exercise 1: In the first paragraph, several key findings are reported. Do these percentages appear to be sample statistics (derived from the data sample) or population parameters?

it would appear to be samples because they are not asking everyone in the country

Exercise 2: The title of the report is “Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism”. To generalize the report’s findings to the global human population, what must we assume about the sampling method? Does that seem like a reasonable assumption?

we must assume people would consider them selves as either religous or non religious. It seems fairly reasonable, however, it foes excludde those who consider themselves spitiual and not religous.

the Data

download.file("http://www.openintro.org/stat/data/atheism.RData", destfile = "atheism.RData")
load("atheism.RData")

Exercise 3: what does each row of table 6 correspond to?

a diffrent contry that responded

each row of atheism?

what precentage of people in that contry sampled consider themselves atheist.

Exercise 4: looking closer at the athiests

us12 <- subset(atheism, nationality == "United States" & year == "2012")

precent of atheist respondents

us12
##         nationality    response year
## 49926 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49927 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49928 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49929 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49930 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49931 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49932 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49933 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49934 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49935 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49936 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49937 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49938 United States     atheist 2012
## 49939 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49940 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49941 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49942 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49943 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49944 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49945 United States     atheist 2012
## 49946 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49947 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49948 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49949 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49950 United States     atheist 2012
## 49951 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49952 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49953 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49954 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49955 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49956 United States     atheist 2012
## 49957 United States     atheist 2012
## 49958 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49959 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49960 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49961 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49962 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49963 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49964 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49965 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49966 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49967 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49968 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49969 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49970 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49971 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49972 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49973 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49974 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49975 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49976 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49977 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49978 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49979 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49980 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49981 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49982 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49983 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49984 United States     atheist 2012
## 49985 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49986 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49987 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49988 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49989 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49990 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49991 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49992 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49993 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49994 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49995 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49996 United States     atheist 2012
## 49997 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49998 United States non-atheist 2012
## 49999 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50000 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50001 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50002 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50003 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50004 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50005 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50006 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50007 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50008 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50009 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50010 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50011 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50012 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50013 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50014 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50015 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50016 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50017 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50018 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50019 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50020 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50021 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50022 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50023 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50024 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50025 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50026 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50027 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50028 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50029 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50030 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50031 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50032 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50033 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50034 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50035 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50036 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50037 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50038 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50039 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50040 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50041 United States     atheist 2012
## 50042 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50043 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50044 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50045 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50046 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50047 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50048 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50049 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50050 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50051 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50052 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50053 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50054 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50055 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50056 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50057 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50058 United States     atheist 2012
## 50059 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50060 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50061 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50062 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50063 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50064 United States     atheist 2012
## 50065 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50066 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50067 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50068 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50069 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50070 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50071 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50072 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50073 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50074 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50075 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50076 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50077 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50078 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50079 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50080 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50081 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50082 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50083 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50084 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50085 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50086 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50087 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50088 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50089 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50090 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50091 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50092 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50093 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50094 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50095 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50096 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50097 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50098 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50099 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50100 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50101 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50102 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50103 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50104 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50105 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50106 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50107 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50108 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50109 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50110 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50111 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50112 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50113 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50114 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50115 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50116 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50117 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50118 United States     atheist 2012
## 50119 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50120 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50121 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50122 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50123 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50124 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50125 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50126 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50127 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50128 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50129 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50130 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50131 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50132 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50133 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50134 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50135 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50136 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50137 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50138 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50139 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50140 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50141 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50142 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50143 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50144 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50145 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50146 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50147 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50148 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50149 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50150 United States     atheist 2012
## 50151 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50152 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50153 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50154 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50155 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50156 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50157 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50158 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50159 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50160 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50161 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50162 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50163 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50164 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50165 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50166 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50167 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50168 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50169 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50170 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50171 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50172 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50173 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50174 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50175 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50176 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50177 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50178 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50179 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50180 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50181 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50182 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50183 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50184 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50185 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50186 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50187 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50188 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50189 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50190 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50191 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50192 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50193 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50194 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50195 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50196 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50197 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50198 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50199 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50200 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50201 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50202 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50203 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50204 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50205 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50206 United States     atheist 2012
## 50207 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50208 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50209 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50210 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50211 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50212 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50213 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50214 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50215 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50216 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50217 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50218 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50219 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50220 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50221 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50222 United States     atheist 2012
## 50223 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50224 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50225 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50226 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50227 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50228 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50229 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50230 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50231 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50232 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50233 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50234 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50235 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50236 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50237 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50238 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50239 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50240 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50241 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50242 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50243 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50244 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50245 