This report provides an analysis on the records downloaded from Web of Science. The analysis identifies the important authors, journals, and keywords in the dataset based on the number of occurences and citation counts. A citation network of the provided records is created and used to identify the important papers according to their in-degree, total citation count and PageRank scores. The analysis finds also often-cited references that were not included in the original dataset downloaded from the Web of Science.

Reports can be generated by using the online analysis service, and the source code is available at GitHub. Instructions and links to tutorial videos can be found at the project page. For further details see the following article: Knutas, A., Hajikhani, A., Salminen, J., Ikonen, J., Porras, J., 2015. Cloud-Based Bibliometric Analysis Service for Systematic Mapping Studies. CompSysTech 2015. Please cite our research paper on bibliometrics if you publish the analysis results. Use is otherwise free.

The analysed dataset consist of 161 records with 74 variables. More information about the variables can be found at Web of Science.

Publication years

Relative publication volume

## Warning: Removed 3 rows containing missing values (geom_path).

Important authors

Sorted by the number of articles published and by the total number of citations.

Important publications

Sorted by number of published articles in the dataset and by the total number of citations.

Important keywords

Sorted by the number of articles where the keyword is mentioned and by the total number of citations for the keyword.

Important papers

The most important papers and other sources are identified below using three importance measures: 1) in-degree in the citation network, 2) citation count provided by Web of Science (only for papers included in the dataset), and 3) PageRank score in the citation network. The top 25 highest scoring papers are identified using these measures separately. The results are then combined and duplicates are removed. Results are sorted by in-degree, and ties are first broken by citation count and then by the PageRank.

When a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is available, the full paper can be found using Resolve DOI website.

Included in the dataset

These papers were included in the 161 records downloaded from the Web of Science.

