library(MASS)
dat <- MASS::birthwt
(dat)
## low age lwt race smoke ptl ht ui ftv bwt
## 85 0 19 182 2 0 0 0 1 0 2523
## 86 0 33 155 3 0 0 0 0 3 2551
## 87 0 20 105 1 1 0 0 0 1 2557
## 88 0 21 108 1 1 0 0 1 2 2594
## 89 0 18 107 1 1 0 0 1 0 2600
## 91 0 21 124 3 0 0 0 0 0 2622
## 92 0 22 118 1 0 0 0 0 1 2637
## 93 0 17 103 3 0 0 0 0 1 2637
## 94 0 29 123 1 1 0 0 0 1 2663
## 95 0 26 113 1 1 0 0 0 0 2665
## 96 0 19 95 3 0 0 0 0 0 2722
## 97 0 19 150 3 0 0 0 0 1 2733
## 98 0 22 95 3 0 0 1 0 0 2751
## 99 0 30 107 3 0 1 0 1 2 2750
## 100 0 18 100 1 1 0 0 0 0 2769
## 101 0 18 100 1 1 0 0 0 0 2769
## 102 0 15 98 2 0 0 0 0 0 2778
## 103 0 25 118 1 1 0 0 0 3 2782
## 104 0 20 120 3 0 0 0 1 0 2807
## 105 0 28 120 1 1 0 0 0 1 2821
## 106 0 32 121 3 0 0 0 0 2 2835
## 107 0 31 100 1 0 0 0 1 3 2835
## 108 0 36 202 1 0 0 0 0 1 2836
## 109 0 28 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 2863
## 111 0 25 120 3 0 0 0 1 2 2877
## 112 0 28 167 1 0 0 0 0 0 2877
## 113 0 17 122 1 1 0 0 0 0 2906
## 114 0 29 150 1 0 0 0 0 2 2920
## 115 0 26 168 2 1 0 0 0 0 2920
## 116 0 17 113 2 0 0 0 0 1 2920
## 117 0 17 113 2 0 0 0 0 1 2920
## 118 0 24 90 1 1 1 0 0 1 2948
## 119 0 35 121 2 1 1 0 0 1 2948
## 120 0 25 155 1 0 0 0 0 1 2977
## 121 0 25 125 2 0 0 0 0 0 2977
## 123 0 29 140 1 1 0 0 0 2 2977
## 124 0 19 138 1 1 0 0 0 2 2977
## 125 0 27 124 1 1 0 0 0 0 2922
## 126 0 31 215 1 1 0 0 0 2 3005
## 127 0 33 109 1 1 0 0 0 1 3033
## 128 0 21 185 2 1 0 0 0 2 3042
## 129 0 19 189 1 0 0 0 0 2 3062
## 130 0 23 130 2 0 0 0 0 1 3062
## 131 0 21 160 1 0 0 0 0 0 3062
## 132 0 18 90 1 1 0 0 1 0 3062
## 133 0 18 90 1 1 0 0 1 0 3062
## 134 0 32 132 1 0 0 0 0 4 3080
## 135 0 19 132 3 0 0 0 0 0 3090
## 136 0 24 115 1 0 0 0 0 2 3090
## 137 0 22 85 3 1 0 0 0 0 3090
## 138 0 22 120 1 0 0 1 0 1 3100
## 139 0 23 128 3 0 0 0 0 0 3104
## 140 0 22 130 1 1 0 0 0 0 3132
## 141 0 30 95 1 1 0 0 0 2 3147
## 142 0 19 115 3 0 0 0 0 0 3175
## 143 0 16 110 3 0 0 0 0 0 3175
## 144 0 21 110 3 1 0 0 1 0 3203
## 145 0 30 153 3 0 0 0 0 0 3203
## 146 0 20 103 3 0 0 0 0 0 3203
## 147 0 17 119 3 0 0 0 0 0 3225
## 148 0 17 119 3 0 0 0 0 0 3225
## 149 0 23 119 3 0 0 0 0 2 3232
## 150 0 24 110 3 0 0 0 0 0 3232
## 151 0 28 140 1 0 0 0 0 0 3234
## 154 0 26 133 3 1 2 0 0 0 3260
## 155 0 20 169 3 0 1 0 1 1 3274
## 156 0 24 115 3 0 0 0 0 2 3274
## 159 0 28 250 3 1 0 0 0 6 3303
## 160 0 20 141 1 0 2 0 1 1 3317
## 161 0 22 158 2 0 1 0 0 2 3317
## 162 0 22 112 1 1 2 0 0 0 3317
## 163 0 31 150 3 1 0 0 0 2 3321
## 164 0 23 115 3 1 0 0 0 1 3331
## 166 0 16 112 2 0 0 0 0 0 3374
## 167 0 16 135 1 1 0 0 0 0 3374
## 168 0 18 229 2 0 0 0 0 0 3402
## 169 0 25 140 1 0 0 0 0 1 3416
## 170 0 32 134 1 1 1 0 0 4 3430
## 172 0 20 121 2 1 0 0 0 0 3444
## 173 0 23 190 1 0 0 0 0 0 3459
## 174 0 22 131 1 0 0 0 0 1 3460
## 175 0 32 170 1 0 0 0 0 0 3473
## 176 0 30 110 3 0 0 0 0 0 3544
## 177 0 20 127 3 0 0 0 0 0 3487
## 179 0 23 123 3 0 0 0 0 0 3544
## 180 0 17 120 3 1 0 0 0 0 3572
## 181 0 19 105 3 0 0 0 0 0 3572
## 182 0 23 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 3586
## 183 0 36 175 1 0 0 0 0 0 3600
## 184 0 22 125 1 0 0 0 0 1 3614
## 185 0 24 133 1 0 0 0 0 0 3614
## 186 0 21 134 3 0 0 0 0 2 3629
## 187 0 19 235 1 1 0 1 0 0 3629
## 188 0 25 95 1 1 3 0 1 0 3637
## 189 0 16 135 1 1 0 0 0 0 3643
## 190 0 29 135 1 0 0 0 0 1 3651
## 191 0 29 154 1 0 0 0 0 1 3651
## 192 0 19 147 1 1 0 0 0 0 3651
## 193 0 19 147 1 1 0 0 0 0 3651
## 195 0 30 137 1 0 0 0 0 1 3699
## 196 0 24 110 1 0 0 0 0 1 3728
## 197 0 19 184 1 1 0 1 0 0 3756
## 199 0 24 110 3 0 1 0 0 0 3770
## 200 0 23 110 1 0 0 0 0 1 3770
## 201 0 20 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 3770
## 202 0 25 241 2 0 0 1 0 0 3790
## 203 0 30 112 1 0 0 0 0 1 3799
## 204 0 22 169 1 0 0 0 0 0 3827
## 205 0 18 120 1 1 0 0 0 2 3856
## 206 0 16 170 2 0 0 0 0 4 3860
## 207 0 32 186 1 0 0 0 0 2 3860
## 208 0 18 120 3 0 0 0 0 1 3884
## 209 0 29 130 1 1 0 0 0 2 3884
## 210 0 33 117 1 0 0 0 1 1 3912
## 211 0 20 170 1 1 0 0 0 0 3940
## 212 0 28 134 3 0 0 0 0 1 3941
## 213 0 14 135 1 0 0 0 0 0 3941
## 214 0 28 130 3 0 0 0 0 0 3969
## 215 0 25 120 1 0 0 0 0 2 3983
## 216 0 16 95 3 0 0 0 0 1 3997
## 217 0 20 158 1 0 0 0 0 1 3997
## 218 0 26 160 3 0 0 0 0 0 4054
## 219 0 21 115 1 0 0 0 0 1 4054
## 220 0 22 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 4111
## 221 0 25 130 1 0 0 0 0 2 4153
## 222 0 31 120 1 0 0 0 0 2 4167
## 223 0 35 170 1 0 1 0 0 1 4174
## 224 0 19 120 1 1 0 0 0 0 4238
## 225 0 24 116 1 0 0 0 0 1 4593
## 226 0 45 123 1 0 0 0 0 1 4990
## 4 1 28 120 3 1 1 0 1 0 709
## 10 1 29 130 1 0 0 0 1 2 1021
## 11 1 34 187 2 1 0 1 0 0 1135
## 13 1 25 105 3 0 1 1 0 0 1330
## 15 1 25 85 3 0 0 0 1 0 1474
## 16 1 27 150 3 0 0 0 0 0 1588
## 17 1 23 97 3 0 0 0 1 1 1588
## 18 1 24 128 2 0 1 0 0 1 1701
## 19 1 24 132 3 0 0 1 0 0 1729
## 20 1 21 165 1 1 0 1 0 1 1790
## 22 1 32 105 1 1 0 0 0 0 1818
## 23 1 19 91 1 1 2 0 1 0 1885
## 24 1 25 115 3 0 0 0 0 0 1893
## 25 1 16 130 3 0 0 0 0 1 1899
## 26 1 25 92 1 1 0 0 0 0 1928
## 27 1 20 150 1 1 0 0 0 2 1928
## 28 1 21 200 2 0 0 0 1 2 1928
## 29 1 24 155 1 1 1 0 0 0 1936
## 30 1 21 103 3 0 0 0 0 0 1970
## 31 1 20 125 3 0 0 0 1 0 2055
## 32 1 25 89 3 0 2 0 0 1 2055
## 33 1 19 102 1 0 0 0 0 2 2082
## 34 1 19 112 1 1 0 0 1 0 2084
## 35 1 26 117 1 1 1 0 0 0 2084
## 36 1 24 138 1 0 0 0 0 0 2100
## 37 1 17 130 3 1 1 0 1 0 2125
## 40 1 20 120 2 1 0 0 0 3 2126
## 42 1 22 130 1 1 1 0 1 1 2187
## 43 1 27 130 2 0 0 0 1 0 2187
## 44 1 20 80 3 1 0 0 1 0 2211
## 45 1 17 110 1 1 0 0 0 0 2225
## 46 1 25 105 3 0 1 0 0 1 2240
## 47 1 20 109 3 0 0 0 0 0 2240
## 49 1 18 148 3 0 0 0 0 0 2282
## 50 1 18 110 2 1 1 0 0 0 2296
## 51 1 20 121 1 1 1 0 1 0 2296
## 52 1 21 100 3 0 1 0 0 4 2301
## 54 1 26 96 3 0 0 0 0 0 2325
## 56 1 31 102 1 1 1 0 0 1 2353
## 57 1 15 110 1 0 0 0 0 0 2353
## 59 1 23 187 2 1 0 0 0 1 2367
## 60 1 20 122 2 1 0 0 0 0 2381
## 61 1 24 105 2 1 0 0 0 0 2381
## 62 1 15 115 3 0 0 0 1 0 2381
## 63 1 23 120 3 0 0 0 0 0 2410
## 65 1 30 142 1 1 1 0 0 0 2410
## 67 1 22 130 1 1 0 0 0 1 2410
## 68 1 17 120 1 1 0 0 0 3 2414
## 69 1 23 110 1 1 1 0 0 0 2424
## 71 1 17 120 2 0 0 0 0 2 2438
## 75 1 26 154 3 0 1 1 0 1 2442
## 76 1 20 105 3 0 0 0 0 3 2450
## 77 1 26 190 1 1 0 0 0 0 2466
## 78 1 14 101 3 1 1 0 0 0 2466
## 79 1 28 95 1 1 0 0 0 2 2466
## 81 1 14 100 3 0 0 0 0 2 2495
## 82 1 23 94 3 1 0 0 0 0 2495
## 83 1 17 142 2 0 0 1 0 0 2495
## 84 1 21 130 1 1 0 1 0 3 2495
dat$race <- c("White", "Black", "Other")[dat$race]
(dat)
## low age lwt race smoke ptl ht ui ftv bwt
## 85 0 19 182 Black 0 0 0 1 0 2523
## 86 0 33 155 Other 0 0 0 0 3 2551
## 87 0 20 105 White 1 0 0 0 1 2557
## 88 0 21 108 White 1 0 0 1 2 2594
## 89 0 18 107 White 1 0 0 1 0 2600
## 91 0 21 124 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2622
## 92 0 22 118 White 0 0 0 0 1 2637
## 93 0 17 103 Other 0 0 0 0 1 2637
## 94 0 29 123 White 1 0 0 0 1 2663
## 95 0 26 113 White 1 0 0 0 0 2665
## 96 0 19 95 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2722
## 97 0 19 150 Other 0 0 0 0 1 2733
## 98 0 22 95 Other 0 0 1 0 0 2751
## 99 0 30 107 Other 0 1 0 1 2 2750
## 100 0 18 100 White 1 0 0 0 0 2769
## 101 0 18 100 White 1 0 0 0 0 2769
## 102 0 15 98 Black 0 0 0 0 0 2778
## 103 0 25 118 White 1 0 0 0 3 2782
## 104 0 20 120 Other 0 0 0 1 0 2807
## 105 0 28 120 White 1 0 0 0 1 2821
## 106 0 32 121 Other 0 0 0 0 2 2835
## 107 0 31 100 White 0 0 0 1 3 2835
## 108 0 36 202 White 0 0 0 0 1 2836
## 109 0 28 120 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2863
## 111 0 25 120 Other 0 0 0 1 2 2877
## 112 0 28 167 White 0 0 0 0 0 2877
## 113 0 17 122 White 1 0 0 0 0 2906
## 114 0 29 150 White 0 0 0 0 2 2920
## 115 0 26 168 Black 1 0 0 0 0 2920
## 116 0 17 113 Black 0 0 0 0 1 2920
## 117 0 17 113 Black 0 0 0 0 1 2920
## 118 0 24 90 White 1 1 0 0 1 2948
## 119 0 35 121 Black 1 1 0 0 1 2948
## 120 0 25 155 White 0 0 0 0 1 2977
## 121 0 25 125 Black 0 0 0 0 0 2977
## 123 0 29 140 White 1 0 0 0 2 2977
## 124 0 19 138 White 1 0 0 0 2 2977
## 125 0 27 124 White 1 0 0 0 0 2922
## 126 0 31 215 White 1 0 0 0 2 3005
## 127 0 33 109 White 1 0 0 0 1 3033
## 128 0 21 185 Black 1 0 0 0 2 3042
## 129 0 19 189 White 0 0 0 0 2 3062
## 130 0 23 130 Black 0 0 0 0 1 3062
## 131 0 21 160 White 0 0 0 0 0 3062
## 132 0 18 90 White 1 0 0 1 0 3062
## 133 0 18 90 White 1 0 0 1 0 3062
## 134 0 32 132 White 0 0 0 0 4 3080
## 135 0 19 132 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3090
## 136 0 24 115 White 0 0 0 0 2 3090
## 137 0 22 85 Other 1 0 0 0 0 3090
## 138 0 22 120 White 0 0 1 0 1 3100
## 139 0 23 128 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3104
## 140 0 22 130 White 1 0 0 0 0 3132
## 141 0 30 95 White 1 0 0 0 2 3147
## 142 0 19 115 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3175
## 143 0 16 110 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3175
## 144 0 21 110 Other 1 0 0 1 0 3203
## 145 0 30 153 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3203
## 146 0 20 103 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3203
## 147 0 17 119 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3225
## 148 0 17 119 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3225
## 149 0 23 119 Other 0 0 0 0 2 3232
## 150 0 24 110 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3232
## 151 0 28 140 White 0 0 0 0 0 3234
## 154 0 26 133 Other 1 2 0 0 0 3260
## 155 0 20 169 Other 0 1 0 1 1 3274
## 156 0 24 115 Other 0 0 0 0 2 3274
## 159 0 28 250 Other 1 0 0 0 6 3303
## 160 0 20 141 White 0 2 0 1 1 3317
## 161 0 22 158 Black 