Introduction

Code ini bertujuan untuk melatih machine learning agar mampu mengenali angka dalam suatu gambar. Data diambil dari kaggle competition “Digit Recognizer”: https://www.kaggle.com/c/digit-recognizer/data?select=train.csv

library(dplyr)
## Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 3.6.3
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
library(keras)
## Warning: package 'keras' was built under R version 3.6.3
library(neuralnet)
## Warning: package 'neuralnet' was built under R version 3.6.3
## 
## Attaching package: 'neuralnet'
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
## 
##     compute
  1. read data
digit <- read.csv("data_input/train.csv")
head(digit)
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  1. eksplorasi data

2.1 cek ukuran gambar

# ukuran gambar
sqrt(784)
## [1] 28
# jumlah gambar
nrow(digit)
## [1] 42000

2.2 cek proporsi variabel target(label)

table(digit$label) %>% 
  plot()

  1. cross validation
library(rsample)
## Warning: package 'rsample' was built under R version 3.6.2
## Loading required package: tidyr
## Warning: package 'tidyr' was built under R version 3.6.2
set.seed(100)

idx <- initial_split(digit, prop = 0.8, strata = "label")
digit_train <- training(idx)
digit_val <- testing(idx)

head(digit_train)
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## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0       82      253
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## 2      114      254      254      254      254      254      254      254
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## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5      253      253      253      253      253      253      253      253
## 6      103      254      222       74      143      235      254      228
## 7        0        0        0        0        0       51      253      254
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## 2      254      254      254      239       86       11        0        0
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## 2      254      254      254      254      254      254      243       70
## 3      185      254      254      184        0        0        0        0
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## 5      253      253      253      253      253      253      213       90
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## 2        0        8       76      146      254      255      254      255
## 3        0        0        0        0       63      254      254       62
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5       18      129      208      253      253      253      253      159
## 6        0       23       64      158      200      174       61        0
## 7        0        0        0        0        0      152      253       82
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## 2      146       19       15        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0      186      159        0        0
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## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 7       20      253      212        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 7        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 7        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 7        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
##   pixel780 pixel781 pixel782 pixel783
## 2        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0
## 7        0        0        0        0
  1. ubah data menjadi matrix
digit_train <- data.matrix(digit_train)
digit_val <- data.matrix(digit_val)

class(digit_train)
## [1] "matrix"
  1. pisahkan x dan y
train_x <- digit_train[ , -1]
train_y <- digit_train[ , 1]
  
val_x <- digit_val[ ,-1]
val_y <- digit_val[, 1]
  1. Persiapan data

6.1 ubah data menjadi array

train_x_keras <- array_reshape(
  train_x,
  dim = dim(train_x)
)

val_x_keras <- array_reshape(
  val_x,
  dim = dim(val_x)
)

6.2 pre-processing lanjutan

train_x_keras <- train_x_keras/255
val_x_keras <- val_x_keras/255
  range(train_x_keras)
## [1] 0 1

6.3 membuat dummy dari target kategorikal

train_y_keras <- to_categorical(train_y)
head(train_y_keras)
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,]    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
## [2,]    0    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
## [3,]    0    0    0    0    1    0    0    0    0     0
## [4,]    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
## [5,]    1    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0     0
## [6,]    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    1    0     0
  1. Membuat model
# keras initialization
model_digit <- keras_model_sequential()

# pembentukan arsitektur
model_digit %>% 
  layer_dense(
    input_shape = 784,
    units = 2^6,
    activation = "relu",
    name = "hidden1"  
  ) %>% 
  layer_dense(
    units = 2^5,
    activation = "relu",
    name = "hidden2"
  ) %>% 
  layer_dense(
    units = 10,
    activation = "softmax",
    name = "output"
  )
summary(model_digit)
## Model: "sequential"
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## Layer (type)                        Output Shape                    Param #     
## ================================================================================
## hidden1 (Dense)                     (None, 64)                      50240       
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## hidden2 (Dense)                     (None, 32)                      2080        
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## output (Dense)                      (None, 10)                      330         
## ================================================================================
## Total params: 52,650
## Trainable params: 52,650
## Non-trainable params: 0
## ________________________________________________________________________________

8.compile model

# compile model
model_digit %>% 
  compile(
    loss = "categorical_crossentropy",
    optimizer = optimizer_adam(lr = 0.01),
    metrics = c("accuracy")
  )
  1. Train model
fit(
  model_digit,
  x = train_x_keras,
  y = train_y_keras,
  epochs = 6,
  batch_size = 10 
)
  1. Prediksi
pred <- predict_classes(
  object = model_digit,
  x = val_x_keras
)