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50246 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50247 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50248 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50249 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50250 United States     atheist 2012
## 50251 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50252 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50253 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50254 United States     atheist 2012
## 50255 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50256 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50257 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50258 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50259 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50260 United States     atheist 2012
## 50261 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50262 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50263 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50264 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50265 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50266 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50267 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50268 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50269 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50270 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50271 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50272 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50273 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50274 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50275 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50276 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50277 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50278 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50279 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50280 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50281 United States     atheist 2012
## 50282 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50283 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50284 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50285 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50286 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50287 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50288 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50289 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50290 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50291 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50292 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50293 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50294 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50295 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50296 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50297 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50298 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50299 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50300 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50301 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50302 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50303 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50304 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50305 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50306 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50307 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50308 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50309 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50310 United States     atheist 2012
## 50311 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50312 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50313 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50314 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50315 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50316 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50317 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50318 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50319 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50320 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50321 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50322 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50323 United States     atheist 2012
## 50324 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50325 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50326 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50327 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50328 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50329 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50330 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50331 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50332 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50333 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50334 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50335 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50336 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50337 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50338 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50339 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50340 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50341 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50342 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50343 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50344 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50345 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50346 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50347 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50348 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50349 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50350 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50351 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50352 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50353 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50354 United States     atheist 2012
## 50355 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50356 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50357 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50358 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50359 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50360 United States     atheist 2012
## 50361 United States     atheist 2012
## 50362 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50363 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50364 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50365 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50366 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50367 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50368 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50369 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50370 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50371 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50372 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50373 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50374 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50375 United States     atheist 2012
## 50376 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50377 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50378 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50379 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50380 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50381 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50382 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50383 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50384 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50385 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50386 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50387 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50388 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50389 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50390 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50391 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50392 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50393 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50394 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50395 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50396 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50397 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50398 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50399 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50400 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50401 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50402 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50403 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50404 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50405 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50406 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50407 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50408 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50409 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50410 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50411 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50412 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50413 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50414 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50415 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50416 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50417 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50418 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50419 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50420 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50421 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50422 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50423 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50424 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50425 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50426 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50427 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50428 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50429 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50430 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50431 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50432 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50433 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50434 United States     atheist 2012
## 50435 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50436 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50437 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50438 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50439 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50440 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50441 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50442 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50443 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50444 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50445 United States     atheist 2012
## 50446 United States     atheist 2012
## 50447 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50448 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50449 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50450 United States     atheist 2012
## 50451 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50452 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50453 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50454 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50455 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50456 United States     atheist 2012
## 50457 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50458 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50459 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50460 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50461 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50462 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50463 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50464 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50465 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50466 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50467 United States     atheist 2012
## 50468 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50469 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50470 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50471 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50472 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50473 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50474 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50475 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50476 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50477 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50478 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50479 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50480 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50481 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50482 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50483 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50484 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50485 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50486 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50487 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50488 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50489 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50490 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50491 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50492 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50493 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50494 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50495 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50496 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50497 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50498 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50499 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50500 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50501 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50502 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50503 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50504 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50505 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50506 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50507 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50508 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50509 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50510 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50511 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50512 United States     atheist 2012
## 50513 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50514 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50515 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50516 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50517 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50518 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50519 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50520 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50521 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50522 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50523 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50524 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50525 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50526 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50527 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50528 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50529 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50530 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50531 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50532 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50533 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50534 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50535 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50536 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50537 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50538 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50539 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50540 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50541 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50542 United States     atheist 2012
## 50543 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50544 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50545 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50546 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50547 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50548 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50549 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50550 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50551 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50552 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50553 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50554 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50555 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50556 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50557 United States     atheist 2012
## 50558 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50559 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50560 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50561 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50562 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50563 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50564 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50565 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50566 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50567 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50568 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50569 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50570 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50571 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50572 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50573 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50574 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50575 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50576 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50577 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50578 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50579 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50580 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50581 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50582 United States     atheist 2012
## 50583 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50584 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50585 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50586 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50587 