Forest and food security
Lucas Alencar
11/3/2020
Methods
1 - we selected 38 variables from two years (2006 and 2017) that reflects food security, covering the four pillars of food security from FAO (Table 1).
2 - Made a PCA to reduce dimensionality and got 12 PCs with loading higher than 1 (both years) (table 2)
3 - Aggregated the dimensions into a single score (food security score) and calculated the change between 2006 and 2017 (Map 1).
4 - Calculated the native vegetation cover change between the same time period (map 2)
5 - Relationship between food security and forest cover (figures 1 and 2)
6 - Mapped the synergies and trade-offs (map 3)
7 - Boxplots to understand the differences between groups (figures 3 and 4)
Table 1.
| Variable | Dimension | Year | Cardinality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Income | Access | 2000, 2010 | Positive |
| Half minimum wage | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Quarter minimum wage | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Unemployment rate | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Low Body Mass Index | Access | 2008, 2017 | Negative |
| Height deficit by age | Access | 2008, 2017 | Negative |
| Weight deficit by age | Access | 2008, 2017 | Negative |
| Iliteracy | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| High school | Access | 2000, 2010 | Positive |
| Higher education | Access | 2000, 2010 | Positive |
| Dependency ratio | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Per capita income of lower fifth | Access | 2000, 2010 | Positive |
| Extreme poverty | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Poverty | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Percentage of GDP appropriated by the richest fifth | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Gini Index | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Under five mortality | Access | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Rate of population employed on agricultural sector | Disponibility | 2000, 2010 | Positive |
| Rural population | Disponibility | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Urban population | Disponibility | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Use of pesticide | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Woman headed stablishments | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Negative |
| Irrigation system | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Maize production | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Beans production | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Bovine production | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Goat production | Disponibility | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Agricultural financing | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Producers associated in cooperative | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Protected springs | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Non-protected springs | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Negative |
| protected rivers | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Non-protected rivers | Stability | 2006, 2017 | Negative |
| Well | Utilization | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| Cisterns | Utilization | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
| High Body Mass Index | Utilization | 2008, 2017 | Negative |
| Sewage | Utilization | 2000, 2010 | Negative |
| Organic agriculture | Utilization | 2006, 2017 | Positive |
Table 2.
| PCs – 2006 | Loading | PCs – 2017 | Loading |
|---|---|---|---|
| PC 1 – Poverty |
|
PC 1 – Poverty |
|
| Income | 0.331 | Income | -0.276 |
| Per capita income of lower fifth | 0.307 | Per capita income of lower fifth | -0.321 |
| Half minimum wage | -0.346 | Half minimum wage | 0.345 |
| Quarter minimum wage | -0.362 | Quarter minimum wage | 0.356 |
| Dependency ratio | -0.279 | Dependency ratio | 0.266 |
| Extreme poverty | -0.33 | Extreme poverty | 0.334 |
| Poverty | -0.349 | Poverty | 0.349 |
| PC 2 - Inequality |
|
PC 2 - Inequality |
|
| Percentage of GDP appropriated by the richest fifth | -0.609 | Percentage of GDP appropriated by the richest fifth | 0.568 |
| Gini Index | -0.602 | Gini Index | 0.546 |
| PC 3 – Stability |
|
PC 3 – Gender-driven inequality |
|
| Agricultural financing | -0.508 | Agricultural financing | -0.425 |
| Producers associated in cooperative | -0.596 | Woman headed stablishments | 0.447 |
| PC 4 – Child Nutrition |
|
PC 4 – Springs |
|
| Height deficit by age | -0.644 | Protected springs | -0.654 |
| Weight deficit by age | -0.677 | Non-protected springs | -0.563 |
| PC 5 – Goat production |
|
PC 5 – Cisterns |
|
| Goat production | 0.707 | Cisterns | 0.585 |
| PC 6 – Disponibility |
|
PC 6 – Agricultural production |
|
| Rate of population employed on agricultural sector | -0.348 | Maize production | -0.654 |
| Urban population | 0.537 | Beans production | -0.67 |
| PC 7 – Agricultural itensification |
|
PC 7 – Child nutrition |
|
| Use of pesticide | -0.557 | Height deficit by age | 0.659 |
| Irrigation system | -0.456 | Weight deficit by age | 0.665 |
| PC 8 – Agricultural production |
|
PC 8 – Goat production |
|
| Maize production | -0.655 | Goat production | -0.76 |
| Beans production | -0.674 | PC 9 – APP deficit |
|
| PC 9 – Bovine production |
|
Non-protected springs | 0.321 |
| Bovine production | 0.582 | Non-protected rivers | 0.532 |
| PC 10 – Protecttion of hidric resources |
|
PC 10 – Unemployment |
|
| Protected springs | -0.63 | Unemployment rate | -0.699 |
| Protected rivers | -0.49 | PC 11 – Adult nutrition |
|
| PC 11 – Utilization |
|
Low Body Mass Index | 0.531 |
| Sewage | 0.555 | High Body Mass Index | -0.526 |
| High Body Mass Index | 0.625 | PC 12 – Disponibility |
|
| PC 12 – APP deficit |
|
Rate of population employed on agricultural sector | -0.3 |
| Non-protected springs | 0.696 | Urban population | 0.524 |
| Non-protected rivers | 0.533 | Irrigation system | -0.337 |
Map 1
Map 2
Figure 1
Figure 2
Map 3
first term refers to fores and the second to food security (e.g. win(forest)-lose(food security)
Figure 2
Figures 3
