About This Project

I’ve always been interested in sports aesthetics. Years ago I wondered which cities are the most aligned when taking into account all of their team’s colors, and some random conversations with friends about this topic eventually turned into this project. The following is a summary of the main team colors for each team in MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLS within each North American city (with at least two professional teams). I have listed various important notes about the methodology first, but feel free to skip ahead to the City Color Combinations or Main Findings sections!

Methodology: I found a good source for team color codes and assigned each team three main colors (though some teams only had one or two colors listed). I then used a Euclidean distance formula to determine the difference in each team’s colors within each city. To do that, I took the difference in the primary color among all pairs of teams within the city and arrived at the average. I did the same for the secondary and tertiary colors, where able. This left me with a difference score for each set of colors for each city. I then took the average/median (more on this later) of the scores for the first two colors as well as for all three, and that told me which cities are the most cohesive and which have the most differences among teams.

Color Perception: I did not anticipate just how much I would learn about differences in colors and how the human eye perceives them. I thought I could use a simple formula, but earlier iterations of this project just didn’t sit right with me. I ended up using a simpler version (CIE76) of the “Delta E” model (see the link from the Methodology section), and I think it works quite well. It definitely isn’t perfect though, and I would be interested in hearing if anyone has any ideas on how to closer approximate how the human eye picks up on color differences!

Matching Colors: One thing to note is that I tried my best to get colors to match up as best as possible within each city, so I occasionally switched up the order of a team’s primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. For instance, if most of the teams in a particular city listed some variation of red as their primary color but one team listed red as a secondary, I thought it was fair to switch that team’s primary and secondary colors if it improved the difference formula. My one stipulation with this was that I could only swap colors one slot (primary to secondary or secondary to tertiary, but not primary to tertiary). So when you view a team’s colors, keep in mind that the ordering might have changed to improve the score, not because I didn’t know which color is the true primary color for that team.

Means vs Medians: For cities with many teams, taking the average of their primary/secondary/tertiary colors actually hurts their scores because one mismatched team has an outsized influence (think about the Chicago White Sox vs the rest of Chicago’s teams). For this reason, if a city has more than three teams, I used medians instead of means to summarize the scores.

City Color Combinations

Click on the tabs below to view each individual city’s color combinations. The Team Color Table shows the number of teams within the city, their primary, secondary and tertiary color scores, and their overall two-color and three-color averages. For each score, remember that lower numbers are better. Also please keep in mind that the two-color score tends to be a better metric to compare cities than the three-color score - many cities don’t have many (or any) teams with tertiary colors, so those scores are representative of a subset of the teams in those cases. You can refer to this summary table to get a better idea of where each city ranks:
Summary of Scores
Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
min 5.1 30.0 1.4 8.8 4.3
median 51.5 43.3 36.8 47.1 49.9
max 71.2 69.1 115.5 124.6 81.8

Underneath the Team Color Table are the logos and color combinations for each team, along with their hexadecimal codes. Does any color inclusion or ordering seem wrong to you? Let me know!

Anaheim

Team Color Table: Anaheim
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Anaheim 2 65.7 66.1 35.5 95.9 66.9

The Angels ditched Anaheim from their name, but that doesn’t mean I have to include them in the Los Angeles bucket. The primary colors rank in the middle of all cities in terms of similarity, while the secondary and tertiary colors are in the bottom ten. Anaheim ranks second-to-last among two-team cities in two-color similarity, and dead last in three-color similarity.

Atlanta

Team Color Table: Atlanta
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Atlanta 4 22.2 34.1 23.2 21.3 57.8

Atlanta’s red and blue/black combos for all four teams lands it in the top three in terms of two-color and three-color scores. It ranks first among four-team cities in two-color score. Atlanta is well-rounded, with a top-15 ranking in primary and secondary colors.

Baltimore

Team Color Table: Baltimore
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Baltimore 2 65.4 NA 115.5 15.3 NA

While the secondary color for both the Orioles and Ravens is black, the primary colors of orange and purple really clash. Its primary color score is worst among all cities, leading to a bottom-ten ranking in two-color score.

Boston

Team Color Table: Boston
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Boston 5 31.8 30 31.3 32.3 26.5

Boston ranks fairly high in all three underlying color scores, as most teams have blue or black for a primary color and red for a secondary. The green for the Celtics and the yellow for the Bruins detract from the scores a bit, but ultimately Boston is in the top ten in two-color score and places first in three-color score. Among cities with at least five teams, Boston is behind only Chicago and Washington in two-color similarity.