0 1 0 0 2 3317
## 162 0 22 112 White 1 2 0 0 0 3317
## 163 0 31 150 Other 1 0 0 0 2 3321
## 164 0 23 115 Other 1 0 0 0 1 3331
## 166 0 16 112 Black 0 0 0 0 0 3374
## 167 0 16 135 White 1 0 0 0 0 3374
## 168 0 18 229 Black 0 0 0 0 0 3402
## 169 0 25 140 White 0 0 0 0 1 3416
## 170 0 32 134 White 1 1 0 0 4 3430
## 172 0 20 121 Black 1 0 0 0 0 3444
## 173 0 23 190 White 0 0 0 0 0 3459
## 174 0 22 131 White 0 0 0 0 1 3460
## 175 0 32 170 White 0 0 0 0 0 3473
## 176 0 30 110 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3544
## 177 0 20 127 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3487
## 179 0 23 123 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3544
## 180 0 17 120 Other 1 0 0 0 0 3572
## 181 0 19 105 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3572
## 182 0 23 130 White 0 0 0 0 0 3586
## 183 0 36 175 White 0 0 0 0 0 3600
## 184 0 22 125 White 0 0 0 0 1 3614
## 185 0 24 133 White 0 0 0 0 0 3614
## 186 0 21 134 Other 0 0 0 0 2 3629
## 187 0 19 235 White 1 0 1 0 0 3629
## 188 0 25 95 White 1 3 0 1 0 3637
## 189 0 16 135 White 1 0 0 0 0 3643
## 190 0 29 135 White 0 0 0 0 1 3651
## 191 0 29 154 White 0 0 0 0 1 3651
## 192 0 19 147 White 1 0 0 0 0 3651
## 193 0 19 147 White 1 0 0 0 0 3651
## 195 0 30 137 White 0 0 0 0 1 3699
## 196 0 24 110 White 0 0 0 0 1 3728
## 197 0 19 184 White 1 0 1 0 0 3756
## 199 0 24 110 Other 0 1 0 0 0 3770
## 200 0 23 110 White 0 0 0 0 1 3770
## 201 0 20 120 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3770
## 202 0 25 241 Black 0 0 1 0 0 3790
## 203 0 30 112 White 0 0 0 0 1 3799
## 204 0 22 169 White 0 0 0 0 0 3827
## 205 0 18 120 White 1 0 0 0 2 3856
## 206 0 16 170 Black 0 0 0 0 4 3860
## 207 0 32 186 White 0 0 0 0 2 3860
## 208 0 18 120 Other 0 0 0 0 1 3884
## 209 0 29 130 White 1 0 0 0 2 3884
## 210 0 33 117 White 0 0 0 1 1 3912
## 211 0 20 170 White 1 0 0 0 0 3940
## 212 0 28 134 Other 0 0 0 0 1 3941
## 213 0 14 135 White 0 0 0 0 0 3941
## 214 0 28 130 Other 0 0 0 0 0 3969
## 215 0 25 120 White 0 0 0 0 2 3983
## 216 0 16 95 Other 0 0 0 0 1 3997
## 217 0 20 158 White 0 0 0 0 1 3997
## 218 0 26 160 Other 0 0 0 0 0 4054
## 219 0 21 115 White 0 0 0 0 1 4054
## 220 0 22 129 White 0 0 0 0 0 4111
## 221 0 25 130 White 0 0 0 0 2 4153
## 222 0 31 120 White 0 0 0 0 2 4167
## 223 0 35 170 White 0 1 0 0 1 4174
## 224 0 19 120 White 1 0 0 0 0 4238
## 225 0 24 116 White 0 0 0 0 1 4593
## 226 0 45 123 White 0 0 0 0 1 4990
## 4 1 28 120 Other 1 1 0 1 0 709
## 10 1 29 130 White 0 0 0 1 2 1021
## 11 1 34 187 Black 1 0 1 0 0 1135
## 13 1 25 105 Other 0 1 1 0 0 1330
## 15 1 25 85 Other 0 0 0 1 0 1474
## 16 1 27 150 Other 0 0 0 0 0 1588
## 17 1 23 97 Other 0 0 0 1 1 1588
## 18 1 24 128 Black 0 1 0 0 1 1701
## 19 1 24 132 Other 0 0 1 0 0 1729
## 20 1 21 165 White 1 0 1 0 1 1790
## 22 1 32 105 White 1 0 0 0 0 1818
## 23 1 19 91 White 1 2 0 1 0 1885
## 24 1 25 115 Other 0 0 0 0 0 1893
## 25 1 16 130 Other 0 0 0 0 1 1899
## 26 1 25 92 White 1 0 0 0 0 1928
## 27 1 20 150 White 1 0 0 0 2 1928
## 28 1 21 200 Black 0 0 0 1 2 1928
## 29 1 24 155 White 1 1 0 0 0 1936
## 30 1 21 103 Other 0 0 0 0 0 1970
## 31 1 20 125 Other 0 0 0 1 0 2055
## 32 1 25 89 Other 0 2 0 0 1 2055
## 33 1 19 102 White 0 0 0 0 2 2082
## 34 1 19 112 White 1 0 0 1 0 2084
## 35 1 26 117 White 1 1 0 0 0 2084
## 36 1 24 138 White 0 0 0 0 0 2100
## 37 1 17 130 Other 1 1 0 1 0 2125
## 40 1 20 120 Black 1 0 0 0 3 2126
## 42 1 22 130 White 1 1 0 1 1 2187
## 43 1 27 130 Black 0 0 0 1 0 2187
## 44 1 20 80 Other 1 0 0 1 0 2211
## 45 1 17 110 White 1 0 0 0 0 2225
## 46 1 25 105 Other 0 1 0 0 1 2240
## 47 1 20 109 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2240
## 49 1 18 148 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2282
## 50 1 18 110 Black 1 1 0 0 0 2296
## 51 1 20 121 White 1 1 0 1 0 2296
## 52 1 21 100 Other 0 1 0 0 4 2301
## 54 1 26 96 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2325
## 56 1 31 102 White 1 1 0 0 1 2353
## 57 1 15 110 White 0 0 0 0 0 2353
## 59 1 23 187 Black 1 0 0 0 1 2367
## 60 1 20 122 Black 1 0 0 0 0 2381
## 61 1 24 105 Black 1 0 0 0 0 2381
## 62 1 15 115 Other 0 0 0 1 0 2381
## 63 1 23 120 Other 0 0 0 0 0 2410
## 65 1 30 142 White 1 1 0 0 0 2410
## 67 1 22 130 White 1 0 0 0 1 2410
## 68 1 17 120 White 1 0 0 0 3 2414
## 69 1 23 110 White 1 1 0 0 0 2424
## 71 1 17 120 Black 0 0 0 0 2 2438
## 75 1 26 154 Other 0 1 1 0 1 2442
## 76 1 20 105 Other 0 0 0 0 3 2450
## 77 1 26 190 White 1 0 0 0 0 2466
## 78 1 14 101 Other 1 1 0 0 0 2466
## 79 1 28 95 White 1 0 0 0 2 2466
## 81 1 14 100 Other 0 0 0 0 2 2495
## 82 1 23 94 Other 1 0 0 0 0 2495
## 83 1 17 142 Black 0 0 1 0 0 2495
## 84 1 21 130 White 1 0 1 0 3 2495
aggregate(bwt ~ race, length, data=dat)
## race bwt
## 1 Black 26
## 2 Other 67
## 3 White 96