Article InDegree TimesCited PageRank
11 | BOWMAN MS, 2012, LAND USE POLICY, V29, P 558, DOI 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2011.09.009 | Fed by demand for beef within Brazil and in global markets, the Brazilian herd grew from 147 million head of cattle in 1990 to 200 million in 2007. Eighty-three percent of this expansion occurred in the Amazon and this trend is expected to continue as the industry bounces back from a recent agricultural downturn. Intensification of the cattle industry has been suggested as one way to reduce pressure on forest margins and spare land for soybean or sugarcane production, and is the cornerstone of Brazil’s plan for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, federal credit programs and research and development activities in Brazil are aligning to support intensification goals, but there is no guarantee that this push for intensification will decrease the demand for land at the forest margin and as result curb CO2 emissions from deforestation. In this paper we use a spatially explicit rent model which incorporates the local effects of biophysical characteristics, infrastructure, land prices, and distance to markets and slaughterhouses to calculate 30-year Net Present Values (NPVs) of extensive cattle ranching across the Brazilian Amazon. We use the model to ask where extensive ranching is profitable and how land acquisition affects profitability. We estimate that between 17% and 80% of land in the Amazon would have moderate to high NPVs when ranched extensively if it were settled, i.e. if the rancher does not buy the land but acquires it through land grabbing. In addition, we estimate that between 9% and 13% of land in the Amazon is vulnerable to speculation (i.e. areas with positive NPVs only if land is settled and not purchased), which suggests that land speculation is an important driver of extensive ranching profitability, and may continue to be in the future. These results suggest that pro-intensification policies such as credit provision for improved pasture management and investment in more intensive production systems must be accompanied by implementation and enforcement of policies that alter the incentives to clear forest for pasture, discourage land speculation, and increase accountability for land management practices if intensification of the cattle sector is to deter new deforestation and displace production from low-yield, extensive cattle production systems in frontier regions of the Brazilian Amazon. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 111 0.0001168
131 | SCHEFFLER R, 2011, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V144, P 281, DOI 10.1016/J.AGEE.2011.08.016 | Clearing for large-scale soy production and the displacement of cattle-breeding by soybeans are major features of land-use change in the lowland Amazon that can alter hydrologic properties of soils and the runoff generation over large areas. We measured infiltrability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) under natural forest, pasture, and soybeans on Oxisols in a region of rapid soybean expansion in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The forest-pasture conversion reduced infiltrability from 1258 to 100 mm/h and Ksat at all depths. The pasture-soy conversion increased infiltrability from 100 to 469 mm/h (attributed to shallow disking), did not affect Ksat at 12.5 cm, but decreased Ksat at 30 cm from 122 to 80 mm/h, suggesting that soybean cultivation enhances subsoil compaction. Permeability decreased markedly with depth under forest, did not change under pasture, and averaged out at one fourth the forest value under soybeans with a similar pattern of anisotropy. Comparisons of permeability with rainfall intensities indicated that land-use change did not alter the predominantly vertical water movement within the soil. We conclude that this landscape is well buffered against land-use changes regarding near-surface hydrology, even though short-lived ponding and perched water tables may occur locally during high-intensity rainfall on pastures and under soybeans. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 5 37 0.0001134
125 | ROCHEDO PR, 2018, NAT CLIM CHANGE, V8, P 695, DOI 10.1038/S41558-018-0213-Y | In exchange for political support, the Brazilian government is signalling landholders to increase deforestation, putting the country’s contribution to the Paris Agreement at risk(1). The President of Brazil has signed provisionary acts and decrees lowering environmental licensing requirements, suspending the ratification of indigenous lands, reducing the size of protected areas and facilitating land grabbers to obtain the deeds of illegally deforested areas(2). This could undermine the success of Brazil’s CO2 emission reductions through control of deforestation in the previous decade. Integrated assessment models are tools to assess progress in fulfilling global efforts to curb climate change(3,4). Using integrated assessment models developed for Brazil, we explore 2 degrees C-compliant CO2 emission scenarios estimating the effort needed in other sectors of the economy to compensate for the weakening of environmental governance, potentially resulting in higher deforestation emissions. We found that the risk of reversals of recent trends in deforestation governance could impose a burden on other sectors that would need to deploy not yet mature technologies to compensate for higher emissions from land-use change. The abandonment of deforestation control policies and the political support for predatory agricultural practices make it impossible to meet targets consistent with Brazil’s contribution to a 2 degrees C world. 4 34 0.0001121
71 | HECHT SB, 2012, ENVIRON CONSERV, V39, P 4, DOI 10.1017/S0376892911000452 | Brazil’s rate of deforestation has declined by more than 70% since 2004, a dynamic unimaginable even a decade ago. Even the worst drought in more than 100 years (2010) produced a flat clearing profile from 2009-2010, an unexpected result, since dry periods usually have clearing spikes. While deforestation continues throughout the tropics (and Amazonia), and the recent change in Brazil’s Forest Code has produced a modest increase in deforestation, there are significant processes that are slowing clearing and fostering woodland recovery. This paper outlines the multiplicities and interdisciplinarities of political ecologies, policies, politics scientific approaches and technologies that have moderated forest conversion and shaped Amazonia’s unusual, and unusually effective development and conservation conjunctures in Brazil’s post-authoritarian period. New institutional framings, ideologies, political decentralization, globalizations and an expanded arena for new social movements and civil society provided the context for this transformation. Changing environmental institutions, discourses and the relatively redistributive social pact that underpinned President Ignacio (Lula) da Silva’s administration had a significant role in promoting more resilient land uses, monitoring, compliance and new markets, while regional social movements and national and international commodity boycotts affected more damaging ones. Finally, other forms of payment for environmental services, such as REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) and REDD+ are changing the value of standing forests. This paper describes how complex interdisciplinarities shaped the politics, policies and practices that slowed forest clearing. However, Amazonia’s politics are extremely dynamic: destabilizing processes, violence and indifferent national leadership could still reverse this remarkable turnaround. 3 41 0.0001101
158 | ZALLES V, 2019, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V116, P 428, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.1810301115 | Brazil has become a global leader in the production of commodity row crops such as soybean, sugarcane, cotton, and corn. Here, we report an increase in Brazilian cropland extent from 26.0 Mha in 2000 to 46.1 Mha in 2014. The states of Maranhao, Tocantins, Piaui, Bahia (collectively MATOPIBA), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Para all more than doubled in cropland extent. The states of Goias, Minas Gerais, and Sao Paulo each experienced >50% increases. The vast majority of expansion, 79%, occurred on repurposed pasture lands, and 20% was from the conversion of natural vegetation. Area of converted Cerrado savannas was nearly 2.5 times that of Amazon forests, and accounted for more than half of new cropland in MATOPIBA. Spatiotemporal dynamics of cropland expansion reflect market conditions, land use policies, and other factors. Continued extensification of cropland across Brazil is possible and may be likely under current conditions, with attendant benefits for and challenges to development. 3 12 0.0001108
83 | LATHUILLIERE MJ, 2018, WATER-SUI, V10, DOI 10.3390/W10040349 | We performed a Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment (WFSA) in the Xingu Basin of Mato Grosso (XBMT), Brazil, with the objectives of (1) tracking blue (as surface water) and green water (as soil moisture regenerated by precipitation) consumption in recent years (2000, 2014); and (2) evaluating agricultural intensification options for future years (2030, 2050) considering the effects of deforestation and climate change on water availability in the basin. The agricultural sector was the largest consumer of water in the basin despite there being almost no irrigation of cropland or pastures. In addition to water use by crops and pasture grass, water consumption attributed to cattle production included evaporation from roughly 9463 ha of small farm reservoirs used to provide drinking water for cattle in 2014. The WFSA showed that while blue and green water consumptive uses were within sustainable limits in 2014, deforestation, cattle confinement, and the use of irrigation to increase cropping frequency could drive water use to unsustainable levels in the future. While land management policies and practices should strive for protection of the remaining natural vegetation, increased agricultural production will require reservoir and irrigation water management to reduce the potential threat of blue water scarcity in the dry season. In addition to providing general guidance for future water allocation decisions in the basin, our study offers an interpretation of blue and green water scarcities with changes in land use and climate in a rapidly evolving agricultural frontier. 3 9 0.0001093
108 | NOGUEIRA EM, 2018, REG ENVIRON CHANGE, V18, P 261, DOI 10.1007/S10113-017-1198-1 | By 2014 approximately 2.2 million km(2) (43%) of Brazil’s Legal Amazonia region had been incorporated into an extensive network of 718 protected areas, which are comprised by 372 indigenous lands, 313 federal, state and municipal (county) conservation units, and 33 Maroon territories (Quilombos). Although protected areas occupy vast expanses in Amazonia, their importance as carbon reserves needs to be better understood. In this study, we estimate the total carbon in 2014 held in protected areas in Brazil’s “Legal Amazonia” and “Amazonia biome” regions, and the carbon loss in the portions of these protected areas that were cleared by 2014. In 2014, a total of 33.4 Pg C or 57.0% of all carbon stored in Legal Amazonia was held in protected areas and 32.7 Pg C or 58.5% of all the carbon stored in the Amazonia biome was held in protected areas. By 2014, carbon lost due to clearing in protected areas in Legal Amazonia and the Amazonia biome totaled, respectively, 0.787 (or 2.3%) and 0.702 (or 2.1%) Pg C if one assumes that previously each protected area was entirely covered by native vegetation. If the protection of these areas is effective, about half of the carbon in Brazilian Amazonia will be maintained. Carbon in protected areas has strategic value for environmental conservation and for mitigation of climate change because these areas are under lower risk of being emitted to the atmosphere than carbon stored in vegetation located outside of protected areas, although the effectiveness of protected areas varies. 3 8 0.0001104
19 | COOK B, 2012, EARTH INTERACT, V16, DOI 10.1175/2011EI398.1 | The Amazon rain forest may undergo significant change in response to future climate change. To determine the likelihood and causes of such changes, the authors analyzed the output of 24 models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and a dynamic vegetation model, Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil (VEGAS), driven by these climate output. Their results suggest that the core of the Amazon rain forest should remain largely stable because rainfall in the core of the basin is projected to increase in nearly all models. However, the periphery, notably the southern edge of Amazonia and farther south into central Brazil (SAB), is in danger of drying out, driven by two main processes. First, a decline in precipitation of 11% during the southern Amazonia’s dry season (May-September) reduces soil moisture. Two dynamical mechanisms may explain the forecast reduction in dry season rainfall: 1) a general subtropical drying under global warming when the dry season southern Amazon basin is under the control of subtropical high pressure and 2) a stronger north-south tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature gradient and, to a lesser degree, a warmer eastern equatorial Pacific. The drying corresponds to a lengthening of the dry season by approximately 10 days. The decline in soil moisture occurs despite an increase in precipitation during the wet season, because of nonlinear responses in hydrology associated with the decline in dry season precipitation, ecosystem dynamics, and an increase in evaporative demand due to the general warming. In terms of ecosystem response, higher maintenance cost and reduced productivity under warming may also have additional adverse impact. Although the IPCC models have substantial intermodel variation in precipitation change, these latter two hydroecological effects are highly robust because of the general warming simulated by all models. As a result, when forced by these climate projections, a dynamic vegetation model VEGAS projects an enhancement of fire risk by 20%-30% in the SAB region. Fire danger reaches its peak in Amazonia during the dry season, and this danger is expected to increase primarily because of the reduction in soil moisture and the decrease in dry season rainfall. VEGAS also projects a reduction of about 0.77 in leaf area index (LAI) over the SAB region. The vegetation response may be partially mediated by the CO2 fertilization effect, because a sensitivity experiment without CO2 fertilization shows a higher 0.89 decrease in LAI. Southern Amazonia is currently under intense human influence as a result of deforestation and land-use change. Should this direct human impact continue at present rates, added pressure to the region’s ecosystems from climate change may subject the region to profound changes in the twenty-first century. 2 39 0.0001090
10 | BORDONAL RD, 2018, AGRON SUSTAIN DEV, V38, DOI 10.1007/S13593-018-0490-X | Brazil is a major sugarcane producer and its production more than doubled over the last decades to meet global bioenergy demands for reducing crude oil dependency and mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of this growth on jeopardizing the sustainability of sugarcane production are not known, especially when environmental impacts of agricultural inputs and production processes are not judiciously managed. This article is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-knowledge and the main advances made thus far in the sugarcane sector. Here, we review the major environmental impacts of rapidly expanding sugarcane plantation on the land use change and its competition with food production, as well as those associated with sugarcane cultivation in Brazil. Our main finding are that sugarcane plantation did not contribute to direct deforestation, and its expansion on degraded pastures with the attendant increased yields of food crops and livestock intensification decreased land competition between food and sugarcane. Non-burning sugarcane harvesting is a win-win strategy because of its benefits involving agronomic and environmental aspects, but soil compaction is among the main issues in sugarcane cropping systems. Sugarcane is highly efficient in terms of nitrogen use efficiency, which is an important factor for its high energy balance. But, special attention should be given regarding emissions of nitrous oxide when straw mulching is combined with application of nitrogen fertilizer and vinasse. Recent advances in the sugarcane sector also show significant reductions in water consumption, making sugarcane ethanol one of the most favorable options in terms of water footprint. Growing realization of a vast potential indicates the need to further enhance the environmental benefits of sugarcane ethanol by optimizing the agricultural production chain. Based on this improved knowledge, the adoption of best management practices is among researchable priorities that can be developed to consolidate the large potential of sugarcane production towards greater sustainability. 2 33 0.0001095
7 | ARISTIZABAL N, 2019, J APPL ECOL, V56, P 21, DOI 10.1111/1365-2664.13283 | Ants play a fundamental role in coffee pest control. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding about how landscape configuration and composition regulate the ecosystem service provided by ants in sun coffee farms within highly fragmented landscapes. We measured whether landscape structure influences ants’ ability to regulate coffee berry borer (CBB) in sun coffee farms in Southeastern Brazil. Considering the ecological interactions between ants and CBB at three different stages of pest control (reduction of CBB presence, CBB infestation, and CBB bean damage), we measured pest control among 10 landscapes that represented a gradual difference in forest and coffee cover. We manipulated ants through exclusion experiments and tested whether interactions between ants and different landscape structure metrics (distance to forest fragments, 2-km-level forest cover, and 300-m-level forest and coffee cover) influenced pest control. The presence of ants reduced CBB presence and CBB damage by up to 40%. We show how pest control service indicators change depending on the landscape level. The probability of CBB presence increased with expanding coffee and forest cover at the 300-m-level but decreased at the 2-km-level. CBB infestation reduced further after 25 m from forest edges, suggesting ants that provide these ecosystem services are adapted to matrix conditions in sun coffee farms. Ants reduced CBB presence, CBB infestation, and CBB damage in landscapes with at least 40% 2-km-level forest cover. Beyond this threshold, there is a turning point for ecological processes involved in pest control. Synthesis and applications. This is the first long-term branch-level exclusion experiment to present strong evidence of ants as efficient providers of pest control in sun coffee farms. We show how landscape structure modulates key ecological processes involved in three different ant-CBB interactions that regulate CBB populations. Forest cover measured at different landscape levels yielded different results for CBB presence, emphasizing the importance of multi-scale studies for landscape management. Considering surrounding forest cover and crop proximity to forest fragments in planning the spatial arrangement of coffee farms can thus both improve pest control as well as contribute to biodiversity conservation. 2 7 0.0001079
51 | FREITAS FL, 2018, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V24, P 2129, DOI 10.1111/GCB.14011 | Brazil is one of the major contributors to land-use change emissions, mostly driven by agricultural expansion for food, feed, and bioenergy feedstock. Policies to avoid deforestation related to private commitments, economic incentives, and other support schemes are expected to improve the effectiveness of current command and control mechanisms increasingly. However, until recently, land tenure was unknown for much of the Brazilian territory, which has undermined the governance of native vegetation and challenged support and incentive mechanisms for avoiding deforestation. We assess the total extent of public governance mechanisms protecting aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks. We constructed a land tenure dataset for the entire nation and modeled the effects and uncertainties of major land-use acts on protecting AGC stocks. Roughly 70% of the AGC stock in Brazil is estimated to be under legal protection, and an additional 20% is expected to be protected after areas in the Amazon with currently undesignated land undergo a tenure regularization. About 30% of the AGC stock is on private land, of which roughly two-thirds are protected. The Cerrado, Amazon, and Caatinga biomes hold about 40%, 30%, and 20% of the unprotected AGC, respectively. Effective conservation of protected and unprotected carbon will depend on successful implementation of the Forest Act, and regularization of land tenure in the Amazon. Policy development that prioritizes unprotected AGC stocks is warranted to promote conservation of native vegetation beyond the legal requirements. However, different biomes and land tenure structures may require different policy settings considering local and regional specifics. Finally, the fate of current AGC stocks relies upon effective implementation of command and control mechanisms, considering that unprotected AGC in native vegetation on private land only accounts for 6.5% of the total AGC stock. 2 7 0.0001079
