This report provides an analysis on the records downloaded from Web of Science. The analysis identifies the important authors, journals, and keywords in the dataset based on the number of occurences and citation counts. A citation network of the provided records is created and used to identify the important papers according to their in-degree, total citation count and PageRank scores. The analysis finds also often-cited references that were not included in the original dataset downloaded from the Web of Science.

Reports can be generated by using the online analysis service, and the source code is available at GitHub. Instructions and links to tutorial videos can be found at the project page. For further details see the following article: Knutas, A., Hajikhani, A., Salminen, J., Ikonen, J., Porras, J., 2015. Cloud-Based Bibliometric Analysis Service for Systematic Mapping Studies. CompSysTech 2015. Please cite our research paper on bibliometrics if you publish the analysis results. Use is otherwise free.

The analysed dataset consist of 569 records with 74 variables. More information about the variables can be found at Web of Science.

Publication years

Relative publication volume

## Warning: Removed 4 rows containing missing values (geom_path).

Important authors

Sorted by the number of articles published and by the total number of citations.

Important publications

Sorted by number of published articles in the dataset and by the total number of citations.

Important keywords

Sorted by the number of articles where the keyword is mentioned and by the total number of citations for the keyword.

Important papers

The most important papers and other sources are identified below using three importance measures: 1) in-degree in the citation network, 2) citation count provided by Web of Science (only for papers included in the dataset), and 3) PageRank score in the citation network. The top 25 highest scoring papers are identified using these measures separately. The results are then combined and duplicates are removed. Results are sorted by in-degree, and ties are first broken by citation count and then by the PageRank.

When a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is available, the full paper can be found using Resolve DOI website.

Included in the dataset

These papers were included in the 569 records downloaded from the Web of Science.