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50588 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50589 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50590 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50591 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50592 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50593 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50594 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50595 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50596 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50597 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50598 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50599 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50600 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50601 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50602 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50603 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50604 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50605 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50606 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50607 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50608 United States     atheist 2012
## 50609 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50610 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50611 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50612 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50613 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50614 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50615 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50616 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50617 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50618 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50619 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50620 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50621 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50622 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50623 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50624 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50625 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50626 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50627 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50628 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50629 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50630 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50631 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50632 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50633 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50634 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50635 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50636 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50637 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50638 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50639 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50640 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50641 United States     atheist 2012
## 50642 United States     atheist 2012
## 50643 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50644 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50645 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50646 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50647 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50648 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50649 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50650 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50651 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50652 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50653 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50654 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50655 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50656 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50657 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50658 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50659 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50660 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50661 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50662 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50663 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50664 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50665 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50666 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50667 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50668 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50669 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50670 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50671 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50672 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50673 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50674 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50675 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50676 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50677 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50678 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50679 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50680 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50681 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50682 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50683 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50684 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50685 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50686 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50687 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50688 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50689 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50690 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50691 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50692 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50693 United States     atheist 2012
## 50694 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50695 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50696 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50697 United States     atheist 2012
## 50698 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50699 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50700 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50701 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50702 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50703 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50704 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50705 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50706 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50707 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50708 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50709 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50710 United States     atheist 2012
## 50711 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50712 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50713 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50714 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50715 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50716 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50717 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50718 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50719 United States     atheist 2012
## 50720 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50721 United States     atheist 2012
## 50722 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50723 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50724 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50725 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50726 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50727 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50728 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50729 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50730 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50731 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50732 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50733 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50734 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50735 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50736 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50737 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50738 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50739 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50740 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50741 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50742 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50743 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50744 United States     atheist 2012
## 50745 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50746 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50747 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50748 United States     atheist 2012
## 50749 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50750 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50751 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50752 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50753 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50754 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50755 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50756 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50757 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50758 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50759 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50760 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50761 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50762 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50763 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50764 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50765 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50766 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50767 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50768 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50769 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50770 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50771 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50772 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50773 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50774 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50775 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50776 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50777 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50778 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50779 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50780 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50781 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50782 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50783 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50784 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50785 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50786 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50787 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50788 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50789 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50790 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50791 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50792 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50793 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50794 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50795 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50796 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50797 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50798 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50799 United States     atheist 2012
## 50800 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50801 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50802 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50803 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50804 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50805 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50806 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50807 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50808 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50809 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50810 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50811 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50812 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50813 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50814 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50815 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50816 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50817 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50818 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50819 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50820 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50821 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50822 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50823 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50824 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50825 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50826 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50827 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50828 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50829 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50830 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50831 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50832 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50833 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50834 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50835 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50836 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50837 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50838 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50839 United States     atheist 2012
## 50840 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50841 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50842 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50843 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50844 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50845 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50846 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50847 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50848 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50849 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50850 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50851 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50852 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50853 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50854 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50855 United States     atheist 2012
## 50856 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50857 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50858 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50859 United States     atheist 2012
## 50860 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50861 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50862 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50863 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50864 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50865 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50866 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50867 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50868 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50869 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50870 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50871 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50872 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50873 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50874 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50875 United States     atheist 2012
## 50876 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50877 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50878 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50879 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50880 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50881 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50882 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50883 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50884 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50885 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50886 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50887 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50888 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50889 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50890 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50891 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50892 United States     atheist 2012
## 50893 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50894 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50895 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50896 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50897 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50898 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50899 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50900 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50901 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50902 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50903 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50904 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50905 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50906 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50907 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50908 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50909 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50910 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50911 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50912 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50913 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50914 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50915 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50916 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50917 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50918 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50919 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50920 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50921 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50922 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50923 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50924 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50925 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50926 United States non-atheist 2012
## 50927 United States non-atheist 2012

number of athiests

usa12 <- us12$response  
true <- usa12 == "atheist" 
false <- usa12 == "non-atheist"

length(which(true))
## [1] 50

number who gave a non-athesist answer

length(which(false))
## [1] 952

decimal proportion

 length(which(true))/(length(which(true)) + length(which(false)))
## [1] 0.0499002

or about 4.99%

the united states convinced athiest number was 5% so they match up.

Inference on proportions

exercise 5:

to contruct a confidence interval must be sampled randomly, sample size must be large, and samples muse be indpendently taken. I am confident all of those take place.

inference(us12$response, est = "proportion", type = "ci", method = "theoretical", 
          success = "atheist")
## Warning: package 'BHH2' was built under R version 3.6.3
## Single proportion -- success: atheist 
## Summary statistics:

## p_hat = 0.0499 ;  n = 1002 
## Check conditions: number of successes = 50 ; number of failures = 952 
## Standard error = 0.0069 
## 95 % Confidence interval = ( 0.0364 , 0.0634 )

excercise 6:

the margine of error is 2.7% for 95% confidence

excersise 7: confidence intervals foe two other contries

for france

fr12 <- subset(atheism, nationality == "France" & year == "2012")

inference(fr12$response, est = "proportion", type = "ci", method = "theoretical", 
          success = "atheist")
## Single proportion -- success: atheist 
## Summary statistics:

## p_hat = 0.2873 ;  n = 1688 
## Check conditions: number of successes = 485 ; number of failures = 1203 
## Standard error = 0.011 
## 95 % Confidence interval = ( 0.2657 , 0.3089 )

for Hong Kong

hk12 <- subset(atheism, nationality == "Hong Kong" & year == "2012")

inference(hk12$response, est = "proportion", type = "ci", method = "theoretical", 
          success = "atheist")
## Single proportion -- success: atheist 
## Summary statistics:

## p_hat = 0.09 ;  n = 500 
## Check conditions: number of successes = 45 ; number of failures = 455 
## Standard error = 0.0128 
## 95 % Confidence interval = ( 0.0649 , 0.1151 )

How does the proportion affect the margin of error?

n <- 1000
p <- seq(0, 1, 0.01)
me <- 2 * sqrt(p * (1 - p)/n)
plot(me ~ p, ylab = "Margin of Error", xlab = "Population Proportion")

excercise 8: relation between ME and P

ME is smaller closer to 0 and 1 of p and largest in the middle.

Success-failure condition

p <- 0.1
n <- 1040
p_hats <- rep(0, 5000)

for(i in 1:5000){
  samp <- sample(c("atheist", "non_atheist"), n, replace = TRUE, prob = c(p, 1-p))
  p_hats[i] <- sum(samp == "atheist")/n
}

hist(p_hats, main = "p = 0.1, n = 1040", xlim = c(0, 0.18))

excercise 9: describe the sampling distrabution.

mean and sd

mean (p_hats)
## [1] 0.09969
sd(p_hats)
## [1] 0.009287382

it is fairly normal around .10 (.0996), as well as apreasing to have a small standard deviation (0.009), espiecially when looked at from this scale.

excersise 10

n = 400 p =.1

p <- 0.1
n <- 400
p_hats <- rep(0, 5000)

for(i in 1:5000){
  samp <- sample(c("atheist", "non_atheist"), n, replace = TRUE, prob = c(p, 1-p))
  p_hats[i] <- sum(samp == "atheist")/n
}

hist(p_hats, main = "p = 0.1, n = 400", xlim = c(0, 0.18))

because the n is smaller the sd is larger

n=1040 p=.2

p <- 0.2
n <- 1040
p_hats <- rep(0, 5000)

for(i in 1:5000){
  samp <- sample(c("atheist", "non_atheist"), n, replace = TRUE, prob = c(p, 1-p))
  p_hats[i] <- sum(samp == "atheist")/n
}

hist(p_hats, main = "p = 0.2, n = 1040", xlim = c(0.1, 0.30))

since p=.2 it’s centered around .2

Excersise 11:

If you refer to Table 6, you’ll find that Australia has a sample proportion of 0.1 on a sample size of 1040, and that Ecuador has a sample proportion of 0.02 on 400 subjects. Let’s suppose for this exercise that these point estimates are actually the truth. Then given the shape of their respective sampling distributions, do you think it is sensible to proceed with inference and report margin of errors, as the reports does?

as seen above sample sizes of 400 have a lot more error, however if they report the error and the p size diffrence it is probably okay

I tried to do a better job labling, if this still isn’t what you want can you clearify during the meeting I will schedule to talk about the project. Thanks.