137 | SOTERRONI AC, 2019, SCI ADV, V5, DOI 10.1126/SCIADV.AAV7336 | The Cerrado biome in Brazil is a tropical savanna and an important global biodiversity hot spot. Today, only a fraction of its original area remains undisturbed, and this habitat is at risk of conversion to agriculture, especially to soybeans. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of expanding the Soy Moratorium (SoyM) from the Brazilian Amazon to the Cerrado biome. The SoyM expansion to the Cerrado would prevent the direct conversion of 3.6 million ha of native vegetation to soybeans by 2050. Nationally, this would require a reduction in soybean area of approximately 2%. Relative risk of future native vegetation conversion for soybeans would be driven by the Brazilian domestic market, China, and the European Union. We conclude that, to preserve the Cerrado’s biodiversity and ecosystem services, urgent action is required, including a zero native vegetation conversion agreement such as the SoyM. 2 3 0.0001101
81 | LAMPARTER G, 2018, REG ENVIRON CHANGE, V18, P 91, DOI 10.1007/S10113-016-1015-2 | This study presents the setup, calibration, validation and scenario application of the soil and water assessment tool for two contrasting macro-catchments along the Amazon agricultural frontier in the federal states of Para and Mato Grosso, Brazil. Calibration and validation of the model are realised for the periods of the most intensive deforestation and agricultural expansion. In order to give consideration to the rapid, however gradual nature of land use change, the model implements an annual land use update combined with a land use dependent soil parameterization of the upper most soil layer. The comparison of these results with the results of a setup with a steady land use distribution shows distinct improvements of the prediction quality. Discharge prediction improves through the application of gradual land use change in the model by 12 % for a 1.8 % deforestation rate per year and 1.2 % for a deforestation rate of 0.7 % per year. Consequently, the validated models are applied to four land use scenarios for the period 2026-2035. Scenario simulation results show effects on the water balance proportional to land use change. Further, the changes in the water balance follow clear seasonal patterns with highest hydrological effects due to land use change during the rainy season in both catchments. Overall, with continuous deforestation, peak discharge increases. Further, the conversion of native vegetation to pasture has the highest impact on the water balance. For example, monthly discharge in the rainy season increases by up to 24 % for a 13 % conversion of Cerrado savannah into pasture. 1 11 0.0001085
25 | DA SO, 2017, ECOL INDIC, V72, P 411, DOI 10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2016.08.041 | The labile organic C (LC) and C management index (CMI) may be useful indicators of alterations of soil organic matter (SOM) in areas undergoing land use change (LUC) for biofuels production. However, there is no consensus on which methodology is best suited for quantifying LC and CMI. The main goal of this study was to assess alterations on LC contents and CMI values in sites undergoing the LUC native vegetation (NV)-pasture (PA)-sugarcane (SC) in south-central Brazil, and evaluated the sensitivity of different methods commonly used to assess LC and CMI, in order to select a best-suited method to quantify these indicators in tropical regions. The conversion NV-PA decreased the LC and CMI, whilst the conversion of PA-SC tended to increase the CMI. Accordingly, cropping sugarcane in areas previously used as pastures, as currently has been observed in Brazil, enhance SOM quality. The methodology used to quantify the LC and the CMI is critical to infer about LUC effects. Both methods proposed by Blair et al. (1995) and Diekow et al. (2005) were highly sensitive to the conversions evaluated in this research. However, Diekow et al. (2005) is the most suitable method to estimate the LC and CMI in sites undergoing LUC in Brazil, since the approach of Blair et al. (1995) notably overestimates these SOM quality indicators. We reiterate that the SOM changes are well expressed by the total soil organic C in areas undergoing LUC and, integrated approaches, such as the CMI, are quite suitable to evaluate the effects of LUC on SOM. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 11 0.0001082
47 | FEARNSIDE PM, 2018, SUSTAIN DEV, V26, P 141, DOI 10.1002/SD.1725 | Most economic initiatives and infrastructure projects in Brazilian Amazonia have social benefits that are small and ephemeral, while their socioenvironmental impacts are severe. More sustainable forms of development are inhibited by barriers such as a decision-making system with heavy influence (including corruption) from actors with interests in nonsustainable activities. These interests have driven a recent surge of legislative threats to environmental licensing. Better alternatives exist for many destructive forms of development projects. Examples include transport using rivers (rather than building highways) and electricity generation from Brazil’s vast solar and wind resources (rather than hydroelectric dams). Traditional rural populations could receive support from programs that tap the value of the Amazon forest’s environmental services, but institutional mechanisms are in their infancy, among challenges that include differing political interests of countries providing environmental services and those that might pay for them, lack of data and a theoretical battlefield regarding accounting for benefits. 1 9 0.0001081
61 | GOLLNOW F, 2018, LAND USE POLICY, V78, P 377, DOI 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2018.07.010 | Brazil’s Soy Moratorium solidified the world’s largest traders’ commitment to stop soybean purchases from production areas deforested after July 2006. The aim was to remove deforestation from the soybean supply chain and halt one of the main drivers of forest loss in the Amazon biome. In this study, we investigated changes in deforestation at the property-level for the period 2004 to 2014. The objective was to examine direct and indirect deforestation, defined as on-property displacement and cross-parcel displacement deforestation for soybean expansion in the Amazon region of Mato Grosso, the leading soy-producing state of the Brazilian Amazon. We used publicly available property and land use data to quantify deforestation associated with cropland expansion. Similar to previous studies, we found that direct deforestation for soybean expansion declined following the implementation of the Soy Moratorium. Moreover, our analysis suggest that indirect deforestation occurred already before the implementation of the Soy Moratorium, and decreased following the first period of analyses. However, slight increases of indirect deforestation in the more recent periods, combined with decreasing direct deforestations rendered indirect deforestation to be responsible for more than half of the deforestation associated with soybean expansion. While we acknowledge the overall reduction of deforestation for soybean, our results suggest, given the increasing trends of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon since 2013, to address indirect deforestation within the Soy Moratorium. This may be achieved by zero-property-deforestation commitments and by strengthening the integration between supply-chain actors, the soybean and beef purchasing companies and the federal policies aiming to control deforestation. 1 9 0.0001078
114 | PARENTE L, 2018, REMOTE SENS-BASEL, V10, DOI 10.3390/RS10040606 | The pasturelands areas of Brazil constitute an important asset for the country, as the main food source for the world’s largest commercial herd, representing the largest stock of open land in the country, occupying similar to 21% of the national territory. Understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of these areas is of fundamental importance for the goal of promoting improved territorial governance, emission mitigation and productivity gains. To this effect, this study mapped, through objective criteria and automatic classification methods (Random Forest) applied to MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images, the totality of the Brazilian pastures between 2000 and 2016. Based on 90 spectro-temporal metrics derived from the Red, NIR and SWIRl bands and distinct vegetation indices, distributed between dry and wet seasons, a total of 17 pasture maps with an approximate overall accuracy of 80% were produced with cloud-computing (Google Earth Engine). During this period, the pasture area varied from -152 (2000) to -179 (2016) million hectares. This expansion pattern was consistent with the bovine herd variation and mostly occurred in the Amazon, which increased its total pasture area by -15 million hectares between 2000 and 2005, while the Cerrado, Caatinga and Pantanal biomes showed an increase of -8 million hectares in this same period. The Atlantic Forest was the only biome in which there was a retraction of pasture areas throughout this series. In general, the results of this study suggest the existence of two relevant moments for the Brazilian pasture land uses. The first, strongly supported by the opening of new grazing areas, prevailed between 2000 and 2005 and mostly occurred in the Deforestation Arc and in the Matopiba regions. From 2006 on, the total pasture area in Brazil showed a trend towards stabilization, indicating a slight intensification of livestock activity in recent years. 1 9 0.0001076
97 | MERCURE J-, 2019, RENEW SUST ENERG REV, V105, P 230, DOI 10.1016/J.RSER.2019.01.045 | The Energy-Water-Food Nexus is one of the most complex sustainability challenges faced by the world. This is particularly true in Brazil, where insufficiently understood interactions within the Nexus are contributing to large-scale deforestation and land-use change, water and energy scarcity, and increased vulnerability to climate change. The reason is a combination of global environmental change and global economic change, putting unprecedented pressures on the Brazilian environment and ecosystems. In this paper, we identify and discuss the main Nexus challenges faced by Brazil across sectors (e.g. energy, agriculture, water) and scales (e.g. federal, state, municipal). We use four case studies to explore all nodes of the Nexus. For each, we analyse data from economic and biophysical modelling sources in combination with an overview of the legislative and policy landscape, in order to identify governance shortcomings in the context of growing challenges. We analyse the complex interdependence of developments at the global and local (Brazilian) levels, highlighting the impact of global environmental and economic change on Brazil and, conversely, that of developments in Brazil for other countries and the world. We conclude that there is a need to adjust the scientific approach to these challenges as an enabling condition for stronger science-policy bridges for sustainability policy-making. 1 7 0.0001085