Article InDegree TimesCited PageRank
331 | MARENGO JA, 2012, CLIM DYNAM, V38, P1829, DOI 10.1007/S00382-011-1155-5 | The objective of this study is to assess the climate projections over South America using the Eta-CPTEC regional model driven by four members of an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre Global Coupled climate model HadCM3. The global model ensemble was run over the twenty-first century according to the SRES A1B emissions scenario, but with each member having a different climate sensitivity. The four members selected to drive the Eta-CPTEC model span the sensitivity range in the global model ensemble. The Eta-CPTEC model nested in these lateral boundary conditions was configured with a 40-km grid size and was run over 1961-1990 to represent baseline climate, and 2011-2100 to simulate possible future changes. Results presented here focus on austral summer and winter climate of 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 periods, for South America and for three major river basins in Brazil. Projections of changes in upper and low-level circulation and the mean sea level pressure (SLP) fields simulate a pattern of weakening of the tropical circulation and strengthening of the subtropical circulation, marked by intensification at the surface of the Chaco Low and the subtropical highs. Strong warming (4-6A degrees C) of continental South America increases the temperature gradient between continental South America and the South Atlantic. This leads to stronger SLP gradients between continent and oceans, and to changes in moisture transport and rainfall. Large rainfall reductions are simulated in Amazonia and Northeast Brazil (reaching up to 40%), and rainfall increases around the northern coast of Peru and Ecuador and in southeastern South America, reaching up to 30% in northern Argentina. All changes are more intense after 2040. The Precipitation-Evaporation (P-E) difference in the A1B downscaled scenario suggest water deficits and river runoff reductions in the eastern Amazon and So Francisco Basin, making these regions susceptible to drier conditions and droughts in the future. 11 120 4.37e-05
188 | FARGIONE J, 2008, SCIENCE, V319, P1235, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1152747 | Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide ( CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low- carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low- carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop - based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a “biofuel carbon debt” by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas ( GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on degraded and abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and can offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages. 6 2207 3.76e-05
224 | GIANNINI TC, 2012, ECOL MODEL, V244, P127, DOI 10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2012.06.035 | Native bees are important providers of pollination services, but there are cumulative evidences of their decline. Global changes such as habitat losses, invasions of exotic species and climate change have been suggested as the main causes of the decline of pollinators. In this study, the influence of climate change on the distribution of 10 species of Brazilian bees was estimated with species distribution modelling. We used Maxent algorithm (maximum entropy) and two different scenarios, an optimistic and a pessimistic, to the years 2050 and 2080. We also evaluated the percentage reduction of species habitat based on the future scenarios of climate change through Geographic Information System (GIS). Results showed that the total area of suitable habitats decreased for all species but one under the different future scenarios. The greatest reductions in habitat area were found for Melipona bicolor bicolor and Melipona scutellaris, which occur predominantly in areas related originally to Atlantic Moist Forest. The species analysed have been reported to be pollinators of some regional crops and the consequence of their decrease for these crops needs further clarification. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 6 57 3.80e-05
92 | CHENG H, 2013, NAT COMMUN, V4, P, DOI 10.1038/NCOMMS2415 | Precise characterization of hydroclimate variability in Amazonia on various timescales is critical to understanding the link between climate change and biodiversity. Here we present absolute-dated speleothem oxygen isotope records that characterize hydroclimate variation in western and eastern Amazonia over the past 250 and 20 ka, respectively. Although our records demonstrate the coherent millennial-scale precipitation variability across tropical-subtropical South America, the orbital-scale precipitation variability between western and eastern Amazonia exhibits a quasi-dipole pattern. During the last glacial period, our records imply a modest increase in precipitation amount in western Amazonia but a significant drying in eastern Amazonia, suggesting that higher biodiversity in western Amazonia, contrary to ‘Refugia Hypothesis’, is maintained under relatively stable climatic conditions. In contrast, the glacial-interglacial climatic perturbations might have been instances of loss rather than gain in biodiversity in eastern Amazonia, where forests may have been more susceptible to fragmentation in response to larger swings in hydroclimate. 5 189 3.84e-05
552 | WANG X, 2006, QUATERNARY SCI REV, V25, P3391, DOI 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2006.02.009 | We have obtained a high-resolution oxygen isotopic record of cave calcite from Caverna Botuvera (27 degrees 13’S, 49 degrees 09’W), southern Brazil, which covers most of the last 36 thousand years (ka), with an average resolution of a few to several decades. The chronology was determined with 46 U/Th ages from two stalagmites. Tests for equilibrium conditions show that oxygen isotopic variations are primarily caused by climate change. We interpret our record in terms of meteoric precipitation changes, hence the variability of South American Monsoon (SAM) intensity. The oxygen isotopic profile broadly follows local insolation changes and shows clear millennial-scale variations during the last glacial period with amplitudes as large as 3 parts per thousand but with smaller centennial-scale shifts (< 1 parts per thousand) during the Holocene. The overall record is strikingly similar to, but strongly anti-correlated with, a number of records from the Northern Hemisphere. We compared our record to other precisely dated contemporaneous records from Hulu Cave eastern China. Minima in 6180 (wet periods, intense SAM) at our site are synchronous with maxima in delta O-18 (dry periods, weak East Asian Monsoon, EAM) in eastern China (within precise dating errors) and vice versa. This anti-phased precipitation relationship between two low-latitude locations may be interhemispheric in extent, based on comparison with records from other sites. Precipitation anti-phasing may be related to north-south shifts in the mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and asymmetry in Hadley circulation in two hemispheres, associated not with seasonal changes as observed today, but with millennial-scale climate shifts. The millennial-scale atmospheric see-saw patterns that we observe could have important controls and feedbacks on climate within hemispheres because of water vapor’s greenhouse properties. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 5 169 3.77e-05
79 | CARNAVAL AC, 2007, EVOLUTION, V61, P2942, DOI 10.1111/J.1558-5646.2007.00241.X | The glacial refugia paradigm has been broadly applied to patterns of species dynamics and population diversification. However, recent geological studies have demonstrated striking Pleistocene climate changes in currently semiarid northeastern Brazil at time intervals much more frequent than the climatic oscillations associated with glacial and interglacial periods. These geomorphic data documented recurrent pulses of wet regimes in the past 210,000 years that correlate with climate anomalies affecting multiple continents. While analyzing DNA sequences of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 2) and one nuclear marker (cellular-myelocytomatosis proto-oncogene) in the forest-associated frogs Proceratophrys boiei and Ischnocnema gr. ramagii, we found evidence of biological responses consistent with these pluvial maxima events. Sampled areas included old, naturally isolated forest enclaves within the semiarid Caatinga, as well as recent man-made fragments of humid coastal Atlantic forest. Results show that mtDNA lineages in enclave populations are monophyletic or nearly so, whereas nonenclave populations are polyphyletic and more diverse. The studied taxa show evidence of demographic expansions at times that match phases of pluvial maxima inferred from geological data. Divergence times between several populations fall within comparatively drier intervals suggested by geomorphology. Mitochondrial and nuclear data show local populations to be genetically structured, with some high levels of differentiation that suggest the need of further taxonomic work. 5 60 3.84e-05
500 | SOLMAN SA, 2008, CLIM DYNAM, V30, P533, DOI 10.1007/S00382-007-0304-3 | We present an analysis of a regional simulation of present-day climate (1981-1990) over southern South America. The regional model MM5 was nested within time-slice global atmospheric model experiments conducted by the HadAM3H model. We evaluate the capability of the model in simulating the observed climate with emphasis on low-level circulation patterns and surface variables, such as precipitation and surface air mean, maximum and minimum temperatures. The regional model performance was evaluated in terms of seasonal means, seasonal cycles, interannual variability and extreme events. Overall, the regional model is able to capture the main features of the observed mean surface climate over South America, its seasonal evolution and the regional detail due to topographic forcing. The observed regional patterns of surface air temperatures (mean, maxima and minima) are well reproduced. Biases are mostly within 3C, temperature being overestimated over central Argentina and underestimated in mountainous regions during all seasons. Biases in northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil are positive during austral spring season and negative in other seasons. In general, maximum temperatures are better represented than minimum temperatures. Warm bias is larger during austral summer for maximum temperature and during austral winter for minimum temperature, mainly over central Argentina. The broad spatial pattern of precipitation and its seasonal evolution are well captured; however, the regional model overestimates the precipitation over the Andes region in all seasons and in southern Brazil during summer. Precipitation amounts are underestimated over the La Plata basin from fall to spring. Extremes of precipitation are better reproduced by the regional model compared with the driving model. Interannual variability is well reproduced too, but strongly regulated by boundary conditions, particularly during summer months. Overall, taking into account the quality of the simulation, we can conclude that the regional model is capable in reproducing the main regional patterns and seasonal cycle of surface variables. The present reference simulation constitutes the basis to examine the climate change simulations resulting from the A2 and B2 forcing scenarios which are being reported in a separate study. 4 61 3.80e-05
287 | KROL MS, 2007, ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW, V22, P259, DOI 10.1016/J.ENVSOFT.2005.07.022 | Semi-arid regions are characterised by a high vulnerability of natural resources to climate change, pronounced climatic variability and often by water scarcity and related social stress. The analysis of the dynamics of natural conditions and the assessment of possible strategies to cope with drought-related problems require an integration of diverse knowledge including climatology, hydrology, and socio-economics. The integrated model introduced here dynamically describes the relationships between climate forcing, water availability, agriculture and selected societal processes. The model has been designed to simulate the complex human-environment system in semi-arid Northeast Brazil quantitatively and is applied to study the sensitivity of regional natural resources and socio-economy to climate change. The validity of the model is considered. Climate change is concluded to have an enormous potential impact on the region. River flow, water storage and irrigated production are specifically affected, assuming a continuous regional development and unfavourable but plausible changes in climate. Under plausible favourable changes in climate, these variables remain stressed. The impact of the integrated model and its applications on present policy making and possible future roles are briefly discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 4 55 3.76e-05
31 | BARLOW J, 2012, PLOS ONE, V7, P, DOI 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0033373 | Fire has become an increasingly important disturbance event in south-western Amazonia. We conducted the first assessment of the ecological impacts of these wildfires in 2008, sampling forest structure and biodiversity along twelve 500 m transects in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil. Six transects were placed in unburned forests and six were in forests that burned during a series of forest fires that occurred from August to October 2005. Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) calculations, based on Landsat reflectance data, indicate that all transects were similar prior to the fires. We sampled understorey and canopy vegetation, birds using both mist nets and point counts, coprophagous dung beetles and the leaf-litter ant fauna. Fire had limited influence upon either faunal or floral species richness or community structure responses, and stems <10 cm DBH were the only group to show highly significant (p = 0.001) community turnover in burned forests. Mean aboveground live biomass was statistically indistinguishable in the unburned and burned plots, although there was a significant increase in the total abundance of dead stems in burned plots. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that wildfires had much less effect upon forest structure and biodiversity in these south-western Amazonian forests than in central and eastern Amazonia, where most fire research has been undertaken to date. We discuss potential reasons for the apparent greater resilience of our study plots to wildfire, examining the role of fire intensity, bamboo dominance, background rates of disturbance, landscape and soil conditions. 4 31 3.73e-05
196 | FELIX GJ, 2012, HOLOCENE, V22, P359, DOI 10.1177/0959683611423693 | The integration of sedimentary facies, pollen, spores, carbon and nitrogen isotopes records, C/N ratio and radiocarbon dates allowed the identification of changes in vegetation and the sources of organic matter accumulated on tidal flats near the mouth of the Amazon River during the mid and late Holocene. Data from the margin of Amazon River indicate marine influence related to mangrove presence over a tidal mud flat between 5560-5470 cal. yr BP and 5290-5150 cal. yr BP. Afterward, the mangrove area shrank following the return of more humid conditions and increase of Amazon River discharge. A common reworking process of the tidal flat through the lateral migration of a meandering creek occurred in the study site, with later development of transitional vegetation under freshwater influence. Following the natural vegetation succession under stable climate and hydrological conditions, the expansion of ‘varzea’ (flooded freshwater vegetation) forests occurred since 600-560 cal. yr BP until the present. Furthermore, regarding the tidal flats located west of the mouth of Amazon River, these stable conditions also allowed the mangrove maintenance over mudflats with deposition of marine organic matter during at least the last 2350-2300 cal. yr BP. 4 25 3.65e-05
421 | REICHWALDT ES, 2012, WATER RES, V46, P1372, DOI 10.1016/J.WATRES.2011.11.052 | Toxic cyanobacterial blooms represent a serious hazard to environmental and human health, and the management and restoration of affected waterbodies can be challenging. While cyanobacterial blooms are already a frequent occurrence, in the future their incidence and severity are predicted to increase due to climate change. Climate change is predicted to lead to increased temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, which will both have a significant impact on inland water resources. While many studies indicate that a higher temperature will favour cyanobacterial bloom occurrences, the impact of changed rainfall patterns is widely under-researched and therefore less understood. This review synthesizes the predicted changes in rainfall patterns and their potential impact on inland waterbodies, and identifies mechanisms that influence the occurrence and severity of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. It is predicted that there will be a higher frequency and intensity of rainfall events with longer drought periods in between. Such changes in the rainfall patterns will lead to favourable conditions for cyanobacterial growth due to a greater nutrient input into waterbodies during heavy rainfall events, combined with potentially longer periods of high evaporation and stratification. These conditions are likely to lead to an acceleration of the eutrophication process and prolonged warm periods without mixing of the water column. However, the frequent occurrence of heavy rain events can also lead to a temporary disruption of cyanobacterial blooms due to flushing and de-stratification, and large storm events have been shown to have a long-term negative effect on cyanobacterial blooms. In contrast, a higher number of small rainfall events or wet days can lead to proliferation of cyanobacteria, as they can rapidly use nutrients that are added during rainfall events, especially if stratification remains unchanged. With rainfall patterns changing, cyanobacterial toxin concentration in waterbodies is expected to increase. Firstly, this is due to accelerated eutrophication which supports higher cyanobacterial biomass. Secondly, predicted changes in rainfall patterns produce more favourable growth conditions for cyanobacteria, which is likely to increase the toxin production rate. However, the toxin concentration in inland waterbodies will also depend on the effect of rainfall events on cyanobacterial strain succession, a process that is still little understood. Low light conditions after heavy rainfall events might favour non-toxic strains, whilst inorganic nutrient input might promote the dominance of toxic strains in blooms. This review emphasizes that the impact of changes in rainfall patterns is very complex and will strongly depend on the site-specific dynamics, cyanobacterial species composition and cyanobacterial strain succession. More effort is needed to understand the relationship between rainfall patterns and cyanobacterial bloom dynamics, and in particular toxin production, to be able to assess and mediate the significant threat cyanobacterial blooms pose to our water resources. (C) 2011. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 3 123 3.84e-05
90 | CERRI CE, 2007, SCI AGR, V64, P83, DOI 10.1590/S0103-90162007000100013 | The intensive land use invariably has several negative effects on the environment and crop production if conservative practices are not adopted. Reduction in soil organic matter (SOM) quantity means gas emission (mainly CO2, CH4, N2O) to the atmosphere and increased global warming. Soil sustainability is also affected, since remaining SOM quality changes. Alterations can be verified, for example, by soil desegregation and changes in structure. The consequences are erosion, reduction in nutrient availability for the plants and lower water retention capacity. These and other factors reflect negatively on crop productivity and sustainability of the soil -plant-atmosphere system. Conversely, adoption of “best management practices”, such as conservation tillage, can partly reverse the process - they are aimed at increasing the input of organic matter to the soil and/or decreasing the rates at which soil organic matter decomposes. 3 98 3.70e-05
380 | NOGUEIRA EM, 2008, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V255, P2963, DOI 10.1016/J.FORECO.2008.02.002 | This paper estimates the difference in stand biomass due to shorter and lighter trees in southwest (SW) and southern Amazonia (SA) compared to trees in dense forests in central Amazonia (CA). Forest biomass values used to estimate carbon emissions from deforestation throughout, Brazilian Amazonia will be affected by any differences between CA forests and those in the “arc of deforestation” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. At 12 sites (in the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Acre, Mato Grosso and Para) 763 trees were felled and measurements were made of total height and of stem diameter. In CA dense forest, trees are taller at any given diameter than those in SW bamboo-dominated open, SW bamboo-free dense forest and SA open forests. Compared to CA, the three forest types in the arc of deforestation occur on more fertile soils, experience a longer dry season and/or are disturbed by climbing bamboos that cause frequent crown damage. Observed relationships between diameter and height were consistent with the argument that allometric scaling exponents vary in forests on different substrates or with different levels of natural disturbance. Using biomass equations based only on diameter, the reductions in stand biomass due to shorter tree height alone were 11.0, 6.2 and 3.6%, respectively, in the three forest types in the arc of deforestation. A prior study had shown these forest types to have less dense wood than CA dense forest. When tree height and wood density effects were considered jointly, total downward corrections to estimates of stand biomass were 39, 22 and 16%, respectively. Downward corrections to biomass in these forests were 76 Mg ha(-1) (similar to 21.5 Mg ha(-1) from the height effect alone), 65 Mg ha(-1) (18.5 Mg ha(-1) from height), and 45 Mg. ha(-1) (10.3 Mg ha(-1) from height). Hence, biomass stock and carbon emissions are overestimated when allometric relationships from dense forest are applied to SW or SA forest types. Biomass and emissions estimates in Brazil’s National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change require downward corrections for both wood density and tree height. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 3 79 3.69e-05
89 | CERRI CE, 2007, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V122, P58, DOI 10.1016/J.AGEE.2007.01.008 | Currently we have little understanding of the impacts of land use change on soil C stocks in the Brazilian Amazon. Such information is needed to determine impacts’6n the global C cycle and the sustainability of agricultural systems that are replacing native forest. The aim of this study was to predict soil carbon stocks and changes in the Brazilian Amazon during the period between 2000 and 2030, using the GEFSOC soil carbon (C) modelling system. In order to do so, we devised current and future land use scenarios for the Brazilian Amazon, taking into account: (i) deforestation, rates from the past three decades, (ii) census data on land use from 1940 to 2000, including the expansion and intensification of agriculture in the region, (iii) available information on management practices, primarily related to well managed pasture versus degraded pasture and conventional systems versus no-tillage systems for soybean (Glycine max) and (iv) FAO predictions on agricultural land use and land use changes for the years 2015 and 2030. The land use scenarios were integrated with spatially explicit soils data (SOTER database), climate, potential natural vegetation and land management units using the recently developed GEFSOC soil C modelling system. Results are presented in map, table and graph form for the entire Brazilian Amazon for the current situation (1990 and 2000) and the future (2015 and 2030). Results include soil organic C (SOC) stocks and SOC stock change rates estimated by three methods: (i) the Century ecosystem model, (ii) the Rothamsted C model and (iii) the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) method for assessing soil C at regional scale. In addition, we show estimated values of above and belowground biomass for native vegetation, pasture and soybean. The results on regional SOC stocks compare reasonably well with those based on mapping approaches. The GEFSOC system provided a means of efficiently handling complex interactions among biotic-edapho-climatic conditions (> 363,000 combinations) in a very large area (similar to 500 Mha) such as the Brazilian Amazon. All of the methods used showed a decline in SOC stock for the period studied; Century and RothC simulated values for 2030 being about 7% lower than those in 1990. Values from Century and RothC (30,430 and 25,000 Tg for the 0-20 cm layer for the Brazilian Amazon region were higher than those obtained from the IPCC system (23,400 Tg in the 0-30 cm layer). Finally; our results can help understand the major biogeochemical cycles that influence soil fertility and help devise management strategies that enhance the sustainability of these areas and thus slow further deforestation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 3 71 3.76e-05
230 | GODAR J, 2012, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V267, P58, DOI 10.1016/J.FORECO.2011.11.046 | Understanding actor-specific responsibility for deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is key in adjusting policy and resource allocation in the face of current forest destruction. However, previous research shows that there is great variability in such assessments. To contribute to the ongoing discussions on forest conservation and rural development policies in the Amazon, this paper studies actor-specific deforestation and its environmental effects in four municipalities situated along the Transamazon Highway. We used spatially explicit methods that integrate a database of 8281 georeferenced properties with a time series of remote-sensing data covering four periods between 1986 and 2007. We also included landscape ecology metrics as improved indicators of the complex environmental effects of forest fragmentation. The analysis demonstrates that smallholders (defined as colonists who own less than 100 ha of land) were responsible for 23% of total deforestation in the study region while accounting for 55% of the total properties. We also explored the relationship between property size and deforestation at the property level, finding that it closely follows a power distribution. Property deforestation increased with property size, while the percentage of property deforestation decreased. In spite of this, compliance with current legal requirements to maintain 50% of property forest cover was not statistically different between smallholders and largeholders. In comparison to municipalities dominated by medium- and large-scale ranchers, the smallholder-dominated municipality of Medicilandia showed better performance in all applied landscape metrics with well-established relationships with the provision of important environmental goods and services. Although all studied municipalities showed severe accumulated deforestation, Medicilandia experienced an abrupt decrease in municipal deforestation after 1999 to just 0.03% year(-1), while municipalities dominated by larger holders maintained or increased their previous deforestation rates to between 0.90% and 1.34% year(-1) in the same period. This indicates that the smallholders’ productions schemes in our study area might present potential for agricultural frontier stabilization based on improved land-use efficiency. The policy implications of our findings are discussed, especially with regard to the role of smallholders in productive forest conservation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 3 55 3.68e-05
190 | FEARNSIDE PM, 2008, AN ACAD BRAS CIENC, V80, P101, DOI 10.1590/S0001-37652008000100006 | Amazonian forest produces environmental services such as maintenance of biodiversity, water cycling and carbon stocks. These services have a much greater value to human society than do the timber, beef and other products that are obtained by destroying the forest. Yet institutional mechanisms are still lacking to transform the value of the standing forest into the foundation of an economy based on maintaining rather than destroying this ecosystem. Forest management for commodities such as timber and non-timber forest products faces severe limitations and inherent contradictions unless income is supplemented based on environmental services. Amazon forest is threatened by deforestation, logging, forest fires and climate change. Measures to avoid deforestation include repression through command and control, creation of protected areas, and reformulation of infrastructure decisions and development policies. An economy primarily based on the value of environmental services is essential for long-term maintenance of the forest. Much progress has been made in the decades since I first proposed such a transition, but many issues also remain unresolved. These include theoretical issues regarding accounting procedures, improved quantification of the services and of the benefits of different policy options, and effective uses of the funds generated in ways that maintain both the forest and the human population. 3 38 3.66e-05
