| Use visualizations to increase the detection behavior of positive framed forecasts and increase the preventative behavior of negative framed forecasts (Armstrong et al. 2002; Chua et al 2006 [Study 1, & 2]; Garcia-Retamero & Cokely 2011; Harris, Corner, & Hahn 2009 [Study 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5]; Schirillo & Stone 2005). |
00901, 04101, 04102, 07901, 11201, 11202, 11203, 11204, 11205, 26701 |
3 |
2.58 |
1.80 |
2.46 |
| Use deterministic visualizations to increase protective actions, use probabilistic visualizations to increase understanding in change in risk (Ash et al. 2014; Miran et al. 2019). |
01001, 20601 |
2 |
2.00 |
3.00 |
2.33 |
| Use pictographs to increase understanding of probabilistic information (Dowen et al. 2017; Han et al. 2011 [Study 1, & 2]; Hawley et al. 2008; Leonhardt & Keller 2018). |
06001, 10701, 10702, 11401, 17801 |
3 |
1.90 |
2.10 |
2.33 |
| Bar charts are most useful for reducing cognitive effort when conveying information to people over age 50 or with low-numeracy (Waters et al. 2006; Feldman-Stewart et al. 2007; Garcia-Retamero & Galesic 2010b; Garcia-Retamero, Cokely, & Hoffrage 2015; Shah & Freedman 2011). |
31101, 06701, 08501, 08701, 27001 |
3 |
2.10 |
1.90 |
2.33 |
| Providing additional information to visualizations can reduce common misunderstandings but also lead to lower risk perceptions (Boone, Gunalp & Hegarty 2018 [Study 1, & 2]; Cheong et al. 2016 [Study 1, 2, & 3]; Fraenkel et al. 2018; Gaissmaier et al. 2012). |
02501, 02502, 03601, 03602, 03603, 07201, 07601 |
3 |
1.61 |
2.36 |
2.32 |
| Including a center track line in weather forecasts to increases people’s level of concern (Meyer et al. 2013; Newman & Scholl 2012 [Study 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5]; Padilla, Ruginski, & Creem-Regehr 2017; Ruginski et al. 2016). |
20101, 21801, 21802, 21803, 21804, 21805, 22601, 25901 |
3 |
1.88 |
2.06 |
2.31 |
| When using visualizations, women report higher levels of anxiety from visualizations (Lindner & Alsheimer 2019; Zikmund-Fisher, Fagerlin, & Ubel 2008). |
18101, 32401 |
2 |
2.25 |
2.50 |
2.25 |
| Use predictive interval graphics to encourage protective action (S. Joslyn, Nemee, & Savelli 2013 [Study 1, & 2]). |
26101, 26102 |
2 |
1.75 |
3.00 |
2.25 |
| Use PoP forecasts with icons with caution as the type of icon does not appear to improve accuracy of understanding (Joslyn et al 2009ii [Study 1, 2, &3]). |
14501, 14502, 14503 |
2 |
1.67 |
3.00 |
2.22 |
| Icon arrays presented in sequential order can increase understanding and risk avoidance actions (Ancker et al. 2011i; Galesic et al. 2009 [Study 1, &2]; Garcia-Retamero, Galesic, & Gigerenzer 2011; Garcia-Teramero et al. 2010 [Study 1, & 2]; Stone, Yates, & Parker 1997 [Study 1, 2, & 3]; Taylor, Stevenson, & McDowell 2018; Witteman et al. 2014; Zikmund-Fisher et al. 2014; Zikmund-Fisher, Dickson, & Witteman 2011). |
00501, 07801, 07802, 08801, 08901, 08902, 28701, 28702, 28703, 29001, 31901, 32201, 32301 |
3 |
2.02 |
1.50 |
2.17 |
| Including a center track line in weather forecasts has no effect on interpretation (Van Pelt et al. 2015; Wu et al 2014). |
30701, 32001 |
2 |
1.50 |
3.00 |
2.17 |
| Use foreground displays to increase risk perceptions but with the knowledge that effects are contingent on depicted probability sizes, labels, and risk reduction level associated with protective action (Okan et al. 2020; Okan, Stone, & Bruine de Bruin 2018; Stone et al. 2017). |
22001, 22101, 28401 |
2 |
2.50 |
1.83 |
2.11 |
| Avoid bar charts as they are associated with increased misunderstandings (Correll & Gleicher 2014 [Study 1, 2, & 3]; Dieckman et al. 2015[Study 3]; Schapira, Nattinger, & McAuliffe 2006; Newman & Scholl 2012[Study 6]). |
04401, 04402, 04403, 05203, 26601, 21806 |
3 |
1.83 |
1.50 |
2.11 |
| Avoid reliance on any single format as there is no “best visualization format” for conveying risk (Barnes et al. 2016; Bisantz, Marsiglio, & Munch 2005 [Study 1, 2, 3, & 4]; Etnel et al. 2020; Garcia-Retamero & Dhami 2013; Kreye et al.2012; Lorenz et al. 2015; Sanyal et al. 2009). |
01701, 02201, 02202, 02203, 02204, 06501, 08201, 16501, 18701, 26301 |