Buffalo

Team Color Table: Buffalo
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Buffalo 2 52.8 NA 28.6 77 NA

Both the Sabers and the Bills sport blue as a primary color, ranking Buffalo just outside the top ten in that metric. But the secondary colors of yellow and blue, respectively, rank in the bottom ten and gives the city a middling two-color score.

Charlotte

Team Color Table: Charlotte
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Charlotte 3 60.9 43.3 89 32.8 8.2

The Hurricanes stand out for their lack of blue. Charlotte ranks in the bottom five in primary color score because of this, but is actually quite similar in secondary and tertiary colors. Thanks to the poor primary color score, Charlotte ranks in the bottom ten in two-color similarity and is in the bottom half in three-color similarity.

Chicago

Team Color Table: Chicago
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Chicago 6 23.4 NA 22.4 24.3 NA

Chicago is one of the cities that benefits the most from using medians instead of averages when looking at the underlying colors. The White Sox hurt the primary score a bit, but Chicago still ranks in the top five among all cities in two-color score. Chicago is in the top ten in primary and secondary color scores.

Cincinnati

Team Color Table: Cincinnati
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Cincinnati 3 31.2 NA 21.4 41.1 NA

Cincinnati has a top-ten primary color score and a top-half secondary color score, giving it a top-ten two-color score. It trails only Pittsburgh in two-color score among three-team cities.

Cleveland

Team Color Table: Cleveland
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Cleveland 3 39 NA 47.7 30.4 NA

Cleveland’s primary colors rank in the bottom half thanks to the different reds from the Indians and Cavs clashing with the orange from the Browns. The secondary color score is very good though, landing Cleveland in the top-15 in two-color score. It trails Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Seattle in two-color score among three-team cities.

Columbus

Team Color Table: Columbus
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Columbus 2 70.3 NA 32.3 108.4 NA

Columbus ranks in the top half in primary color score but is second-to-last (ahead of Nashville) in secondary color score. The city ranks second-to-last in two-color score, ahead of just Kansas City.

Dallas

Team Color Table: Dallas
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Dallas 5 54.2 42.6 24.4 84 19.4

Despite the prevalence of different shades of blues, Dallas ranks in the bottom half in two-color score. The reds for the Rangers and FC Dallas cause the secondary color score to be in the bottom ten, but both the primary and tertiary color scores rank well. Among cities with three-color scores, Dallas ranks in the top ten. Among five-team cities, Dallas places ahead of only Miami and Minneapolis in two-color score but trails only Boston in three-color score.

Denver

Team Color Table: Denver
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Denver 5 52.7 52.7 49.6 55.8 52.7

Denver has identical two-color and three-color scores. The Rockies are the oddballs among these five teams and take a fair amount of the blame for the city’s middling rankings. Denver ranks in the lower half in primary, secondary and tertiary color scores.

Detroit

Team Color Table: Detroit
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Detroit 4 52.1 36.2 67.5 36.7 4.3

The Red Wings only have one color listed since I did not factor white into any of these rankings. I tried rearranging some colors, however, Detroit’s two-color score settled in the middle of the rankings. The primary score is one of the worst among all cities, but the secondary score is in the top half. The tertiary score, which is made up of the grays from the Pistons and Lions, has the best ranking among all cities, and that’s why Detroit is in the top five in three-color score.

Houston

Team Color Table: Houston
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Houston 4 54.8 63.8 63.6 46 81.8

The Orange for the Astros and blue from the Dynamo clash with the red of the other two teams. Houston’s primary color score is predictably poor, but the secondary score is in the top half. The tertiary score, mainly impacted by the light orange from the Astros, is worse than all other cities. This all amounts to a bottom-half ranking in two-color score and a bottom-five three-color ranking.

Indianapolis

Team Color Table: Indianapolis
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Indianapolis 2 5.1 NA 1.4 8.8 NA

Yellow was listed as the secondary color for the Pacers, allowing me to move their colors around a bit. Because of this, they align incredibly well with the Colts. Indianapolis has the best primary and secondary color scores, leading to easily the best two-color score among all cities. But does it feel wrong to list yellow as the tertiary color for the Pacers? Kinda!

Kansas City

Team Color Table: Kansas City
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Kansas City 3 71.2 NA 73.5 68.9 NA

Kansas City has one of the worst primary color scores, mainly thanks to the Chiefs. The secondary color score is a bit better, but not enough to save the city from last place in the two-color score ranking.

Las Vegas

Team Color Table: Las Vegas
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Las Vegas 2 33.7 NA 27.6 39.7 NA

The Raiders have moved out of Oakland, joining the Golden Knights in Las Vegas. The shades of black for the two teams are not as close as one would think, but still rank in the top half among all cities. The gold and silver secondary colors are actually fairly close, giving Vegas a near top-ten two-color score overall and a top-five score among two-team cities.

Los Angeles

Team Color Table: Los Angeles
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Los Angeles 8 54.2 53.3 31.2 77.3 51.5

Los Angeles trails only New York in total number of teams across the five major sports. There’s a lot of blue and yellow going on, but also a lot of other color combinations. LA ranks in the bottom half in both two-color and three-color scores. The city’s primary color score is solidly in the top half, but the secondary and tertitary color scores bring the overall scores down. Given the number of teams in the city, would it make sense to run the similarity test on a subset of teams? If so, which ones?

Miami

Team Color Table: Miami
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Miami 5 60.2 56.9 58.8 61.7 50.2

I think Miami wins the award for brightest colors across all teams. This doesn’t help its rankings though, as the city is in the bottom ten of two-color scores and the bottom five of three-color scores. As far as underlying rankings go, Miami is near the bottom in primary, secondary, and tertiary colors. The Heat cause the most damage among the primary colors, as the other teams have blues and black for primary.

Milwaukee

Team Color Table: Milwaukee
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Milwaukee 3 43.4 NA 39.6 47.1 NA

I don’t think anybody will object with me including the Packers in this grouping. Milwaukee ranks fairly high in the two-color score thanks to a very similar primary color score. The city would rank even higher if not for the secondary color of the Bucks (“Cream City Cream”) compared to the yellow for the other two teams.

Minneapolis

Team Color Table: Minneapolis
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Minneapolis 5 62.9 64.1 42.3 83.6 66.4

Minneapolis is similar to Miami in that it has a lot of different colors going on. Thanks to some purple (Vikings) and green (Wild) in the mix for primary colors, the primary color score ranks in the lower half. The secondary score is even worse, and that’s why Minneapolis is in the bottom ten of two-color scores. When looking at just five-team cities, Minneapolis ranks last in both overall scores.

Montreal

Team Color Table: Montreal
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Montreal 2 56.1 NA 22.5 89.7 NA

The primary blues for the two Montreal teams gives it a high-ranking primary color score, but the secondary color score is in the bottom five. This balances out to give Montreal a lower-half two-color score.

Nashville

Team Color Table: Nashville
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Nashville 2 65.3 NA 6 124.6 NA

Nashville has a top-three primary color score, but its secondary score is the worst among all cities. The blue of the Titans really clashes with the gold of the Predators, and that’s what lands Nashville in the bottom ten in two-color score.

New Orleans

Team Color Table: New Orleans
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
New Orleans 2 21.6 NA 27 16.2 NA

New Orleans places second in two-color score, behind only Indianapolis. The primary color score barely misses the top ten, and the secondary color score is in the top five..

New York

Team Color Table: New York
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
New York 10 39.5 51.5 37 41.9 75.5

New York has ten teams, two for each of the five major sports. Despite so many teams potentially clashing, the city has a surprising top-15 ranking in two-color score. The general blue colors give New York a middle ranking in primary color score, and the red/orange secondary colors slot the city in the top half of that metric. New York’s tertiary color score is not great though, and the city’s three-color ranking drops because of it. Because New York has mutliple teams for each sport, it could probably easily be split into two subsets that separately might have even better similarity scores. Which subset of teams should I look into?

Orlando

Team Color Table: Orlando
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Orlando 2 51.5 NA 56.4 46.7 NA

The purple for Orlando City SC does not match very closely with “Magic Blue,” as evidenced by the poor primary color score. The secondary color score is pretty good though, leading to a top-half ranking in two-color score.

Philadelphia

Team Color Table: Philadelphia
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Philadelphia 5 51.1 50.7 34.8 67.5 49.9

I moved some colors around a bit for Philadelphia, and that resulted in a respectable middle ranking in two-color score. The city isn’t as aligned as others with three-color scores though. Philadelphia is behind just Boston and Washington in two-color score among five-team cities, but falls behind Dallas when adding in the tertiary colors. The primary color score for the city is much better than the secondary and tertiary color scores.

Phoenix

Team Color Table: Phoenix
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Phoenix 4 51 36.5 39.4 62.6 7.4

Phoenix has a bottom-half primary color score and a bottom-half secondary color score, mainly thanks to the Suns. Still, the scores are decent enough to give the city a top-half two-color score. Thanks to each team’s tertiary color being black, Phoenix jumps to the top five in three-color score. Among four-team cities, Phoenix is third in two-color score and surprisingly ahead of just Houston in three-color score.

Pittsburgh

Team Color Table: Pittsburgh
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Pittsburgh 3 25.4 NA 37.9 12.9 NA

Pittsburgh has one of the best two-color scores, thanks to its consistent black and yellow color combo across all three teams. It would rank even higher if not for the gold that is listed higher for the Penguins than yellow. Because of this, Pittsburgh is oddly in the middle in primary color score, while it ranks in the top three for secondary color score. It is the highest-ranked among three-team cities in two-color score.

Portland

Team Color Table: Portland
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Portland 2 51.1 NA 36.8 65.4 NA

Portland settles in the top half in two-color score thanks to a primary color score that is surprisingly high. I believe this might be an artifact of the equation used vs the human eye’s perception of difference in color - Portland ranks better in primary color score than Milwaukee and Pittsburgh but it doesn’t seem like it should when I compare the three cities.

Salt Lake City

Team Color Table: Salt Lake City
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Salt Lake City 2 54.5 51.3 14.9 94.1 44.8

The two teams in Salt Lake City have blue as a primary color, but the secondary color similarity is very poor. The city’s two-color score settles in the bottom half among all cities as well as two-team cities. The three-color score ranking is a bit better thanks to the strength of the tertiary color score.

San Francisco

Team Color Table: San Francisco
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
San Francisco 3 68 NA 78 58.1 NA

The Warriors have made the move from Oakland to San Francisco, and join the already-dissimilar primary color score among the Giants and Niners. The primary color score is in the bottom half while the secondary score is in the middle. The two-color score for San Francisco ends up in the bottom three, though is ahead of fellow three-team city Kansas City.

San Jose

Team Color Table: San Jose
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
San Jose 2 29 36.6 46.2 11.8 51.7

San Jose has a bottom-half primary color but has the second-best secondary color score, which places it in the top ten overall in two-color score. The tertiary color score is decent, keeping the city in the top ten in three-color score as well.

Seattle

Team Color Table: Seattle
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Seattle 3 38.1 40.5 19.5 56.7 45.4

The blues and greens of the Seattle teams mesh quite well, though surprisingly the city just barely misses out on the top ten in two-color score. The primary color score ranks in the top ten, but the mix of different greens causes the secondary score to fall in the bottom half. The tertiary color score is decent, so Seattle’s ranking in three-color score rises to the top ten. Seattle ranks third among three-team cities in two-color score.

St. Louis

Team Color Table: St. Louis
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
St. Louis 2 57.7 40.4 92.4 22.9 6

St. Louis was a tough city to organize the order of colors. The two-color ranking is quite bad even with sliding blue down to tertiary for the Cardinals, however, the city is ranked in the top half in three-color score. The primary color score is the second-worst, but the secondary score is very good and the tertiary score is the second-best among all cities.

Tampa Bay

Team Color Table: Tampa Bay
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Tampa Bay 3 65.4 69.1 78.6 52.2 76.6

Tampa Bay is a weird case. The Lightning have just one color, because I didn’t use white in any of these rankings. The primary color score is messed up thanks to the Buccaneers, while the secondary and tertiary scores are just among the Rays and Buccaneers. The secondary score is decent, but the tertiary score is the second-worst among all cities. The two-color score is merely in the bottom ten, but the three-color score is the worst among all cities.

Toronto

Team Color Table: Toronto
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Toronto 4 29.9 33.9 40 19.7 41.9

The Maple Leafs only contribute to the primary color score, but Toronto still ranks in the bottom half in primary color score. Among the other three teams, the reds give Toronto a great secondary color score and the tertiary score is decent. Toronto is a top-ten city in two-color score and has the second-best three-color score.

Vancouver

Team Color Table: Vancouver
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Vancouver 2 38.4 41.5 5.1 71.7 47.8

Vancouver trails jus Indianapolis in primary color score but is on the other end of the rankings in secondary color score. The strength of the primary color similarity keeps Vancouver near the top ten for two-color score and the tertiary color ranking is solid enough to keep the city in the top ten for three-color ranking.

Washington

Team Color Table: Washington
Overall Scores
Underlying Scores
City Teams Two-Color Score Three-Color Score Primary Score Secondary Score Tertiary Score
Washington 5 29 NA 21.8 36.2 NA

The City of Champions ranks in the top ten with the primary red colors and is quite strong in the secondary color score. The burgundy and gold of the Washington Football Team drags it down a bit, but DC is a top-ten city in two-color score, and is a prime example of why I used medians for larger cities. DC would place way lower in the rankings if I averaged primary and secondary colors, but visually that didn’t feel correct to me. Washington ranks highest in two-color score when looking at just five-team cities.

Main Findings

Overall Thoughts: I had a lot of fun putting this together, and it was cool verifying with numbers some of the cities that I figured would score well (like Pittsburgh, DC and Atlanta). But I was also surprised with some of the cities that didn’t rank as high or low as I would have thought (Milwaukee and Portland come to mind). I think that color similarity overall is pretty common within cities, with only a handful of examples of teams completely mismatching. By no means do I think cities should match colors for their teams, but I think it’s pretty cool when they do!

Geographic: Looking at the cities geographically, I was drawn to just how well the midwestern cities coordinated. Chicago and Indianapolis crush it, but you also have Milwaukee, Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh matching quite well. Good work, Midwest!

Most Similar: The city with the best two-color score is Indianapolis, with New Orleans and Atlanta coming in second and third. When adding in the tertiary color, Boston, Toronto and Atlanta are the most aligned.

Least Similar: On the other end of the spectrum, it was a close race between Kansas City and Columbus for least similar, with Kansas City taking the title. Anaheim and San Francisco are also in the top five in terms of two-color dissimilarity.

2-Team Cities: 15 of the 39 cities in this analysis have just two teams.This can either be an advantage or a disadvantage when it comes to similarity scores. In addition to cities mentioned above, San Jose and Las Vegas are also well-aligned. Some additional cities that are misaligned are Baltimore and Nashville. Among cities with three-color scores, St. Louis is not far behind San Jose in similarity.

3-Team Cities: There are nine cities with three teams, with Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Seattle coming out on top in two-color similarity. Only three cities have three-color scores, and Charlotte scores fairly well here despite a bad two-color score. Tampa Bay joins some aforementioned cities with low two-color scores, and the city has the most disimilar three-color score among all cities.

4-Team Cities: Moving on to four-team cities, we see Atlanta, Toronto, and Phoenix leading the pack in two-color score. Each city has a three-color score, and we see Detroit sneak ahead of Phoenix, though Toronto takes the top spot. On the other end, Houston ranks last among both overall scores.

5-Team Cities: There are seven cities with teams in all five leagues. Washington is the most similar for in two-color score, while Boston wins for most-similar three-color score. On the other end, Minneapolis is the lowest-ranked city for both scores.

Chicago, New York, and LA: These three cities not only have a team in each league, but multiple teams in some of the leagues. The number of teams hurt their similarity scores a bit, but surprisingly they are more alike than you’d think. Chicago’s two-color score is fantastic, while New York’s two-color score ranks in the top half and LA is firmly in the middle of the pack. It’s at the three-color level where the issues come in for New York and LA (Chicago doesn’t have a three-color score), as they are both in the bottom ten (of 21 cities). The case can definitely be made to break up these cities so that the scoring only takes into account one team from each league. In that case, how would you break up the teams?

Summary Table

Use this summary table to view the scores for all cities. You can filter by number of teams in the city and sort by two-color/three-color scores or any of the underlying color scores. For comparison purposes, the median two-color score is 118 and the median three-color score is around 124. The median for primary colors is 85, while secondary (111) and tertiary (136) scores range a bit higher.

Note: Cities with blank scores appear at the top when sorting, so if you want to view the cities that have the best similarity for three-color or tertiary scores, use the filter to update the upper bound of the range.

Teams not included in this analysis: Oakland A’s, San Diego Padres, Memphis Grizzlies, Oklahoma City Thunder, Sacramento Kings, San Antonio Spurs, Jacksonville Jaguars, Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, New Jersey Devils, Ottawa Senators, Austin FC.

Help me improve this report: Did I leave any team out or misclassify any teams/cities? Are there any color inclusions that don’t make sense or should be changed? I’d be happy to update the formulas wherever necessary, so just let me know!