160 | ZORTEA RB, 2018, SUSTAIN PROD CONSUMP, V13, P 102, DOI 10.1016/J.SPC.2017.11.002 | Brazil is one of the leaders in soybean cultivation and Rio Grande do Sul state (RS, Southern Brazil) is one of the most important soybean producing regions in the country. Various studies have indicated the environmental impacts of soybean cultivation, however there is a lack of research into other dimensions of sustainability concerning the production of this crop. Thus, this study aims to verify the level of sustainability of soybean production in RS based on the soybean life cycle. Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment was used to qualify and quantify nine impact categories and/or stakeholders: acidification, eutrophication and global warming potential; supply, infrastructure and maintenance costs; financial expenses, workers, local communities and society, and value chain actors. Data were gathered using both questionnaires and secondary data collections (specific and generic). The most critical impacts in each dimension were eutrophication (environmental), supply costs (economic) and the stakeholders local communities/society (social). RS soybean has a good level of sustainability and the social dimension is perceived to have the highest potential of improvement. The results indicate some trends to improve soybean sustainability in RS state. However, due to the complexity of the evaluation, proposed changes must be evaluated carefully as they may affect the impacts of the three evaluated dimensions. 1 6 0.0001098
152 | VAN DH, 2018, GCB BIOENERGY, V10, P 804, DOI 10.1111/GCBB.12534 | Many of the sustainability concerns of bioenergy are related to direct or indirect land use change (LUC) resulting from bioenergy feedstock production. The environmental and socio-economic impacts of LUC highly depend on the site-specific biophysical and socio-economic conditions. The objective of this study is to spatiotemporally assess the potential LUC dynamics resulting from an increased biofuel demand, the related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the potential effect of LUC mitigation measures. This assessment is demonstrated for LUC dynamics in Brazil towards 2030, considering an increase in the global demand for bioethanol as well as other agricultural commodities. The potential effects of three LUC mitigation measures (increased agricultural productivity, shift to second-generation ethanol, and strict conservation policies) are evaluated by using a scenario approach. The novel modelling framework developed consists of the global Computable General Equilibrium model MAGNET, the spatiotemporal land use allocation model PLUC, and a GIS-based carbon module. The modelling simulations illustrate where LUC as a result of an increased global ethanol demand (+26x10(9)L ethanol production in Brazil) is likely to occur. When no measures are taken, sugar cane production is projected to expand mostly at the expense of agricultural land which subsequently leads to the loss of natural vegetation (natural forest and grass and shrubland) in the Cerrado and Amazon. The related losses of above and below ground biomass and soil organic carbon result in the average emission of 26gCO(2-)eq/MJbioethanol. All LUC mitigation measures show potential to reduce the loss of natural vegetation (18%-96%) as well as the LUC-related GHG emissions (7%-60%). Although there are several uncertainties regarding the exact location and magnitude of LUC and related GHG emissions, this study shows that the implementation of LUC mitigation measures could have a substantial contribution to the reduction of LUC-related emissions of bioethanol. However, an integrated approach targeting all land uses is required to obtain substantial and sustained LUC-related GHG emission reductions in general. 1 6 0.0001083
59 | GMACH M, 2018, GEODERMA REG, V14, DOI 10.1016/J.GEODRS.2018.E00178 | Land-use change (LUC) from native vegetation to feedstock production is the main responsible for the losses of carbon (C) from soil organic matter (SOM) to atmosphere. We evaluated different land-uses common in the Cerrado with potential to restore SOM levels. We sampled soil (0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.3; 0.3-0.4 m) from sites located in the municipality of Urucui (Piaui State, Northeast region of Brazil). Land-uses evaluated were: i) native vegetation (NV); ii) no-tillage over six years (NT6); iii) no-tillage over nine years (NT9); iv) Urochloa brizantha pasture over two years (PA(2)); v) U. brizantha pasture over six years (PA(6)); vi) Eucalyptus urophylla afforestation over six years (EU6); and vii) E. urophylla afforestation over twelve years (EU12). We determined soil C stocks, chemical (fulvic and humic acids) and physical (particulate and organic-mineral complexes) SOM fractions. Pasture was land-use that presented better results in terms to maintain C pools (recalcitrant and labile), consequently could restore soil C stocks. The no-tillage, due to the high difference between the results for the adoption times, was difficult to have an accurate interpretation if is effectively increasing the C stocks. On the other hand, Eucalyptus afforestation does not seem to be an efficient land-use when it comes to the restoration of SOM levels, at least under the current management practices as well as the soil and climatic conditions in the Cerrado. (C) Published by Elsevier B.V. 1 6 0.0001077
82 | LATHUILLIERE MJ, 2018, AGR FOREST METEOROL, V256, P 407, DOI 10.1016/J.AGRFORMET.2018.03.023 | Cropland has increasingly occupied large areas in Southern Amazonia since the 1990s, yet few direct field-based evapotranspiration (ET) measurements are available. We used the eddy covariance method to measure ET on a farm with multiple cropping cycles per year over September 2015 through February 2017. This period covered two soybean crops and associated rotations in each of two adjacent fields: a rain-fed field planted to soybean, maize, brachiara, and soybean, and an irrigated field planted to soybean, rice, bean, and soybean. Total ET during these crop cycles was 1265 +/- 294 mm and 1414 +/- 181 mm respectively for rain-fed and irrigated fields compared to 3099 mm of precipitation. Soybean ET was similar in both rain-fed and irrigated fields and ranged from 332 +/- 82 mm (October 2015-February 2016) to 423 +/- 99 mm (October 2016-February 2017), while rain-fed maize ET was 313 +/- 68 mm (February-July 2016). The main difference between the fields was observed in the dry season (June-August 2016) when irrigation was applied for bean production. A crop model validated with the field data, showed that (1) crop transpiration represented 48-52% of ET for both soybean and maize, and (2) that irrigation for soybean planted at the end of the dry season resulted in marginal improvements to crop water productivity. Results provide insight into the use of irrigation to increase cropping frequency rather than yield with regional land and water implications at the Brazilian agricultural frontier. 1 5 0.0001080
6 | ARIAS ME, 2018, HYDROL PROCESS, V32, P 1648, DOI 10.1002/HYP.11517 | Tropical river basins are experiencing major hydrological alterations as a result of climate variability and deforestation. These drivers of flow changes are often difficult to isolate in large basins based on either observations or experiments; however, combining these methods with numerical models can help identify the contribution of climate and deforestation to hydrological alterations. This paper presents a study carried out in the Tapajos River (Brazil), a 477,000km(2) basin in South-eastern Amazonia, in which we analysed the role of annual land cover change on daily river flows. Analysis of observed spatial and temporal trends in rainfall, forest cover, and river flow metrics for 1976 to 2008 indicates a significant shortening of the wet season and reduction in river flows through most of the basin despite no significant trend in annual precipitation. Coincident with seasonal trends over the past 4 decades, over 35% of the original forest (140,000 out of 400,000km(2)) was cleared. In order to determine the effects of land clearing and rainfall variability to trends in river flows, we conducted hindcast simulations with ED2+R, a terrestrial biosphere model incorporating fine scale ecosystem heterogeneity arising from annual land-use change and linked to a flow routing scheme. The simulations indicated basin-wide increases in dry season flows caused by land cover transitions beginning in the early 1990s when forest cover dropped to 80% of its original extent. Simulations of historical potential vegetation in the absence of land cover transitions indicate that reduction in rainfall during the dry season (mean of -9mm per month) would have had an opposite and larger magnitude effect than deforestation (maximum of +4mm/month), leading to the overall net negative trend in river flows. In light of the expected increase in future climate variability and water infrastructure development in the Amazon and other tropical basins, this study presents an approach for analysing how multiple drivers of change are altering regional hydrology and water resources management. 1 5 0.0001074
136 | SOTERRONI AC, 2018, ENVIRON RES LETT, V13, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/AACCBB | The role of improving the enforcement of Brazil’s Forest Code in reducing deforestation in the Amazon has been highlighted in many studies. However, in a context of strong political pressure for loosening environmental protections, the future impacts of a nationwide implementation of the Forest Code on both environment and agriculture remain poorly understood. Here, we present a spatially explicit assessment of Brazil’s 2012 Forest Code through the year 2050; specifically, we use a partial equilibrium economic model that provides a globally consistent national modeling framework with detailed representation of the agricultural sector and spatially explicit land-use change. We test for the combined or isolated impacts of the different measures of the Forest Code, including deforestation control and obligatory forest restoration with or without environmental reserve quotas. Our results show that, if rigorously enforced, the Forest Code could prevent a net loss of 53.4 million hectares (Mha) of forest and native vegetation by 2050, 43.1 Mha (81%) of which are in the Amazon alone. The control of illegal deforestation promotes the largest environmental benefits, but the obligatory restoration of illegally deforested areas creates 12.9Mha of new forested area. Environmental reserve quotas further protect 5.8Mha of undisturbed natural vegetation. Compared to a scenario without the Forest Code, by 2050, cropland area is only reduced by 4% and the cattle herd by 8%. Our results show that compliance with the Forest Code requires an increase in cattle productivity of 56% over four decades, with a combination of a higher use of supplements and an adoption of semi-intensive pasture management. We estimate that the enforcement of the Forest Code could contribute up to 1.03 PgCO(2)e to the ambitious GHG emissions reduction target set by Brazil for 2030. 1 4 0.0001083
110 | OLIVEIRA DM, 2019, RENEW SUST ENERG REV, V102, P 346, DOI 10.1016/J.RSER.2018.12.012 | Biofuels are fundamental for meeting societal energy needs within the next few decades, but the sustainability of large-scale land use conversions to supply feedstock crops remains unclear. Quantitative data documenting how biofuel crop expansion will affect ecosystem services (ES) is needed to develop sustainable energy policies. Using pairwise comparisons of published and novel environmental, social and economic indicators, we quantitatively assessed the provision of critical ES related to key aspects of the sustainability of pasture-to-sugarcane transitions in Brazil. We found that with the exception of maintaining biodiversity, conversion of pasturelands to sugarcane fields enhanced many ES. Based on the Sustainability index, aimed to capture changes on key sustainability aspects by considering multiple ES and properly integrating them, we concluded that pasture to sugarcane transitions would increase the sustainability by 78% in south-central Brazil. Our results provide science-based empirical evidence that the expansion of sugarcane into degraded pasturelands is a suitable strategy to enhance Brazil’s biomass feedstock supplies for producing bioenergy. Moreover, facing the complex and multidimensional concept of sustainability, our study also illustrates the importance of considering holistically land use change effects rather than individual ESs when establishing sustainable land management practices and bioenergy policies. 1 4 0.0001079
29 | DE AT, 2018, SCI DATA, V5, DOI 10.1038/SDATA.2018.45 | This work presents the SEEG platform, a 46-year long dataset of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in Brazil (1970-2015) providing more than 2 million data records for the Agriculture, Energy, Industry, Waste and Land Use Change Sectors at national and subnational levels. The SEEG dataset was developed by the Climate Observatory, a Brazilian civil society initiative, based on the IPCC guidelines and Brazilian National Inventories embedded with country specific emission factors and processes, raw data from multiple official and non-official sources, and organized together with social and economic indicators. Once completed, the SEEG dataset was converted into a spreadsheet format and shared via web-platform that, by means of simple queries, allows users to search data by emission sources and country and state activities. Because of its effectiveness in producing and making available data on a consistent and accessible basis, SEEG may significantly increase the capacity of civil society, scientists and stakeholders to understand and anticipate trends related to GHG emissions as well as its implications to public policies in Brazil. 1 3 0.0001089
42 | DOURADO HT, 2018, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V259, P 11, DOI 10.1016/J.AGEE.2018.02.026 | This study assessed the effects of land use changes driven by sugarcane expansion on the stream flow for two selected basins: Monte Mor (MM), where a stagnation in sugarcane area is expected, and Fazenda Monte Alegre (FMA), which is under intense expansion towards the Cerrado biome. The evaluation was made using a previously calibrated and validated SWAT model. Scenarios of land use changes were made based on a more realistic sugarcane expansion related to future ethanol demand and also regarding more intense expansion and other land use change trends, always considering the maintenance of natural vegetation. Modelling results show that the expected sugarcane expansion for 2030 would not bring substantial impacts on stream flow, nor on the reference flow (Q90) in flow duration curves for MM basin. For FMA basin, the expansion is expected to increase stream flow and reference flow during the dry season and decrease during the rainy season. The results suggest that the replacement of annual crops and pasture lands by sugarcane regulates the stream flow regime by decreasing stream flow peaks and, consequently, the flood risk, while also increasing water availability during the dry season. 1 2 0.0001085
105 | MONTEIRO FF, 2012, ENVIRON EARTH SCI, V65, P 1661, DOI 10.1007/S12665-011-1143-4 | A sediment core from Guanabara Bay (Brazil) was analyzed for Pb-210 dating, grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen, carbon stable isotope ratio (delta C-13), nitrogen stable isotope ratio (delta N-15) and the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Pb, V and Zn, to assess the influence of land use changes on the aquatic system in a region for which large industrial and urban development is expected in the next few decades. To obtain baseline data for improving the monitoring of the expected increase in anthropogenic impacts from surrounding drainage basins, a multivariate analysis of data from different sediment layers was carried out to evaluate the dated sediment record. The geochemical data suggested three different sedimentary phases along the last 200 years. Before the 1880s, the highest clay and TOC contents were observed, where the C/N ratios and the delta C-13 values suggested a mixture of algal and terrestrial organic matter and the lowest concentrations of Co, Cu, Pb, V and Zn, for which background levels were estimated (4.6, 2.7, 14.9, 24.3 and 70.2 mg kg(-1), respectively). From the 1880s to the 1950s, the metal concentrations and sand particles increased, but no change in organic matter quality was observed, reflecting a period of land use change, still without significant sewage input. After the 1950s, the sedimentation rate increased from 0.42 to 0.77 cm year(-1) and increasing urban sewage input was evidenced by lower C/N ratios, higher delta N-15, decrease of Fe and Mn concentrations and increased fluxes of metals and TOC, which showed a good relationship with population growth data. 0 31 0.0001067
155 | WILLEMS AB, 2011, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V144, P 347, DOI 10.1016/J.AGEE.2011.10.001 | Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO(2) emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO(2) emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO(2) m(-2) h(-1). Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO(2) emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0 22 0.0001067
70 | HAUSMAN C, 2012, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V51, P 163, DOI 10.1007/S10640-011-9493-7 | Scientists and economists are increasingly worried that biofuels production is leading to land use changes in the form of competition with food crops or loss of natural ecosystems. I estimate acreage conversion in response to shocks in sugarcane (a biofuels feedstock) and soybean (thought to be affected by United States corn ethanol production) prices in Brazil at a national and regional level. Using county-level data from 1973 to 2005, I consider a dynamic panel data model of input demand for agricultural land, conditioning on price changes of other commodities. The short-run crop-price elasticity of sugarcane acreage in Brazil is estimated to be approximately zero, whereas the elasticity of soybean acreage is 0.9 when both spot and futures prices change. The regional estimates for soybeans show considerable variation, and are highest in areas of ecological importance, such as the cerrado. Sugarcane estimates are more homogeneous. These results should be taken into account in impact assessments of biofuels. 0 21 0.0001067
102 | MISERENDINO RA, 2018, ACS EARTH SPACE CHEM, V2, P 441, DOI 10.1021/ACSEARTHSPACECHEM.7B00089 | Mercury (Hg) poses a public health burden in the Amazon and worldwide. Although usually attributed to Hg used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), the primary source of elevated Hg in Amazonian aquatic ecosystems is contested since there have not been tools to differentiate between Hg from ASGM and Hg from other sources such as increased soil erosion associated with landcover and land-use change. To directly assess Hg contamination from ASGM, stable Hg isotope analyses were applied to sediment cores, surface sediments, and soils from two aquatic ecosystems in Amapa, Brazil, one downstream of ASGM activities and one isolated from ASGM. Downstream of the ASGM sites, the Hg isotope data is consistent with elevated Hg coming dominantly from increased erosion of soils and not from Hg used during gold extraction. Although these two sources represent different pathways of contamination to downstream ecosystems, ASGM may contribute to both land-cover and land-use change and local contamination of soils. Accordingly, these findings demonstrate that in some regions of the Amazon effective Hg mitigation strategies need to address land-use practices in addition to ASGM. 0 15 0.0001067
141 | STYLES D, 2018, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V24, P 681, DOI 10.1111/GCB.13868 | Milk and beef production cause 9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Previous life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have shown that dairy intensification reduces the carbon footprint of milk by increasing animal productivity and feed conversion efficiency. None of these studies simultaneously evaluated indirect GHG effects incurred via teleconnections with expansion of feed crop production and replacement suckler-beef production. We applied consequential LCA to incorporate these effects into GHG mitigation calculations for intensification scenarios among grazing-based dairy farms in an industrialized country (UK), in which milk production shifts from average to intensive farm typologies, involving higher milk yields per cow and more maize and concentrate feed in cattle diets. Attributional LCA indicated a reduction of up to 0.10 kg CO(2)e kg(-1) milk following intensification, reflecting improved feed conversion efficiency. However, consequential LCA indicated that land use change associated with increased demand for maize and concentrate feed, plus additional suckler-beef production to replace reduced dairy-beef output, significantly increased GHG emissions following intensification. International displacement of replacement suckler-beef production to the “global beef frontier” in Brazil resulted in small GHG savings for the UK GHG inventory, but contributed to a net increase in international GHG emissions equivalent to 0.63 kg CO(2)e kg(-1) milk. Use of spared dairy grassland for intensive beef production can lead to net GHG mitigation by replacing extensive beef production, enabling afforestation on larger areas of lower quality grassland, or by avoiding expansion of international (Brazilian) beef production. We recommend that LCA boundaries are expanded when evaluating livestock intensification pathways, to avoid potentially misleading conclusions being drawn from “snapshot” carbon footprints. We conclude that dairy intensification in industrialized countries can lead to significant international carbon leakage, and only achieves GHG mitigation when spared dairy grassland is used to intensify beef production, freeing up larger areas for afforestation. 0 13 0.0001067
