Relationship between brain morphology and frugivory in birds
Zachary Ladin (Email: zach@udel.edu)
17 September, 2020
Overview
What factors and selective pressures have contributed to the evolution of increased neuron density in birds? The long-standing social complexity hypothesis first proposed by Humphrey (1976) suggests that selection pressures associated with group living and increasing social complexity of within-group interactions are likely a primary driver of observed increased cognitive abilities and larger brains. Correlative support for this hypothesis has been found in studies on mammals, and notably within primates (Finlay et al. 2001) and cetaceans (Glezer et al. 1988, Barton and Harvey 2000), that have used comparative approaches to explore relationships between brain morphology and size and metrics of social complexity (e.g., mean group size, mating system,etc.). Alternatives to the social complexity hypothesis exist, and factors including metabolically- and ecologically-driven selection pressures also have likely contributed to the evolution of increased brain size and neuronal density, which in turn, provide positive feedback and would benefit the organization of socially complex group dynamics among species. Interestingly, several studies have explored these ideas in context of the ‘expensive tissue hypothesis’ related to energy constraints (Isler and Schaik 2006, Isler and Van Schaik 2006). Moreover, Isler and Van Schaik (2009) propose a ‘grey ceiling’ hypothesis to explain the counter-intuitive patterns found in birds that may push the limits on maintaining relatively larger brains through benefits conferred via social interactions that can increase lifetime fitness. The ‘grey ceiling’ hypothesis also holds implications for connections between physical energy and metabolic links between individuals and limits of population growth rates (Isler and Van Schaik 2009).
A recent study tested the social complexity hypothesis in non-human primate species (N = 140) by comparing metrics of social complexity with brain size, and controlling for the influences of body size and diet (DeCasien et al. 2017). Additionally, DeCasien et al. (2017) found that frugivorous species had larger brains than folivorous species, and that diet was overall, a stronger predictor of brain size than social complexity. Given these findings in primates, it would be very interesting to test whether the social complexity hypothesis using data from bird species that vary among taxa in their social complexity, life-history and primary foraging type, physiology, and brain size. In a previous study, Beauchamp and Fernández-Juricic (2004) compared avian brain mass to mean group size was unable to find a relationship, suggesting that ecological factors (e.g., diet and physiological constraints) may have played a more important role in shaping observed evolutionary patterns of brain size and neuron density in birds.
Here, we test the social complexity hypothesis and its explanatory power of the evolution of increased brain size and neuron density. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between avian body mass (g) and various region-specific avian brain metrics and the metabolic scaling relationships for frugivores and non-frugivores such as, brain mass (g), number of neurons, and neuronal densities (neurons per mg). The study then will model these relationships while controlling for phylogenetic relationships among species, social behavior covariates, and migratory behavior.
Methods
We compiled information for unique bird species (N = 1,707) ranging in body size, brain mass, diet, social complexity, and migratory behavior (see Appendix A). For all analyses, values were transformed using a natural log transformation to visualize non-linear relationships on a log-log scale. This is useful for comparison to previously-described non-linear scaling exponents (and their variation) relative to ‘universal’ scaling laws (West et al. 1997, West and Brown 2005, Glazier 2008).
Comparative avian brain data
We compiled data from previous studies on multiple species that included whole brain mass (Symonds et al. 2016), whole brain mass and region-specific brain volumes (Boire and Baron 1994), and whole brain mass, region-specific brain masses, and neuron abundance and density (Olkowicz et al. 2016). Other sources of brain data include a large data set from Sayol et al. (2016) of body mass and brain volume (cm^3).
Diet classification of species into categories
We followed previously used methods that quantified avian diets and classified species into foraging guilds based on the species’ diet constituents (Şekercioğlu et al. 2004, Daniel Kissling et al. 2009, Sayol et al. 2016). Documented food items identified in dietary studies that examined gut contents, fecal sample, or used other methods (e.g., stable isotopes) were organized into the broad categories, which we then collapsed into either a binary categorical variable: Frugivore or Non-frugivore. Frugivores here, are defined as any species that has any documented fruits within the diet, and hence include many omnivorous species. Conversely, non-frugivores are defined as species having no fruits within the diet.
Migratory behavior classification
We used a combination of data from Şekercioğlu et al. (2004), Sayol et al. (2016), and data from http://www.birdlife.org/ to designate species as either Migratory, Non-migratory, or Unknown.
Next Steps:
- Look at plots of residuals from log-log regressions *generate plots that compare mean and var of scaling exponents, similar to Glazier (2008)
- Add group size, developmental (i.e., precocial, semi-precocial, altricial, semi-altricial) covariates, lifespan, etc. for use in phylogenetic regression models, to test for differences between frugivore and non-frugivores compile population growth rates (means for families), beyond scope of this paper, but will be needed to explore ‘gray ceiling’ hypothesis more fully Begin draft of manuscript
Set up data for fitting models for phylogenetic least squares regression.
tree<-birdsTree[[1]]
#fix tip.label
tree$tip.label<-gsub("_"," ",tree$tip.label)
#combine tree and data
new.data<-data[,c("Scientific_Name","LogBody_mass","LogBrain_mass","Num_neurons","Neurons_per_mg","Diet","Migrant")]
#remove duplicates
new.data<-new.data[!duplicated(new.data$Scientific_Name),]
bird.data<-comparative.data(tree, new.data, Scientific_Name, vcv=TRUE)Fit some exploratory models
Fit regression model: Brain_mass
mod1<-pgls(formula = LogBrain_mass ~ LogBody_mass+Diet*Migrant, data = bird.data)
summary(mod1)##
## Call:
## pgls(formula = LogBrain_mass ~ LogBody_mass + Diet * Migrant,
## data = bird.data)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.18172 -0.10765 -0.00899 0.09965 0.33667
##
## Branch length transformations:
##
## kappa [Fix] : 1.000
## lambda [Fix] : 1.000
## delta [Fix] : 1.000
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -8.06784 1.65066 -4.8876 8.903e-05 ***
## LogBody_mass 1.07549 0.18441 5.8320 1.049e-05 ***
## DietNon-frugivore 4.14157 1.37358 3.0152 0.006838 **
## MigrantNon-migratory 0.83247 0.45773 1.8187 0.083966 .
## DietNon-frugivore:MigrantNon-migratory -4.62095 1.56467 -2.9533 0.007859 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1573 on 20 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7092, Adjusted R-squared: 0.651
## F-statistic: 12.19 on 4 and 20 DF, p-value: 3.502e-05Fit regression model: Num_neurons
mod2<-pgls(formula =log(Num_neurons) ~ LogBody_mass+Diet*Migrant, data = bird.data)
summary(mod2)##
## Call:
## pgls(formula = log(Num_neurons) ~ LogBody_mass + Diet * Migrant,
## data = bird.data)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.45252 -0.21396 0.01461 0.20430 0.48597
##
## Branch length transformations:
##
## kappa [Fix] : 1.000
## lambda [Fix] : 1.000
## delta [Fix] : 1.000
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.10562 2.96688 3.0691 0.0060542 **
## LogBody_mass 1.31785 0.33146 3.9759 0.0007443 ***
## DietNon-frugivore 5.94000 2.46886 2.4060 0.0259209 *
## MigrantNon-migratory -0.58678 0.82272 -0.7132 0.4839508
## DietNon-frugivore:MigrantNon-migratory -5.52683 2.81231 -1.9652 0.0634304 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2827 on 20 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4631, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3557
## F-statistic: 4.313 on 4 and 20 DF, p-value: 0.0112Fit regression model: Neuronal density
mod3<-pgls(formula =log(Neurons_per_mg) ~ LogBody_mass+Diet*Migrant, data = bird.data)
summary(mod3)##
## Call:
## pgls(formula = log(Neurons_per_mg) ~ LogBody_mass + Diet * Migrant,
## data = bird.data)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.37909 -0.14490 0.01272 0.12694 0.24354
##
## Branch length transformations:
##
## kappa [Fix] : 1.000
## lambda [Fix] : 1.000
## delta [Fix] : 1.000
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 10.26869 2.02154 5.0796 5.725e-05 ***
## LogBody_mass 0.24195 0.22585 1.0713 0.29679
## DietNon-frugivore 1.79628 1.68221 1.0678 0.29833
## MigrantNon-migratory -1.41951 0.56058 -2.5322 0.01982 *
## DietNon-frugivore:MigrantNon-migratory -0.88884 1.91623 -0.4638 0.64777
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1926 on 20 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2938, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1525
## F-statistic: 2.08 on 4 and 20 DF, p-value: 0.1215Body mass (g) vs. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Figure 2. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) for species (N = 533) from (McNab 2009).
Figure 3. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) for species (N = 533) for frugivore and non-frugivore species from (McNab 2009).
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) vs. Brain Volume (cm^3)
Figure 4. Log-log relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and brain volume (cm^3) for birds (N = 192) from (McNab 2009; Sayol et al. 2016).
Figure 5. Log-log relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and brain volume (cm^3) for species (N = 192) of frugivores and non-frugivores (McNab 2009; Sayol et al. 2016).
Body mass (g) vs. Brain volume (cm^3)
Figure 6. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain volume (cm^3) for birds (N = 1,218) from (Sayol et al. 2016).
Figure 7. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain volume (cm^3) for birds (N = 1,218) of frugivores and non-frugivores (Sayol et al. 2016).
Body mass (g) vs. Brain mass (g)
Figure 8. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain mass (g) for birds (N = 490) compiled from (Boire and Baron 1994; Olkowicz et al. 2016; Symonds et al. 2016).
Figure 9. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain mass (g) for birds among brain regions (N = 490) compiled from (Boire and Baron 1994; Olkowicz et al. 2016; Symonds et al. 2016).
Figure 10. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain mass (g) for birds (N = 490) for frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from (Boire and Baron 1994; Olkowicz et al. 2016; Symonds et al. 2016).
Figure 11. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and brain volume (cm^3) for birds among brain regions (N = 490) for frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from (Boire and Baron 1994; Olkowicz et al. 2016; Symonds et al. 2016).
Body mass (g) vs. Number of neurons
Figure 12. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and number of neurons for birds (N = 28) data from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 13. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and number of neurons for birds (N = 28) for birds among respective brain regions (N = 28) compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 14. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and number of neurons for birds (N = 28) for birds (N = 28) between frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 15. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and and number of neurons for birds (N = 28) for birds among respective brain regions between frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Body mass (g) vs. Neuronal density (neurons per mg)
Figure 16. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and nueronal density (neurons per mg) for birds (N = 28) data from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 17. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and nueronal density (neurons per mg) for birds (N = 28) among respective brain regions compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 18. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and neuronal density (neurons/mg) for birds (N = 28) between frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 19. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and neuronal density (neurons/mg) for birds (N = 28) among brain regions between frugivore and non-frugivore species, data compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
Figure 20. Log-log relationship between body mass (g) and neuronal density (neurons/mg) for birds (N = 28) among brain regions between migrants and non-migratory species, data compiled from Olkowicz et al. 2016.
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Appendices
Appendix A. List of unique species (N = 1,707) with compiled brain mass data with respective diet and migratory behavior information.
| Scientific_Name | Diet | Migrant |
|---|---|---|
| Abroscopus albogularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthagenys rufogularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza chrysorrhoa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza ewingii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza inornata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza lineata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza nana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza pusilla | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza reguloides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthiza uropygialis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter cirrocephalus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter cooperii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Accipiter fasciatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter gentilis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter haplochrous | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Accipiter striatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Acridotheres tristis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Acrocephalus arundinaceus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Actitis hypoleucos | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Actitis macularius | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aechmophorus occidentalis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aegithina tiphia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aegolius acadicus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aegolius funereus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aegotheles cristatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aeronautes saxatalis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aethopyga nipalensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agapornis fischeri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agapornis lilianae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agapornis personatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agapornis roseicollis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agelaioides badius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Agelaius phoeniceus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ailuroedus crassirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ailuroedus melanotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aix galericulata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aix sponsa | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Alcedo atthis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Alcedo azurea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Alcippe nipalensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Alectoris chukar | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Alectura lathami | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Alisterus scapularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amalocichla incerta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amandava amandava | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amaurolimnas concolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amaurornis olivacea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazilia tzacatl | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona aestiva | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona albifrons | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona autumnalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona farinosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona leucocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona vinacea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amazona vittata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amblycercus holosericeus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amblyornis macgregoriae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amblyramphus holosericeus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Amphispiza bilineata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas acuta | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas americana | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas castanea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas clypeata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas crecca | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas discors | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas eatoni | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas flavirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas gracilis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas laysanensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas platalea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas platyrhynchos | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas rhynchotis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas smithii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas strepera | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas superciliosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anas versicolor | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Anas wyvilliana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Andigena hypoglauca | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anhinga melanogaster | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anser albifrons | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Anser fabalis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Anthochaera carunculata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anthochaera chrysoptera | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anthracothorax dominicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anthreptes malacensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anthus novaeseelandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Anthus trivialis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Anumbius annumbi | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aphelocephala leucopsis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aphelocephala nigricincta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aphelocoma coerulescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aphelocoma ultramarina | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aphrastura spinicauda | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aprosmictus erythropterus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Apus apus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aquila audax | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aquila chrysaetos | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ara ararauna | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Arachnothera longirostra | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aramides cajanea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aramides ypecaha | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aramus guarauna | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aratinga finschi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aratinga solstitialis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ardea cinerea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ardea herodias | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ardea pacifica | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ardeotis australis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Arenaria interpres | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Arenaria melanocephala | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Arremon aurantiirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Arremon brunneinucha | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Arremonops conirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Arses telescophthalmus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus cinereus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus cyanopterus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus leucorynchus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus maximus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus minor | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus personatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Artamus superciliosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Asio flammeus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Asio otus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Athene cunicularia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Attila spadiceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Auriparus flaviceps | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Automolus infuscatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Automolus ochrolaemus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aviceda subcristata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aythya affinis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aythya americana | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aythya australis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Aythya collaris | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Aythya valisineria | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Baeolophus bicolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bambusicola thoracicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Barnardius zonarius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bartramia longicauda | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Baryphthengus ruficapillus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Basileuterus culicivorus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Batis capensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Biziura lobata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bolbopsittacus lunulatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bombycilla cedrorum | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Bombycilla garrulus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Bonasa umbellus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Botaurus lentiginosus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Botaurus poiciloptilus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Brachygalba lugubris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Brachypteryx montana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Branta bernicla | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Branta canadensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Brotogeris jugularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bubo virginianus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Bucephala albeola | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Bucephala islandica | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buceros hydrocorax | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Burhinus bistriatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Burhinus grallarius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Buteo buteo | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo jamaicensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo lagopus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo lineatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo magnirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Buteo platypterus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo regalis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteo swainsoni | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteogallus anthracinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Buteogallus urubitinga | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua galerita | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua haematuropygia | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua leadbeateri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua moluccensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua pastinator | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua roseicapilla | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua sanguinea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacatua tenuirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacomantis castaneiventris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacomantis flabelliformis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cacomantis variolosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cairina moschata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Calamanthus fuliginosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Calamospiza melanocorys | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calandrella cinerea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Calidris acuminata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris alba | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris bairdii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris canutus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris ferruginea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris fuscicollis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris himantopus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris mauri | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris melanotos | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris minuta | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris minutilla | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris pusilla | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris ruficollis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris subminuta | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Calidris tenuirostris | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Callipepla californica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Callipepla gambelii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Callocephalon fimbriatum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Calyptorhynchus baudinii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Calyptorhynchus latirostris | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Campephaga phoenicea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Campephilus guatemalensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Campylopterus largipennis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Campylorhamphus pusillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Caprimulgus carolinensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Caprimulgus europaeus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Caprimulgus macrurus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Caprimulgus vociferus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Caracara plancus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cardellina rubrifrons | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Carduelis carduelis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Carduelis flammea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Carduelis pinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Carpodacus mexicanus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Carpodacus purpureus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Caryothraustes poliogaster | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cathartes aura | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Catharus fuscescens | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Catoptrophorus semipalmatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Celeus castaneus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Centrocercus urophasianus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Centropus bengalensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Centropus phasianinus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cercomacra nigrescens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cercomacra tyrannina | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cereopsis novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Certhia familiaris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Certhiaxis cinnamomeus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Certhionyx niger | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Certhionyx variegatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ceyx lepidus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chalcophaps indica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chalcophaps stephani | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chamaea fasciata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius alexandrinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius australis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius bicinctus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius falklandicus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius leschenaultii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius melodus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius modestus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius mongolus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius pecuarius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius ruficapillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius semipalmatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius tricollaris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charadrius vociferus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charadrius wilsonia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Charmosyna papou | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Charmosyna pulchella | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chelidoptera tenebrosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chen caerulescens | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Chen rossii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chenonetta jubata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cheramoeca leucosterna | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chersomanes albofasciata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chionis albus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chionis minor | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chiroxiphia linearis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlamydera maculata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlamydera nuchalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlidonias hybrida | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chloephaga hybrida | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Chloephaga poliocephala | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Chloroceryle amazona | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chloroceryle americana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlorophonia cyanea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chloropsis palawanensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlorospingus ophthalmicus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlorospingus pileatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chlorostilbon ricordii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chordeiles minor | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chrysococcyx basalis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chrysococcyx lucidus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chrysococcyx minutillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chrysococcyx osculans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chrysocolaptes lucidus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chrysolophus pictus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Chthonicola sagittatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cicinnurus regius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cinclidium leucurum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cinclodes fuscus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cinclodes patagonicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cincloramphus cruralis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cinclosoma punctatum | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Circus aeruginosus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Circus cyaneus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cisticola exilis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cisticola fulvicapilla | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cladorhynchus leucocephalus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Claravis pretiosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Climacteris melanurus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Climacteris picumnus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Climacteris rufus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Clytorhynchus pachycephaloides | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coccothraustes vespertinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coccyzus americanus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Coccyzus erythropthalmus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Coccyzus vetula | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coereba flaveola | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Colaptes auratus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Colinus virginianus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Colius striatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Collocalia esculenta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Collocalia spodiopygia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Colluricincla harmonica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Colluricincla megarhyncha | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Colonia colonus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columba arquatrix | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columba guinea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columba leucomela | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columba livia | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columba palumbus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Columba vitiensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columbina inca | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columbina minuta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columbina passerina | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columbina picui | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Columbina talpacoti | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Conopophaga lineata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Conopophila albogularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Contopus latirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Copsychus saularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coracias garrulus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Coracina caledonica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coracina maxima | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coracina novaehollandiae | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Coracina tenuirostris | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Coragyps atratus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corcorax melanorhamphos | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cormobates leucophaea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus albus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus bennetti | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus brachyrhynchos | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus caurinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus corax | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus corone | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus coronoides | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus cryptoleucus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus dauuricus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus frugilegus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus mellori | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus monedula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Corvus moneduloides | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus orru | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corvus ossifragus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coryphistera alaudina | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coryphospingus cucullatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Corythaixoides concolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cossypha caffra | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coturnicops noveboracensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Coturnix chinensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Coturnix coturnix | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Coturnix pectoralis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cracticus nigrogularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cracticus quoyi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cracticus torquatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Crateroscelis nigrorufa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Crex crex | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Crotophaga ani | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cuculus canorus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Cuculus pallidus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cuculus saturatus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Culicicapa helianthea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanerpes cyaneus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanocitta cristata | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Cyanocitta stelleri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanocorax affinis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanopica cyanus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanoramphus auriceps | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyanoramphus unicolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyclarhis gujanensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyclopsitta diophthalma | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyclopsitta gulielmitertii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cygnus atratus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cygnus buccinator | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cygnus columbianus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Cygnus cygnus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cymbilaimus lineatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyornis rubeculoides | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Cyphorhinus arada | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Cyrtonyx montezumae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dacelo leachii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dacelo novaeguineae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Daphoenositta chrysoptera | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dasyornis brachypterus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dasyornis broadbenti | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendragapus canadensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendragapus obscurus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendrocincla fuliginosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendrocolaptes certhia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendrocopos major | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendrocygna arcuata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendrocygna eytoni | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dendroica caerulescens | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Dendroica petechia | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Dendroplex picus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Deroptyus accipitrinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dicaeum aeruginosum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dicaeum hirundinaceum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dinopium javanense | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dromaius novaehollandiae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Drymodes brunneopygia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dryocopus pileatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dryoscopus cubla | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ducula aenea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ducula bicolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ducula goliath | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ducula melanochroa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ducula pacifica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dulus dominicus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Dumetella carolinensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Dysithamnus mentalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eclectus roratus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Egretta novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Elaenia frantzii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Elaenia martinica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Elanus axillaris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Empidonax minimus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Enicognathus ferrugineus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Enicurus scouleri | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Entomyzon cyanotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eopsaltria australis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eopsaltria georgiana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eopsaltria griseogularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Epinecrophylla fulviventris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Epthianura aurifrons | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Epthianura tricolor | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Eremophila alpestris | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Erithacus rubecula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Erythrogonys cinctus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Erythropygia coryphaeus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Erythrura gouldiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Erythrura trichroa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Esacus giganteus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Estrilda melpoda | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eudynamys scolopaceus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Eudynamys taitensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Eulampis holosericeus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eulampis jugularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Euneornis campestris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eunymphicus uvaeensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Euphagus carolinus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Euphagus cyanocephalus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Euphonia jamaica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eurostopodus argus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eurostopodus macrotis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Eurostopodus mystacalis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco berigora | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Falco cenchroides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Falco columbarius | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco eleonorae | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco longipennis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Falco mexicanus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco naumanni | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco peregrinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco sparverius | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco subbuteo | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco subniger | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Falco tinnunculus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falco vespertinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Falcunculus frontatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ficedula albicollis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Formicarius analis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Formicarius colma | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Forpus passerinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Foudia madagascariensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Francolinus sephaena | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Fringilla coelebs | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Fulica atra | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Furnarius rufus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Galbula albirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Galerida cristata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallicolumba beccarii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallinago gallinago | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Gallinago hardwickii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Gallinago nobilis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallinago undulata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallinula chloropus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Gallinula melanops | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallinula tenebrosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallinula ventralis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallirallus australis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallirallus owstoni | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallirallus philippensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallus gallus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Garrulus glandarius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gavia immer | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Gavia stellata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Geococcyx californianus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geoffroyus geoffroyi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geopelia cuneata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geopelia humeralis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geopelia striata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geophaps plumifera | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geophaps smithii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geositta cunicularia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geothlypis trichas | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Geotrygon chrysia | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geotrygon costaricensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Geotrygon montana | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gerygone flavolateralis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gerygone hypoxantha | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glaucidium gnoma | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glaucis hirsutus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glossopsitta concinna | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glossopsitta porphyrocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glossopsitta pusilla | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Glyphorynchus spirurus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gracula religiosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Grallaria quitensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Grallina bruijni | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Grallina cyanoleuca | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Grantiella picta | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Grus antigone | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Grus canadensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Grus virgo | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Guaruba guarouba | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Guira guira | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gymnocichla nudiceps | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gymnophaps albertisii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gymnorhina tibicen | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Habia fuscicauda | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haematopus ater | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haematopus bachmani | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haematopus leucopodus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Haematopus longirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haematopus ostralegus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Halcyon smyrnensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Haliaeetus leucogaster | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Haliastur indus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Harpactes ardens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Harpactes erythrocephalus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Harpagus bidentatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Helmitheros vermivorum | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hemithraupis guira | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Henicophaps albifrons | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Henicorhina leucosticta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Herpetotheres cachinnans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Heteromyias albispecularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Heteroscelus brevipes | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Heteroscelus incanus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hieraaetus morphnoides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hippolais icterina | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Hirundapus caudacutus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hirundo ariel | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hirundo neoxena | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hirundo rustica | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Histrionicus histrionicus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hylacola pyrrhopygia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hylocichla mustelina | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Hylophylax naevius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hymenops perspicillatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Hypocnemis cantator | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Hypothymis azurea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Icterus galbula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Icterus spurius | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Ifrita kowaldi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Irena puella | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Iridosornis rufivertex | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ixobrychus minutus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ixos philippinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Jacamerops aureus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Jacana spinosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Junco hyemalis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Jynx torquilla | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Lagopus lagopus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Lagopus muta | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lalage sueurii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lanius collurio | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Lanius cristatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Lanius ludovicianus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Lanius senator | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus argentatus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus atricilla | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus californicus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus canus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus delawarensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus fuscus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus hartlaubii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Larus maculipennis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus minutus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus novaehollandiae | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus philadelphia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus pipixcan | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Larus thayeri | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Laterallus albigularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lathamus discolor | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Leipoa ocellata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lepidocolaptes affinis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lepidocolaptes souleyetii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leptoptilos dubius | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Leptotila cassini | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leptotila jamaicensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leptotila plumbeiceps | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leptotila rufaxilla | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leptotila verreauxi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leucopternis albicollis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Leucosarcia melanoleuca | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lewinia pectoralis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus chrysops | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus cratitius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus flavescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus flavus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus frenatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus hindwoodi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus keartlandi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus leucotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus melanops | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus ornatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus penicillatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus unicolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichenostomus virescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lichmera indistincta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Limicola falcinellus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limnodromus griseus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limnodromus scolopaceus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limnothlypis swainsonii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limosa fedoa | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limosa haemastica | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Limosa lapponica | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Lipaugus vociferans | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lonchura cucullata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lonchura malacca | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lophodytes cucullatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Lopholaimus antarcticus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lophonetta specularioides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lophura diardi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Loriculus galgulus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Loriculus philippensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lorius garrulus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Lorius lory | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Loxia curvirostra | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Loxia leucoptera | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Loxigilla violacea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Loxipasser anoxanthus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Luscinia megarhynchos | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Lybius torquatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Machetornis rixosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Macrodipteryx vexillarius | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Macronous gularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Macropygia amboinensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Macropygia phasianella | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malacoptila panamensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malacorhynchus membranaceus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus alboscapulatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus coronatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus cyaneus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus elegans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus lamberti | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus leucopterus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus melanocephalus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus pulcherrimus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Malurus splendens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manacus candei | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manacus manacus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manacus vitellinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manorina flavigula | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manorina melanocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Manorina melanophrys | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Margarops fuscatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Margarops fuscus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mecocerculus leucophrys | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megaceryle alcyon | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Megaceryle torquata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megalaima lineata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megalurus gramineus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megalurus palustris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megarynchus pitangua | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megascops asio | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megascops choliba | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Megascops nudipes | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanerpes carolinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanerpes formicivorus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanerpes lewis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Melanerpes striatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanitta fusca | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Melanitta perspicillata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Melanocharis nigra | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanocharis striativentris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanodryas cucullata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanodryas vittata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melanoptila glabrirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Meleagris gallopavo | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melilestes megarhynchus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Meliphaga gracilis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Meliphaga lewinii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Meliphaga notata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melithreptus albogularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melithreptus brevirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melithreptus lunatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melopsittacus undulatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Melopyrrha nigra | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Menura novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mergus merganser | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Merops orientalis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Merops ornatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Mesembrinibis cayennensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mesophoyx intermedia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Micrathene whitneyi | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Microeca fascinans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Microeca flavigaster | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Microeca papuana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Microhierax erythrogenys | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Micropsitta pusio | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Milvago chimango | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Milvus migrans | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Mimus polyglottos | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Minla ignotincta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mionectes oleagineus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mitrephanes phaeocercus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Mniotilta varia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Molothrus ater | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Molothrus oryzivorus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Monachella muelleriana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Monarcha guttula | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Monarcha melanopsis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Monarcha trivirgatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Monasa nigrifrons | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Motacilla alba | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Muscicapa striata | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Muscisaxicola alpinus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myadestes genibarbis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myadestes townsendi | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Myiagra alecto | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiagra caledonica | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiagra cyanoleuca | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Myiagra inquieta | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiagra rubecula | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Myiarchus cinerascens | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Myiarchus stolidus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiarchus tuberculifer | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiarchus tyrannulus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiarchus validus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiobius barbatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myioborus pictus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Myiodynastes maculatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiopagis cotta | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiophobus fasciatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiopsitta monachus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myiozetetes similis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myrmeciza exsul | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myrmeciza ferruginea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myrmotherula axillaris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myzomela obscura | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Myzomela sanguinolenta | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nannopsittaca panychlora | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nectarinia calcostetha | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nectarinia jugularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nectarinia olivacea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nectarinia violacea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neochen jubata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neochmia phaeton | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neochmia temporalis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neophema chrysostoma | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neophema elegans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neophema pulchella | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neophema splendida | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neopsephotus bourkii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Neopsittacus musschenbroekii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nesospingus speculiferus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nestor notabilis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Netta rufina | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Nettapus pulchellus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ninox boobook | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ninox connivens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ninox jacquinoti | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ninox squamipila | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ninox strenua | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Northiella haematogaster | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nothoprocta ornata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nothura maculosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Numenius americanus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Numenius madagascariensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Numenius phaeopus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Numida meleagris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nyctanassa violacea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Nyctibius griseus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nycticorax caledonicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nyctidromus albicollis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nyctiphrynus ocellatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nyctiprogne leucopyga | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Nymphicus hollandicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ocyphaps lophotes | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oenanthe oenanthe | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Onychorhynchus coronatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oreocharis arfaki | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oreoica gutturalis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oreopsittacus arfaki | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oreortyx pictus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Origma solitaria | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oriolus flavocinctus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oriolus sagittatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ortalis canicollis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Orthonyx temminckii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Orthopsittaca manilata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Orthorhyncus cristatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oryzoborus angolensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Otus bakkamoena | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Otus scops | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Oxyura australis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Oxyura jamaicensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Oxyura maccoa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephala olivacea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephala pectoralis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephala rufiventris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephala rufogularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephala simplex | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachycephalopsis poliosoma | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachyramphus niger | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pachyramphus polychopterus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Padda oryzivora | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pandion haliaetus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Parabuteo unicinctus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pardalotus punctatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pardalotus striatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Parotia lawesii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Parula americana | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Parus atricapillus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Parus gambeli | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Parus hudsonicus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Parus major | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Passer domesticus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Passer hispaniolensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Passer montanus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Passerina cyanea | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Patagioenas cayennensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Patagioenas fasciata | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Patagioenas leucocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Patagioenas maculosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Patagioenas picazuro | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Patagioenas squamosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pelargopsis capensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Penelope purpurascens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Penelopides panini | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Peneothello cyanus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pericrocotus ethologus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Perisoreus canadensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Perissocephalus tricolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Petrochelidon fulva | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Petroica goodenovii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Petroica multicolor | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Petroica phoenicea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Petroica rodinogaster | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Petroica rosea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Pezoporus wallicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phacellodomus ruber | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaenicophaeus curvirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaenicophaeus superciliosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaenicophilus palmarum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaethornis superciliosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phainopepla nitens | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phalacrocorax africanus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalacrocorax atriceps | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phalacrocorax carbo | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phalacrocorax melanoleucos | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalacrocorax sulcirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalacrocorax urile | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalacrocorax varius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalaropus lobatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phalcoboenus australis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phapitreron amethystinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phapitreron leucotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaps chalcoptera | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaps elegans | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phaps histrionica | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phasianus colchicus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pheucticus ludovicianus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Philemon argenticeps | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Philemon buceroides | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Philemon citreogularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Philemon corniculatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Philemon diemenensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Philomachus pugnax | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phleocryptes melanops | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phoenicopterus roseus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Phoeniculus purpureus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phrygilus patagonicus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phylidonyris niger | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phyllastrephus terrestris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phylloscopus bonelli | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phylloscopus collybita | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Phytotoma rutila | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Piaya cayana | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pica pica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picoides arcticus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picoides pubescens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picoides scalaris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picoides tridactylus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picoides villosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Piculus flavigula | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picumnus temminckii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Picus canus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pinicola enucleator | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pionites leucogaster | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pionites melanocephalus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pionus menstruus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pionus senilis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pipilo erythrophthalmus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pipra erythrocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pipra fasciicauda | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pipra mentalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pipra pipra | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Piranga ludoviciana | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pitangus sulphuratus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pithys albifrons | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pitohui dichrous | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pitohui ferrugineus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pitta sordida | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Pitta versicolor | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Platalea alba | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platalea regia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus adscitus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus caledonicus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus elegans | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus eximius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus icterotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platycercus venustus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platyrinchus cancrominus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Platyrinchus mystaceus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Plegadis chihi | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Plegadis falcinellus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Ploceus cucullatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pluvialis apricaria | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pluvialis dominica | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pluvialis fulva | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pluvialis squatarola | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Podager nacunda | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Podargus strigoides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Podiceps cristatus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Podiceps grisegena | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Podiceps nigricollis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Poecilodryas albonotata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poecilodryas cerviniventris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poecilodryas placens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poecilodryas superciliosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poephila acuticauda | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poephila personata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poicephalus gulielmi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poicephalus meyeri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poicephalus robustus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Polihierax semitorquatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Poliocephalus poliocephalus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Polioptila caerulea | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Polysticta stelleri | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Polytelis alexandrae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Polytelis anthopeplus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Polytelis swainsonii | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pomatorhinus ruficollis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pomatostomus halli | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pomatostomus isidorei | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pomatostomus superciliosus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pooecetes gramineus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Poospiza nigrorufa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Porphyrio martinica | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Porphyrio porphyrio | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Porzana atra | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Porzana fluminea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Prionochilus plateni | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Prionops plumatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Progne subis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Prunella modularis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Psaltriparus minimus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psarocolius montezuma | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psephotus chrysopterygius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psephotus dissimilis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psephotus haematonotus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psephotus varius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Pseudoleistes virescens | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pseudotriccus pelzelni | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittacula columboides | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittacula cyanocephala | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittacula eupatria | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittacula krameri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittaculirostris edwardsii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psittacus erithacus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psitteuteles versicolor | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psophodes cristatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Psophodes olivaceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pteroglossus castanotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pteroglossus torquatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus insularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus leclancheri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus magnificus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus occipitalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus ornatus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus porphyraceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus pulchellus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus regina | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus rivoli | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilinopus superbus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptilonorhynchus violaceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptiloprora guisei | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptiloris magnificus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptiloris paradiseus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ptiloris victoriae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pycnoptilus floccosus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pyriglena leuconota | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pyrilia caica | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pyrilia haematotis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pyrrholaemus brunneus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pyrrhura frontalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Querula purpurata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Quiscalus major | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Quiscalus mexicanus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Quiscalus quiscula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Rallus aquaticus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Ramphastos sulfuratus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ramphastos vitellinus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ramphocaenus melanurus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ramphocelus flammigerus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Ramsayornis modestus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Recurvirostra americana | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Recurvirostra avosetta | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Recurvirostra novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Regulus calendula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Regulus regulus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Regulus satrapa | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Reinwardtoena browni | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhea americana | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhinomyias gularis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhipidura atra | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhipidura fuliginosa | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Rhipidura rufifrons | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Rhipidura rufiventris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhodinocichla rosea | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rhynchotus rufescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Riparia riparia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Rollandia rolland | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rostratula benghalensis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Rynchops niger | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sagittarius serpentarius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sakesphorus luctuosus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Salpinctes obsoletus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Saltator maximus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sarcops calvus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sasia abnormis | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Saxicola torquatus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sayornis saya | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Scenopoeetes dentirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Schiffornis turdina | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Schistocichla leucostigma | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sclerurus mexicanus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Scolopax minor | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Scytalopus unicolor | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Scythrops novaehollandiae | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Seiurus aurocapilla | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Selasphorus rufus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sericornis citreogularis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sericornis frontalis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sericornis magnirostra | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sericornis perspicillatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sericulus chrysocephalus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Serinus flaviventris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Serinus serinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Setophaga ruticilla | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sialia mexicana | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sialia sialis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sigelus silens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sitta canadensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sitta carolinensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sitta pygmaea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sittasomus griseicapillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Smicrornis brevirostris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Speculanas specularis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sphecotheres viridis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Spheniscus magellanicus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sphyrapicus nuchalis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sphyrapicus varius | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Spindalis zena | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Spiza americana | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Stachyris whiteheadi | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Steganopus tricolor | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Stercorarius parasiticus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Stercorarius pomarinus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna albifrons | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna aleutica | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna caspia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna forsteri | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna hirundo | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna maxima | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sterna trudeaui | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Stictonetta naevosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Stigmatopelia chinensis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Stiltia isabella | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Strepera fuliginosa | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strepera graculina | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strepera versicolor | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Streptopelia decaocto | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Streptopelia orientalis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Streptopelia turtur | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Streptoprocne zonaris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strix aluco | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strix nebulosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strix nigrolineata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strix varia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Strix virgata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Struthidea cinerea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sturnella neglecta | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Sturnus vulgaris | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Surnia ulula | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Sylvia atricapilla | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sylvia borin | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sylvia communis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Sylvia curruca | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Syma torotoro | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Synallaxis brachyura | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Syndactyla guttulata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Syrigma sibilatrix | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tachornis phoenicobia | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tachybaptus novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tachycineta bicolor | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Tachycineta thalassina | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tachyeres leucocephalus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tachyeres patachonicus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tachyeres pteneres | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tachyphonus delatrii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tadorna radjah | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tadorna tadorna | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tadorna tadornoides | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tadorna variegata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Taeniopygia bichenovii | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Taeniopygia guttata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tanygnathus lucionensis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tanysiptera sylvia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Taraba major | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Telophorus zeylonus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tephrodornis pondicerianus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Terpsiphone atrocaudata | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Thalurania furcata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thamnomanes caesius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thamnophilus caerulescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thamnophilus punctatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thraupis episcopus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Threnetes ruckeri | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Threskiornis molucca | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thryomanes bewickii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Thryothorus ludovicianus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Thryothorus nigricapillus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tiaris olivaceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tigrisoma lineatum | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tinamus major | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tityra cayana | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tityra semifasciata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tockus erythrorhynchus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tockus flavirostris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todiramphus chloris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todiramphus macleayii | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Todiramphus pyrrhopygius | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todiramphus sanctus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Todirostrum cinereum | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todus mexicanus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todus subulatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Todus todus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tolmomyias sulphurescens | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Touit dilectissimus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Touit purpuratus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Toxorhamphus poliopterus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Toxostoma curvirostre | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trachyphonus vaillantii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tregellasia capito | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tregellasia leucops | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Treron curvirostra | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Treron formosae | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Treron fulvicollis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trichodere cockerelli | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trichoglossus haematodus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tricholaema leucomelas | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trichothraupis melanops | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tringa flavipes | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tringa glareola | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tringa melanoleuca | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tringa nebularia | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tringa solitaria | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Tringa stagnatilis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Trochilus polytmus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Troglodytes troglodytes | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Trogon massena | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trogon violaceus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Trogon viridis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tryngites subruficollis | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Turdoides jardineii | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turdus lherminieri | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turdus merula | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Turdus migratorius | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Turdus philomelos | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Turdus pilaris | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Turdus viscivorus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Turnix pyrrhothorax | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turnix suscitator | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turnix varius | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turnix velox | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turtur brehmeri | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Turtur tympanistria | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tympanuchus phasianellus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tyrannus dominicensis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Tyrannus verticalis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Tyto alba | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tyto longimembris | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tyto novaehollandiae | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Tyto tenebricosa | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus armatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus cayanus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus coronatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus miles | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus senegallus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus tricolor | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vanellus vanellus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Vermivora peregrina | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Vidua paradisaea | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vini stepheni | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Vireo altiloquus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Vireo magister | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Volatinia jacarina | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Willisornis poecilinotus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Wilsonia citrina | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Xanthomyza phrygia | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Xanthotis flaviventer | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Xanthotis macleayanus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Xenops minutus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Xenus cinereus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Xiphorhynchus guttatus | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Xolmis pyrope | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zenaida asiatica | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zenaida auriculata | Non-frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Zenaida aurita | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Zenaida macroura | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Zonotrichia albicollis | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zonotrichia leucophrys | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zoothera heinei | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Zoothera lunulata | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Zoothera naevia | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zosterops japonicus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Zosterops lateralis | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Alectoris chuckar | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Cacatua goffini | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Caprimulgus sp. | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Carduelis chloris | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chaerura pelagica | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chlorostilbon melisugus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Chrysolophus picrus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Columbo livia | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Gallus domesticus | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Parus ater | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Parus caeruleus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Parus cristatus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Parus palustris | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Pavo meleagris | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Phalacrocorax auritus | Non-frugivore | Migratory |
| Pionus mensrruus | Frugivore | Migratory |
| Streptopelia risoria | Frugivore | Non-migratory |
| Taenipygia guttata | Frugivore | Migratory |