- test statistic: “the distance between the data and the model prediction” — \(T,\space Z,\space X^2,\space \text{etc.}\) (Greenland et al, 2016)
- p-value: “probability that the chosen test statistic would have been at least as large as its observed value if every model assumption were correct” (Greenland et al, 2016)
- confidence interval: “over infinite repeated sampling, and in the absence of selection, information, and confounding bias, the \(\alpha\)-level confidence interval will include the true value in \(\alpha\)% of the samples for which it is calculated” (Naimi & Whitcomb, 2020)
- p-value function: “testing all hypotheses null and non-null and recording the corresponding P values…[and] plotting the result[s]” (Infanger & Schmidt-Trucksäss, 2019)