8.042477 0.07869256
## 17 123.38 Excellent 8.042477 0.16159913
## 18 113.10 Average 10.752101 0.16349888
## 19 101.01 Good 13.202543 0.15296641
## 20 82.79 Excellent 15.205308 0.13367575
## 21 239.05 Excellent 10.178760 0.29384540
## 22 193.86 Average 40.715041 0.29813946
## 23 152.90 Average 8.042477 0.19292822
## 24 38.16 Poor 5.309292 0.05027869
## 25 58.10 Excellent 2.544690 0.06904002
## 26 209.53 Average 9.621128 0.25946338
## 27 37.00 Good 5.309292 0.04902953
## 28 171.19 Excellent 8.042477 0.20573819
## 29 120.80 Excellent 2.835287 0.13848995
## 30 87.72 Average 2.269801 0.10025259
## 31 28.29 Average 1.130973 0.03409885
## 32 464.12 Poor 18.857410 0.55583106
## 33 19.01 Excellent 2.269801 0.02565557
## 34 124.58 Average 9.621128 0.16797075
## 35 81.71 Good 8.042477 0.10614097
## 36 318.60 Excellent 40.715041 0.43024799
## 37 268.49 Excellent 16.619025 0.33619872
## 38 115.78 Good 7.547676 0.14194143
## 39 648.48 Good 21.237166 0.78106398
## 40 1779.37 Low 81.712825 2.18614492
## 41 903.64 Excellent 86.590148 1.2372554511 将 dbh.cm 数据按 2cm 径级划分，确定每株林木所处的径级范围，并将径级范围作为 Drange 数据，作为新的一列加入数据中
Drange<-cut(treedata$dbh.cm,breaks=seq(6,50,2),
right=FALSE,include.lowest=TRUE)
treedata$Drange<-Drange
treedata## tree.id x y sp.code dbh.cm h.m storey crownwid.m group
## 1 T1 29.1 24.5 sp2 42.4 24.3 S4 8.2 Transitional
## 2 T2 29.3 24.2 sp2 14.4 11.7 S6 3.2 Transitional
## 3 T3 25.8 12.4 sp2 23.8 28.1 S3 4.9 Transitional
## 4 T4 25.7 8.0 sp1 29.2 14.3 S5 7.6 Pioneer
## 5 T5 28.8 4.0 sp3 11.4 13.4 S5 3.0 Pioneer
## 6 T6 1.0 7.0 sp3 12.0 16.4 S5 3.1 Pioneer
## 7 T7 0.8 5.6 sp3 14.5 19.8 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 8 T8 6.8 1.8 sp4 12.2 20.4 S4 3.1 Exotic
## 9 T9 11.2 0.4 sp3 19.2 20.5 S4 3.7 Pioneer
## 10 T10 13.4 0.6 sp3 21.9 18.2 S5 4.7 Pioneer
## 11 T11 17.4 1.0 sp3 28.0 28.9 S3 5.2 Pioneer
## 12 T12 21.6 5.6 sp1 24.3 16.2 S5 4.9 Pioneer
## 13 T13 20.5 12.4 sp2 11.7 9.4 S6 3.1 Transitional
## 14 T14 20.0 12.5 sp3 28.1 7.9 S6 5.8 Pioneer
## 15 T15 23.4 17.6 sp9 14.3 17.6 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 16 T16 15.5 21.5 sp5 13.4 9.4 S6 3.2 Climax
## 17 T17 5.8 24.4 sp1 16.4 14.0 S5 3.2 Pioneer
## 18 T18 6.2 20.1 sp3 19.8 8.8 S6 3.7 Pioneer
## 19 T19 9.5 20.5 sp1 20.4 7.4 S6 4.1 Pioneer
## 20 T20 10.3 19.0 sp2 20.5 6.0 S6 4.4 Transitional
## 21 T21 10.2 14.9 sp1 18.2 22.1 S4 3.6 Pioneer
## 22 T22 16.2 19.8 sp6 28.9 7.1 S6 7.2 Climax
## 23 T23 15.3 6.4 sp5 16.2 17.8 S5 3.2 Climax
## 24 T24 14.6 6.2 sp5 9.4 13.1 S6 2.6 Climax
## 25 T25 14.8 6.8 sp7 7.9 28.3 S3 1.8 Exotic
## 26 T26 19.8 9.4 sp2 17.6 20.7 S4 3.5 Transitional
## 27 T27 3.4 21.5 sp8 9.4 12.7 S6 2.6 Transitional
## 28 T28 22.5 10.0 sp3 14.0 26.7 S4 3.2 Pioneer
## 29 T29 8.9 19.2 sp3 8.8 47.6 S1 1.9 Pioneer
## 30 T30 13.4 3.4 sp3 7.4 48.8 S1 1.7 Pioneer
## 31 T31 4.8 3.4 sp3 6.0 23.8 S4 1.2 Pioneer
## 32 T32 18.5 15.1 sp6 22.1 29.2 S3 4.9 Climax
## 33 T33 6.2 13.6 sp8 7.1 11.4 S6 1.7 Transitional
## 34 T34 18.3 5.4 sp9 17.8 12.0 S6 3.5 Transitional
## 35 T35 19.5 9.7 sp9 13.1 14.5 S5 3.2 Transitional
## 36 T36 10.5 0.5 sp3 28.3 12.2 S6 7.2 Pioneer
## 37 T37 16.5 22.7 sp2 20.7 19.2 S5 4.6 Transitional
## 38 T38 8.4 12.2 sp3 12.7 21.9 S4 3.1 Pioneer
## 39 T39 22.6 