3 |
1.35 |
1.95 |
2.10 |
| Use Red / Orange / Green (from most to least uncertain) to most intuitively convey risk (Elmqvist, Hlawitschka, & Kennedy n.d.; Miran et al. 2016; Retchless & Brewer 2016; Sherman-Morris, Antonelli, & Williams 2015). |
06301, 20501, 25101, 27201 |
2 |
1.56 |
2.50 |
2.02 |
| Use a margin of error chart to best convey uncertainty (Nadav-Greenberg, Joslyn, & Taing 2008 [Study 1, & 2]). |
21401, 21402 |
2 |
1.00 |
3.00 |
2.00 |
| Display uncertainty as a uniform circle to reduce miscommunications (McKenzie et al. 2016; Mulder et al 2019; Severston 2015). |
19901, 21101, 26901 |
2 |
2.25 |
1.67 |
1.97 |
| Use interactive formats to improve understanding of probabilistic inferences (Hogarth and Soyer 2015; Natter and Berry 2005 [Study 1 & 2]). |
12201, 21601, 21602 |
2 |
2.17 |
1.67 |
1.94 |
| Use lighter and finer textures to denote information to improve understanding of visualizations (Leitner & Buttenfield 2000; Miran et al. 2017). |
17701, 20301 |
2 |
1.25 |
2.50 |
1.92 |
| When depicting uncertainty ranges, provide context to avoid heuristic misinterpretation based on perceived probabilities (Tak, Toet, & van Erp 2015). |
28901 |
1 |
1.75 |
3.00 |
1.92 |
| Use simplified maps (e.g. legends, contour lines, white space) to improve understanding of probabilistic information (Gerst et al. 2020). |
09101 |
1 |
2.75 |
2.00 |
1.92 |
| Include descriptive labels with graphical displays to improve risk understanding in people with low numeracy (Okan et al. 2015). |
21901 |
1 |
2.50 |
2.00 |
1.83 |
| Use of fact box formats are equally effective at facilitating comprehension and short-term knowledge recall as visualizations (McDowell et al 2019 [Study 1, & 2]). |
19701, 19702 |
2 |
1.50 |
2.00 |
1.83 |
| Use probabilistic hazard indicators to increase protective actions in the short term (Miran et al. 2018). |
20401 |
1 |
1.25 |
3.00 |
1.75 |
| Color and size-based visualizations allow for quicker but less thought out decisions, while texture and icon-based depictions required more time and deliberation (Cheong et al. 2019; Seipel & Lim 2017). |
03701, 26801 |
2 |
1.25 |
2.00 |
1.75 |
| Use percentages instead of fractions to improve understanding of probabilistic information among elderly individuals and encourage protective action (Fuller, Dudley, and Blacktop 2001; Fuller, Dudley, and Blacktop 2002). |
25301, 24501 |
2 |
1.38 |
1.75 |
1.71 |
| Higher forecast probabilities are viewed as more accurate, regardless of visualization format (Bagchi & Ince 2016 [Study 5]). |
01205 |
1 |
2.00 |
2.00 |
1.67 |
| Avoid the use of survival curves with audiences unfamiliar with these representations as they tend to lead to misinterpreting probabilistic information (Armstrong et al. 2001; Mazur and Hickam 1990). |
00801, 19401 |
2 |
1.88 |
1.00 |
1.62 |
| Use ensemble plots to reduce overestimation of probabilities (Toet et al. 2019). |
30201 |
1 |
1.75 |
2.00 |
1.58 |
| Use of pictograms can be helpful when aiming to lower risk perceptions (Keller & Siegrist 2009). |
15301 |
1 |
2.25 |
1.00 |
1.42 |
| Use visualization of uncertainty to influence decision making among nonexperts (Kübler, Richter, & Fabrikant 2019). |
16701 |
1 |
1.50 |
1.00 |
1.17 |
| Use risk ladders with caution because individuals with low subjective numeracy tend to have difficulty understanding the graph without comparative information (Hess, Visschers, & Siegrist 2011 [Study 1, 2, & 3]; Keller et al. 2009). |
11801, 11802, 11803, 15301 |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| When using a polygonal projection, protective actions are greater in the centroid of the polygon but often require context of radar images for appropriate judgements (Lindell et al. 2016; Jon, Huang, & Lindell 2018; Jon, Huang, & Lindell 2019). |
18001, 13701 |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Use maps to communicate risk to audiences with experience using maps in geographic proximity to the threat to encourage higher risk perceptions (Roth 2009; H.-C. Wu, Lindell, & Prater 2015; Sherman-Morris & Del Valle-Martinez 2017). |
25601, 10501, 27101 |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |