D605 - Discussion 15

knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE)
library(tinytex)
library(ggplot2)

Source files: [https://github.com/djlofland/DATA605_S2020/tree/master/]

Problem 8.8.18

Use the Taylor Series in 8.8.1 to verify:

\[sin(-x) = -sin(x)\]

Analytics Solution

Definition 8.7.1 Taylor Polynomial of degree \(n\) of \(f\) at \(x=c\):

\[p_n(x) = f(c) + f'(c)(x-c) + \frac{f''(c)}{2!}(x-c)^2 + \frac{f'''(c)}{3!}(x-c)^3 + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(c)}{n!}(x-c)^n\]

So we need our derivativesat \(c=0\):

\[f(x) = sin(x)\ \ \ f(0) = 0\\ f'(x) = cos(x)\ \ \ f'(0) = 1\\ f''(x) = -sin(x)\ \ \ f''(0) = 0\\ f'''(x) = -cos(x)\ \ \ f'''(0) = -1\\ f''''(x) = sin(x)\ \ \ f''''(0) = 0\]

Substituting into Taylor Definition:

\[sin(x) = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + ... = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{(n)}\frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\]

for \(sin(-x)\), just substitute \(-x\) in for \(x\):

\[sin(-x) = -x + \frac{x^3}{3!} - \frac{x^5}{5!} + \frac{x^7}{7!} - ... = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{(n+1)}\frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\]

for \(-sin(x)\), just multiply the \(sin(x)\) Taylor series by \(-1\):

\[-sin(x) = -x + \frac{x^3}{3!} - \frac{x^5}{5!} + \frac{x^7}{7!} - ... = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{(n+1)}\frac{x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\]

So \(sin(-x) = -sin(x)\)

Numerical Solution:

library(tidyverse)

## ── Attaching packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.2.1 ──

## ✔ tibble  2.1.3     ✔ purrr   0.3.2
## ✔ tidyr   0.8.3     ✔ dplyr   0.8.3
## ✔ readr   1.3.1     ✔ stringr 1.4.0
## ✔ tibble  2.1.3     ✔ forcats 0.4.0

## ── Conflicts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()

max_terms <- 3
x_range <- seq(-pi, pi, by=pi/32)

data <- tibble(terms = double(),
               x = double(),
               sin_minus_x = double(),
               minus_sin_x = double(),
               sin_taylor = double())

for (terms in 1:max_terms) {
  for (x in x_range) {
    term <- 0
    sin_taylor <- 0
    
    for (n in 0:terms) {
      term <- (-1)^(n+1) * x^(2*n+1) / factorial(2*n+1)
      sin_taylor = sin_taylor + term 
    }
    
    data <- data %>% add_row(terms = terms, 
                             x = x, 
                             sin_minus_x = sin(-x), 
                             minus_sin_x = -sin(x),
                             sin_taylor = sin_taylor)
  }
}

colors <- c('#000000', '#ff0000', '#66ffff', '#6699ff', '#0066ff')

mdata <- data %>% gather("method", "y", -terms, -x) %>% select(method, terms, x, y)
sin_minus_x <- mdata %>% filter(method=='sin_minus_x' & terms==1) %>% select(method, x, y)
minus_sin_x <- mdata %>% filter(method=='minus_sin_x' & terms==1) %>% select(method, x, y)
taylor_sin <- mdata %>% filter(method=='sin_taylor') %>% mutate(method=paste(method, '_', terms, sep="")) %>% select(method, x, y)

data <- bind_rows(sin_minus_x, minus_sin_x, taylor_sin)

ggplot() + 
  geom_line(aes(x=x, y=y, color=method), position=position_jitter(w=0.02, h=0), data) +
  theme(legend.position="bottom") + 
  scale_color_manual(values=colors) +
  labs(title="Taylor Approx for f(x) = sin(-x) at C=0\n by Number of Taylor Terms",
       x ="x", 
       y = "f(x)")