9.2 sp6 26.7 28.0 S3 5.2 Climax
## 40 T40 2.0 6.2 sp1 47.6 24.3 S4 10.2 Pioneer
## 41 T41 26.2 12.0 sp1 48.8 11.7 S6 10.5 Pioneer
## biomass.kg quality area volume Drange
## 1 1413.52 Excellent 52.810173 1.73458967 [42,44)
## 2 79.68 Good 8.042477 0.10773200 [14,16)
## 3 517.70 Good 18.857410 0.62261087 [22,24)
## 4 397.11 Low 45.364598 0.52133178 [28,30)
## 5 57.29 Excellent 7.068583 0.07532791 [10,12)
## 6 77.57 Average 7.547676 0.09873397 [12,14)
## 7 136.34 Good 8.042477 0.16942334 [14,16)
## 8 99.60 Excellent 7.547676 0.12309429 [12,14)
## 9 246.74 Excellent 10.752101 0.30617711 [18,20)
## 10 284.79 Average 17.349445 0.35935731 [20,22)
## 11 735.60 Average 21.237166 0.88391223 [28,30)
## 12 311.95 Poor 18.857410 0.40069707 [24,26)
## 13 42.40 Excellent 7.547676 0.05999234 [10,12)
## 14 203.87 Average 26.420794 0.30418762 [28,30)
## 15 117.96 Good 8.042477 0.14888183 [14,16)
## 16 55.54 Low 8.042477 0.07869256 [12,14)
## 17 123.38 Excellent 8.042477 0.16159913 [16,18)
## 18 113.10 Average 10.752101 0.16349888 [18,20)
## 19 101.01 Good 13.202543 0.15296641 [20,22)
## 20 82.79 Excellent 15.205308 0.13367575 [20,22)
## 21 239.05 Excellent 10.178760 0.29384540 [18,20)
## 22 193.86 Average 40.715041 0.29813946 [28,30)
## 23 152.90 Average 8.042477 0.19292822 [16,18)
## 24 38.16 Poor 5.309292 0.05027869 [8,10)
## 25 58.10 Excellent 2.544690 0.06904002 [6,8)
## 26 209.53 Average 9.621128 0.25946338 [16,18)
## 27 37.00 Good 5.309292 0.04902953 [8,10)
## 28 171.19 Excellent 8.042477 0.20573819 [14,16)
## 29 120.80 Excellent 2.835287 0.13848995 [8,10)
## 30 87.72 Average 2.269801 0.10025259 [6,8)
## 31 28.29 Average 1.130973 0.03409885 [6,8)
## 32 464.12 Poor 18.857410 0.55583106 [22,24)
## 33 19.01 Excellent 2.269801 0.02565557 [6,8)
## 34 124.58 Average 9.621128 0.16797075 [16,18)
## 35 81.71 Good 8.042477 0.10614097 [12,14)
## 36 318.60 Excellent 40.715041 0.43024799 [28,30)
## 37 268.49 Excellent 16.619025 0.33619872 [20,22)
## 38 115.78 Good 7.547676 0.14194143 [12,14)
## 39 648.48 Good 21.237166 0.78106398 [26,28)
## 40 1779.37 Low 81.712825 2.18614492 [46,48)
## 41 903.64 Excellent 86.590148 1.23725545 [48,50]12 探讨胸径与冠幅面积的关系
- 画出胸径与冠幅面积的散点图
plot(treedata$dbh.cm,treedata$area)
- 建立一元线性回归模型
lm.sol<-lm(area~1+dbh.cm,data=treedata)
summary(lm.sol)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = area ~ 1 + dbh.cm, data = treedata)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -11.9931 -5.1934 -0.4529 5.6043 15.8063
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -17.323 2.209 -7.843 1.54e-09 ***
## dbh.cm 1.806 0.102 17.693 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.547 on 39 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8892, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8864
## F-statistic: 313 on 1 and 39 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16- 绘图查看拟合效果
opar<-par(mar=c(4,5,1,1))
plot(area~dbh.cm,data=treedata,
xlab="胸径 DBH (cm)",
ylab=expression(paste("冠幅 Crown area ", (m^2),sep=" ")))
abline(lm.sol,lwd=2,col="blue")
text(14,80,expression(paste(italic(y),"=1.806",italic(x),"-17.323")))
text(14,70,expression(paste(italic(R^2),"=0.8864",sep="")))
text(14,60,expression(paste(italic(P),"<0.001",sep="")))
par(opar)