Distribuciones de probabilidad

** Funciones en R

En R, cada distribucion de probabilidad se nombra mediante una palabra clave o alias. Las palabras clave para las distribuciones mas importantes son:

\[ \begin{array}{l|l|l|c} \text{Funcion} & \text{Significado} & \text{uso} & \text{Observacion}\\ \hline p & \text{probability} & \text{calcula probabilidades acumuladas (cdf)} & \text{---}\\ q & \text{quantile} & \text{calcula cuantiles (percentiles)} & \text{---}\\ d & \text{density} & \text{calcula probabilidades puntaules} & \text{solo uso grafico en el caso continuo}\\ r & \text{random} & \text{Genera datos aleatorios segun una distribucion especifica} & \text{---}\\ \hline \end{array} \] Distribucion Exponencial

#representa la densidad de una exponencial de media 1 entre 0 y 10
curve(dexp(x), from=0, to=10)

Distribucion binomial

x = rbinom(20, 1, 0.5)
x
##  [1] 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
#Genera 20 observaciones con distribucion B(1, 0.5)

Contando exitos vs fracasos

table(x)
## x
##  0  1 
##  8 12

ejemplo de Distribucion normal

si \(x\) es una variable aleatoria, con distribucion normal de media 3, y su desviacion tipica es de 0.5, la proabilidad de que \(x\) sea menor que 3.5 se calcula en R de esta forma.

pnorm(3.5, mean=3, sd=0.5)
## [1] 0.8413447
qnorm(0.7)
## [1] 0.5244005
qnorm(0.7, sd=0.5)
## [1] 0.2622003

El valor \(z_\alpha\) que aparece en muchas de las formulas para intervalos y contrastes se obtiene con el comando qnorm(1-alfa). Algunos ejemplos:

qnorm(0.975)
## [1] 1.959964
x = rnorm(100, mean = 10,sd=1)
x
##   [1]  8.696037  9.538392 10.543431  7.645993  7.905812 10.055101 11.046090
##   [8] 10.357462 12.539633 10.157261 11.665071 11.109791 10.705463  6.802049
##  [15]  9.867955 11.202642  9.729936  9.994896  7.922226  9.894164 10.379549
##  [22]  8.017786 10.551569 11.302078  9.347329  9.923483 10.966867  9.542270
##  [29]  9.837748 10.169591 10.273554 10.672775 10.440924 10.856056 11.622389
##  [36] 11.167284  9.957751  9.544282  9.849488 10.825815  9.629017 10.580094
##  [43] 13.086748  8.633195 10.323190  9.937607  9.953827 10.026022  9.681955
##  [50] 12.109034 10.227727 10.191375 11.323352  8.476410  9.718514 10.006387
##  [57] 13.121302  9.075335 10.416791 10.516406 10.920136 11.538969  9.742902
##  [64]  9.513030 11.360020  9.833001 10.817338  9.185170 10.857298  9.167178
##  [71] 10.931103 10.485541  7.953826 10.375621  8.263906  9.411433 10.940910
##  [78]  9.681405  9.261586 12.713837 10.085638  9.821605  8.212703 10.220738
##  [85] 10.357685 10.563465  8.967679 11.067289 10.321149 10.903263 10.909191
##  [92]  9.506733 11.057253  8.679128 10.872613  9.923911 11.075085 10.574608
##  [99]  9.511605  9.756501
mean(x)
## [1] 10.15004
hist(x)

boxplot(x)

hist(x, freq=FALSE) #Freq=FALSE, para que el area del histograma sea 1
curve(dnorm(x, mean = 10,sd=1),from=7, to=13, add=TRUE)

Conclusion sobre la actividad

R Markdown

This is an R Markdown document. Markdown is a simple formatting syntax for authoring HTML, PDF, and MS Word documents. For more details on using R Markdown see http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com.

When you click the Knit button a document will be generated that includes both content as well as the output of any embedded R code chunks within the document. You can embed an R code chunk like this:

summary(cars)
##      speed           dist       
##  Min.   : 4.0   Min.   :  2.00  
##  1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 26.00  
##  Median :15.0   Median : 36.00  
##  Mean   :15.4   Mean   : 42.98  
##  3rd Qu.:19.0   3rd Qu.: 56.00  
##  Max.   :25.0   Max.   :120.00

Including Plots

You can also embed plots, for example:

Note that the echo = FALSE parameter was added to the code chunk to prevent printing of the R code that generated the plot.