Atividade de tratamento dos dados geográficos

Tratamento de dados geográficos no R.

1. Faça o carregamento das bibliotecas:

• rgdal
• tidyverse
• reshape2
• GISTools
• sp
• sf
• tmap
• tmaptools

2. Faça o download das bases World, rivers, metro e land por meio de data().

3. Escolha dois atributos e represente os mapas temáticos desses atributos considerando as funções do package tmap. Lembrando:

• tm_shape() para carregar a base de dados espaciais
  
• + para adicionar elementos ao mapa
  
• tm_polygons(), tm_lines(), tm_points() ou tm_bubbles() para representar os atributos.
  
• Explore elementos gráficos que podem ser incluídos por meio do package tmap
  
• Explores diferentes cores para representação colando no seu console: tmaptools::palette_explorer()

tm_shape(World) +
    tm_polygons("life_exp", n = 5, palette = "Blues", title = "Expectativa de vida", id = "name") +
    tm_bubbles(size = "pop_est", col = "red", scale = 1, shape = 21) +
    tm_style("gray") +
    tm_format("World") +
  tm_shape(rivers) + 
    tm_lines()

4. Identifique qual o sistema de referência utilizado para construção dos dados espaciais trabalhados.

[1] "sf"         "data.frame"

Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: +proj=eck4 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
  wkt:
PROJCRS["unknown",
    BASEGEOGCRS["unknown",
        DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
            ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
                LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]],
            ID["EPSG",6326]],
        PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8901]]],
    CONVERSION["unknown",
        METHOD["Eckert IV"],
        PARAMETER["Longitude of natural origin",0,
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
            ID["EPSG",8802]],
        PARAMETER["False easting",0,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8806]],
        PARAMETER["False northing",0,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
            ID["EPSG",8807]]],
    CS[Cartesian,2],
        AXIS["(E)",east,
            ORDER[1],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
                ID["EPSG",9001]]],
        AXIS["(N)",north,
            ORDER[2],
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1,
                ID["EPSG",9001]]]]

Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: EPSG:4326 
  wkt:
GEOGCRS["WGS 84",
    DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
        ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
        ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
    CS[ellipsoidal,2],
        AXIS["geodetic latitude (Lat)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        AXIS["geodetic longitude (Lon)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["unknown"],
        AREA["World"],
        BBOX[-90,-180,90,180]],
    ID["EPSG",4326]]

Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: EPSG:4326 
  wkt:
GEOGCRS["WGS 84",
    DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
        ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
            LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
    PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
        ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
    CS[ellipsoidal,2],
        AXIS["geodetic latitude (Lat)",north,
            ORDER[1],
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
        AXIS["geodetic longitude (Lon)",east,
            ORDER[2],
            ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
    USAGE[
        SCOPE["unknown"],
        AREA["World"],
        BBOX[-90,-180,90,180]],
    ID["EPSG",4326]]

Coordinate Reference System:
  User input: +proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +no_defs 
  wkt:
BOUNDCRS[
    SOURCECRS[
        GEOGCRS["unknown",
            DATUM["Unknown based on WGS84 ellipsoid",
                ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
                    LENGTHUNIT["metre",1],
                    ID["EPSG",7030]]],
            PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
                ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
                ID["EPSG",8901]],
            CS[ellipsoidal,2],
                AXIS["longitude",east,
                    ORDER[1],
                    ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
                        ID["EPSG",9122]]],
                AXIS["latitude",north,
                    ORDER[2],
                    ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,
                        ID["EPSG",9122]]]]],
    TARGETCRS[
        GEOGCRS["WGS 84",
            DATUM["World Geodetic System 1984",
                ELLIPSOID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
                    LENGTHUNIT["metre",1]]],
            PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,
                ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
            CS[ellipsoidal,2],
                AXIS["latitude",north,
                    ORDER[1],
                    ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
                AXIS["longitude",east,
                    ORDER[2],
                    ANGLEUNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],
            ID["EPSG",4326]]],
    ABRIDGEDTRANSFORMATION["Transformation from unknown to WGS84",
        METHOD["Position Vector transformation (geog2D domain)",
            ID["EPSG",9606]],
        PARAMETER["X-axis translation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8605]],
        PARAMETER["Y-axis translation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8606]],
        PARAMETER["Z-axis translation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8607]],
        PARAMETER["X-axis rotation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8608]],
        PARAMETER["Y-axis rotation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8609]],
        PARAMETER["Z-axis rotation",0,
            ID["EPSG",8610]],
        PARAMETER["Scale difference",1,
            ID["EPSG",8611]]]]

5. Explore os seguintes sistemas de referência e escolha o que melhor se adequa à informação representada.

• world_mollweide = st_transform(World, crs = “+proj=moll”)
  
• world_wintri = lwgeom::st_transform_proj(World, crs = “+proj=wintri”)
  
• world_laea1 = st_transform(world, crs = “+proj=laea +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +lon_0=0 +lat_0=0”)

6. Salve os mapas como .png e carregue nesta atividade, incluindo uma breve análise do fenômeno representado.