head(pred)
## [1] 1 3 8 1 1 6
  1. Evaluasi
library(caret)
## Warning: package 'caret' was built under R version 3.6.2
## Loading required package: lattice
## Loading required package: ggplot2
## Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 3.6.2
confusionMatrix(
  as.factor(pred),
  as.factor(val_y)
)
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
## 
##           Reference
## Prediction   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9
##          0 799   0   3   1   2   2   5   0   1   5
##          1   0 920   9   2   1   0   3   2   6   2
##          2   2   1 777  17   5   5   3  12   6   7
##          3   0   1   9 826   0   8   1   1   3  17
##          4   2   1   4   0 763   2   6   3   4  39
##          5   0   0   1  14   0 709   7   2  14   3
##          6   6   1   5   0   3   3 798   0   0   0
##          7   0   2   9   4   3   0   0 855   0  10
##          8  11  12  22  12  10  12  16   1 767  11
##          9   0   1   0   3  18   2   0   8   3 752
## 
## Overall Statistics
##                                           
##                Accuracy : 0.9486          
##                  95% CI : (0.9436, 0.9532)
##     No Information Rate : 0.1118          
##     P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16       
##                                           
##                   Kappa : 0.9428          
##                                           
##  Mcnemar's Test P-Value : NA              
## 
## Statistics by Class:
## 
##                      Class: 0 Class: 1 Class: 2 Class: 3 Class: 4 Class: 5
## Sensitivity           0.97439   0.9798  0.92610  0.93970  0.94783  0.95424
## Specificity           0.99749   0.9966  0.99233  0.99468  0.99197  0.99464
## Pos Pred Value        0.97677   0.9735  0.93054  0.95381  0.92597  0.94533
## Neg Pred Value        0.99723   0.9975  0.99180  0.99296  0.99445  0.99555
## Prevalence            0.09764   0.1118  0.09990  0.10467  0.09586  0.08847
## Detection Rate        0.09514   0.1095  0.09252  0.09836  0.09085  0.08442
## Detection Prevalence  0.09740   0.1125  0.09943  0.10312  0.09812  0.08931
## Balanced Accuracy     0.98594   0.9882  0.95921  0.96719  0.96990  0.97444
##                      Class: 6 Class: 7 Class: 8 Class: 9
## Sensitivity           0.95113   0.9672  0.95398  0.88889
## Specificity           0.99762   0.9963  0.98591  0.99537
## Pos Pred Value        0.97794   0.9683  0.87757  0.95553
## Neg Pred Value        0.99459   0.9961  0.99508  0.98765
## Prevalence            0.09990   0.1053  0.09574  0.10074
## Detection Rate        0.09502   0.1018  0.09133  0.08955
## Detection Prevalence  0.09717   0.1051  0.10407  0.09371
## Balanced Accuracy     0.97438   0.9817  0.96995  0.94213
  1. Test dengan data test/submission 12.1 Baca Data
test_digit <- read.csv("data_input/test.csv")
head(test_digit)
##   pixel0 pixel1 pixel2 pixel3 pixel4 pixel5 pixel6 pixel7 pixel8 pixel9 pixel10
## 1      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
## 2      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
## 3      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
## 4      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
## 5      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
## 6      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       0
##   pixel11 pixel12 pixel13 pixel14 pixel15 pixel16 pixel17 pixel18 pixel19
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel20 pixel21 pixel22 pixel23 pixel24 pixel25 pixel26 pixel27 pixel28
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel29 pixel30 pixel31 pixel32 pixel33 pixel34 pixel35 pixel36 pixel37
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel38 pixel39 pixel40 pixel41 pixel42 pixel43 pixel44 pixel45 pixel46
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel47 pixel48 pixel49 pixel50 pixel51 pixel52 pixel53 pixel54 pixel55
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel56 pixel57 pixel58 pixel59 pixel60 pixel61 pixel62 pixel63 pixel64
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel65 pixel66 pixel67 pixel68 pixel69 pixel70 pixel71 pixel72 pixel73
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel74 pixel75 pixel76 pixel77 pixel78 pixel79 pixel80 pixel81 pixel82
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel83 pixel84 pixel85 pixel86 pixel87 pixel88 pixel89 pixel90 pixel91
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 5       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
##   pixel92 pixel93 pixel94 pixel95 pixel96 pixel97 pixel98 pixel99 pixel100
## 1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0
## 2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0
## 3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0
## 4       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0
## 5       0       0       0      13      80     175     242     205       93
## 6       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        0
##   pixel101 pixel102 pixel103 pixel104 pixel105 pixel106 pixel107 pixel108
## 1        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5       11        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
##   pixel109 pixel110 pixel111 pixel112 pixel113 pixel114 pixel115 pixel116
## 1        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
##   pixel117 pixel118 pixel119 pixel120 pixel121 pixel122 pixel123 pixel124
## 1        0        0        0        0        0       10       17       17
## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0       10      171      254
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
##   pixel125 pixel126 pixel127 pixel128 pixel129 pixel130 pixel131 pixel132
## 1       17       17       81      180      180       35        0        0
## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5      253      253      253      254      214       30        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
##   pixel133 pixel134 pixel135 pixel136 pixel137 pixel138 pixel139 pixel140
## 1        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 2        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 3        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 4        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 5        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
## 6        0        0        0        0        0        0        0        0
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12.2 persiapkan data

test_matrix <- data.matrix(test_digit)

class(digit_train)
## [1] "matrix"
test_keras <- array_reshape(
  test_matrix,
  dim = dim(test_matrix)
)

6.2 pre-processing lanjutan

test_keras <- test_keras/255
  range(test_keras)
## [1] 0 1
pred <- predict_classes(
  object = model_digit,
  x = test_keras
)

head(pred)
## [1] 2 0 9 9 3 7