146 | TESFAW AT, 2018, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V115, P 2084, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.1716462115 | Protected areas (PAs) remain the dominant policy to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services but have been shown to have limited impact when development interests force them to locations with lower deforestation pressure. Far less known is that such interests also cause widespread tempering, reduction, or removal of protection [i.e., PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD)]. We inform responses to PADDD by proposing and testing a bargaining explanation for PADDD risks and deforestation impacts. We examine recent degazettements for hydropower development and rural settlements in the state of Rondonia in the Brazilian Amazon. Results support two hypotheses: (i) ineffective PAs (i.e., those where internal deforestation was similar to nearby rates) were more likely to be degazetted and (ii) degazettement of ineffective PAs caused limited, if any, additional deforestation. We also report on cases in which ineffective portions were upgraded. Overall our results suggest that enhancing PAs’ ecological impacts enhances their legal durability. 0 12 0.0001067
90 | MACZYNSKA J, 2019, FUEL, V241, P 989, DOI 10.1016/J.FUEL.2018.12.116 | The objective of this paper was to compare the markets and methods of production of ethanol to be used in transport in Poland and Brazil. Differences in terminology associated with its use for transport purposes in both countries have been discussed, as well as the market-related aspects of such use, comparing, among other things, the scale of production and use in years 2010-2016 and presenting the results of research on attractiveness (value) of the market of transport biofuels (especially bioethanol) in Poland, which were compared to the perspectives of market development in Brazil. In Brazil, the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption is at the level of 42%, making it a world leader in use of energy from RES (renewable energy sources). 18% of the energy used is sugarcane bioenergy (bioethanol). At present, most of this production is being consumed by the domestic market, where ethyl alcohol is being sold as a pure ethanol fuel or mixed with gasoline. In Poland, the share of energy from renewable sources in end use of energy is 11.8%, and energy from liquid biofuels, including bioethanol, constitutes only 10.8% of this value. Although addition of bioethanol to gasoline available on the Polish market is acceptable, vehicles fueled with pure ethanol (like in Brazil) are not popular in Poland. The quantitative data presented indicates that the market of bioethanol in Poland, in relation to the Brazilian market of ethanol fuel, is very small. Production of this biofuel in Poland in year 2016 was almost 26 billion liters lower in comparison with Brazil. In 2007 the conventional biofuel sectors in Poland were considered to be relatively attractive components of the economy. In the case of methyl esters, the value of their production sector achieved the level of almost 68%, and of ethanol - almost 62%. The current results of research on the value of biofuel sectors in Poland are not encouraging in terms of investing in biofuels of this generation (conventional biofuels). Brazil has the longest history of success in terms of biofuels, in particular, bioethanol, however without a favorable taxation system, bioethanol is still more expensive than gasoline. According to forecasts, biodiesel production and consumption in Brazil are evolving in a linear manner, mainly due to the growing demand for fuel and the associated growth in the fleet of Brazilian vehicles and the perspective of increase of the biodiesel/diesel oil mix in the coming years. 0 10 0.0001067
86 | LEVY MC, 2018, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V45, P 3520, DOI 10.1002/2017GL076526 | Nearly half of recent decades’ global forest loss occurred in the Amazon and Cerrado (tropical savanna) biomes of Brazil, known as the arc of deforestation. Despite prior analysis in individual river basins, a generalizable empirical understanding of the effect of deforestation on streamflow across this region is lacking. We frame land use change in Brazil as a natural experiment and draw on in situ and remote sensing evidence in 324 river basins covering more than 3 x 10(6) km(2) to estimate streamflow changes caused by deforestation and agricultural development between 1950 and 2013. Deforestation increased dry season low flow by between 4 and 10 percentage points (relative to the forested condition), corresponding to a regional-and time-averaged rate of increase in specific streamflow of 1.29 mm/year(2), equivalent to a 4.08 km(3)/year(2) increase, assuming a stationary climate. In conjunction with rainfall and temperature variations, the net (observed) average increase in streamflow over the same period was 0.76 mm/yea(r)2, or 2.41 km(3)/year(2). Thus, net increases in regional streamflow in the past half century are 58% of those that would have been experienced with deforestation given a stationary climate. This study uses a causal empirical analysis approach novel to the water sciences to verify the regional applicability of prior basin-scale studies, provides a proof of concept for the use of observational causal identification methods in the water sciences, and demonstrates that deforestation masks the streamflow-reducing effects of climate change in this region. Plain Language Summary Nearly half of the world’s deforestation occurs in the “arc of deforestation” located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. While the effects of deforestation on river flows are partially understood from previous field observations and models, the regional impacts of deforestation in this area have not been quantified to date, which poses an obstacle to policy making. This study uses a large collection of historical data from ground measurements and satellites, and data analysis methods that can reveal cause and effect in complex systems, to estimate the regionally averaged effects of deforestation from 1950 to present on river flows. The results show that (1) deforestation increases river flow, specifically during the dry season; (2) deforestation increases regional average rates of flow by 4.08 km(3)/year annually; and (3) changes in temperature and rainfall that occurred at the same time as deforestation partially mask the increases in river flow that were caused by deforestation-resulting in an actual, observed flow rate increase of 2.41 km(3)/year annually. 0 9 0.0001067
156 | WINCK BR, 2017, APPL SOIL ECOL, V109, P 49, DOI 10.1016/J.APSOIL.2016.09.021 | Land-use change has been identified, among global changes, as the main threat causing biodiversity loss, locally and regionally. This is especially true in Southern Brazil with the two main biomes (Pampa and Atlantic forest) facing high conversion rate into agricultural land to meet increasing demand for food and fuel. Within this region, we focused on epigeic biota across three land-use types (forest, grassland and Eucalyptus plantation). We used both a taxonomical and a trait-based approach to depict the changes of Epigeic Collembola assemblages across land-use types. Furthermore, we tested trait-convergence and trait-divergence across land-use types to infer how the environmental filtering and biotic interactions can affect assembly rules and collembolan community composition. Results differed according to the approach used (either taxonomical or trait-based). In general, diversity indices based on the taxonomical approach did not significantly differ between forest and grassland, whereas Eucalyptus plantation showed significantly lower values. Functional diversity was significantly higher in forest and similar between grassland and Eucalyptus plantation. Furthermore, we found both convergence and divergence of subsets of traits related to the land-use types. The trait-convergence tended to be higher in grassland sites and rather linked to sensorial traits (number of ocelli, antenna length, and trichobothria), drought tolerance traits (body size) and habitat preference traits (pigmentation level, furca development, scale, number of ocelli, antenna length, and body size). On the opposite, Trait-divergence was only linked to sensorial traits (antenna length and postantennal organ) and greatest in forest sites. Our findings showed that a trait-based approach associated with a taxonomic one provides a better understanding of the collembolan community structuring in response to biotic and abiotic changes across different land-use types. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0 9 0.0001067
37 | DIAS HB, 2018, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V637, P 1127, DOI 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.05.017 | Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world playing a pivotal role on global ethanol production. The sugarcane yield levels across the producing regions of the country vary substantially, resulting in yield gaps of different magnitudes, which represent a huge opportunity for increasing sugarcane and ethanol production. According to that, the present study aimed to investigate the sugarcane yield gap in Brazil, their magnitude and causes (water deficit or crop management), considering a multi-model approach. Three different sugarcane simulation models, FAO-Agroecological Zone, DSSAT/CANEGRO and APSIM-Sugarcane, properly calibrated and validated for sugarcane in Brazil, were used to estimate potential and water-limited yields and yield gaps for 30 locations across the country. The average of total yield gap for the 30 locations was 124 t ha(-1). The main proportion of the total yield gap was caused by water deficit (about 89 t ha(-1), representing 73% of the total), followed by sub-optimal crop management (about 35 t ha(-1), representing 27% of the total). The highest yield gap by water deficit was found in the Northeastern region, whereas Sao Paulo State showed the lowest yield gap by crop management. The main causes of yield gap by crop management are possibly related to the production system based on long-term monoculture and soil compaction due to intense crop mechanization in recent years. Reducing sugarcane yield gap caused by crop management by 20 to 100% would allow to diminish the cultivated area with this crop, respectively, from 9 to 32%. Possible solutions to mitigate the yield gaps, such as use of irrigation, adoption of drought tolerant cultivars, better traffic control, periodical crop rotation, among others, were also discussed. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0 8 0.0001067

Not included in the dataset

These papers and other references were not among the 161 records downloaded from the Web of Science.

FullReference InDegree PageRank
101 2 85 0.0002350
1160 NEPSTAD D, 2014, SCIENCE, V344, P1118, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1248525 21 0.0001378
879 SOARES B, 2014, SCIENCE, V344, P363, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1246663 19 0.0001376
856 GIBBS HK, 2015, SCIENCE, V347, P377, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAA0181 17 0.0001331
2296 MACEDO MN, 2012, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V109, P1341, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.1111374109 16 0.0001309
660 LAPOLA DM, 2010, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V107, P3388, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.0907318107 16 0.0001272
934 FOLEY JA, 2005, SCIENCE, V309, P570, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1111772 16 0.0001262
71 MORTON DC, 2006, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V103, P14637, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.0606377103 15 0.0001330
1454 SPERA SA, 2016, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V22, P3405, DOI 10.1111/GCB.13298 15 0.0001259
943 LAPOLA DM, 2014, NAT CLIM CHANGE, V4, P27, DOI 10.1038/NCLIMATE2056 15 0.0001230
799 DIAS LCP, 2016, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V22, P2887, DOI 10.1111/GCB.13314 14 0.0001286
285 MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853, DOI 10.1038/35002501 14 0.0001260
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14 BARONA E, 2010, ENVIRON RES LETT, V5, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024002 14 0.0001244
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1587 DAVIDSON EA, 2012, NATURE, V481, P321, DOI 10.1038/NATURE10717 12 0.0001191
73 NEPSTAD DC, 2006, CONSERV BIOL, V20, P1595, DOI 10.1111/J.1523-1739.2006.00510.X 11 0.0001226
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4367 ADAMI M, 2012, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V4, P574, DOI 10.3390/SU4040574 11 0.0001191
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Most referenced publications

Topic modeling output

Topic modeling is a type of statistical text mining method for discovering common “topics” that occur in a collection of documents. A topic modeling algorithm essentially looks through the abstracts included in the datasets for clusters of co-occurring of words and groups them together by a process of similarity.

The following columns describe each topic detected using LDA topic modeling by listing the ten most characteristic words in each topic. See also the interactive visualization for a better characterization of the topics and a visual representation of how (dis)similar the detected topics are to each other.

The number of topics is estimated using the structural topic model library semantic coherence diagnostic values. Raw values are available in output file as kqualityvalues.csv and can be interpreted with stm documentation if necessary (see section 3.4). Search is limited between four and six topics for server performance reasons.

Topic.1 Topic.2 Topic.3 Topic.4
soil forest product chang
agricultur brazil sugarcan land
carbon deforest brazil water
forest develop expans area
stock ecosystem emiss climat
loss environment land region
cerrado conserv result model
veget brazilian soybean increas
organ contribut impact effect
studi protect crop show