225 | GIANNINI TC, 2015, APIDOLOGIE, V46, P209, DOI 10.1007/S13592-014-0316-Z | Pollinators are important to maintain ecosystem services, being part of the reproduction and seed formation process of plant species. In this study, we reviewed the literature and developed a database of interactions between pollinators and agricultural crops for Brazil. We classified the pollinators as effective, occasional, or potential, and also identified those species quoted simply as “visitors” (without reference to pollination). We found 250 crop pollinators pertaining to the three categories quoted, with 168 effective ones. Besides, we identified the effective pollinators of 75 agricultural crops. Bees pertaining to the family Apidae, mainly those from the genera Melipona, Xylocopa, Centris, and Bombus, were reportedly the most effective pollinators of agricultural crops. We also found that the exotic managed species Apis mellifera and the stingless bee Trigona spinipes are effective pollinators of some crops. In spite of some data having been originated from gray literature and the taxonomic impediment, this effort is a crucial step to clarify the gaps and bias on data. This study is the first to attempt to build, analyze, and make available a comprehensive data set about pollinators of agricultural crops in a country level, aiming to contribute to protective measures and to enhance the sustainable use of native pollinators in agriculture. 3 37 3.67e-05
222 | GHINI R, 2008, PESQUI AGROPECU BRAS, V43, P187, DOI 10.1590/S0100-204X2008000200005 | The objective of this work was to assess the potential impact of climate change on the spatial distribution of coffee nematodes ( races of Meloidogyne incognita) and leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), using a Geographic Information System. Assessment of the impacts of climate change on pest infestations and disease epidemics in crops is needed as a basis for revising management practices to minimize crop losses as climatic conditions shift. Future scenarios focused on the decades of the 2020’ s, 2050’ s, and 2080’ s ( scenarios A2 and B2) were obtained from five General Circulation Models available on Data Distribution Centre from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geographic distribution maps were prepared using models to predict the number of generations of the nematodes and leaf miner. Maps obtained in scenario A2 allowed prediction of an increased infestation of the nematode and of the pest, due to greater number of generations per month, than occurred under the climatological normal from 1961 - 1990. The number of generations also increased in the B2 scenario, but was lower than in the A2 scenario for both organisms. 3 28 3.81e-05
216 | GASPARRINI A, 2015, LANCET, V386, P369, DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0 | Background Although studies have provided estimates of premature deaths attributable to either heat or cold in selected countries, none has so far offered a systematic assessment across the whole temperature range in populations exposed to different climates. We aimed to quantify the total mortality burden attributable to non-optimum ambient temperature, and the relative contributions from heat and cold and from moderate and extreme temperatures. Methods We collected data for 384 locations in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, and USA. We fitted a standard time-series Poisson model for each location, controlling for trends and day of the week. We estimated temperature-mortality associations with a distributed lag non-linear model with 21 days of lag, and then pooled them in a multivariate metaregression that included country indicators and temperature average and range. We calculated attributable deaths for heat and cold, defined as temperatures above and below the optimum temperature, which corresponded to the point of minimum mortality, and for moderate and extreme temperatures, defined using cutoffs at the 2.5th and 97.5th temperature percentiles. Findings We analysed 74 225 200 deaths in various periods between 1985 and 2012. In total, 7.71% (95% empirical CI 7.43-7.91) of mortality was attributable to non-optimum temperature in the selected countries within the study period, with substantial differences between countries, ranging from 3.37% (3.06 to 3.63) in Thailand to 11.00% (9.29 to 12.47) in China. The temperature percentile of minimum mortality varied from roughly the 60th percentile in tropical areas to about the 80-90th percentile in temperate regions. More temperature-attributable deaths were caused by cold (7.29%, 7.02-7.49) than by heat (0.42%, 0.39-0.44). Extreme cold and hot temperatures were responsible for 0.86% (0.84-0.87) of total mortality. Interpretation Most of the temperature-related mortality burden was attributable to the contribution of cold. The effect of days of extreme temperature was substantially less than that attributable to milder but non-optimum weather. This evidence has important implications for the planning of public-health interventions to minimise the health consequences of adverse temperatures, and for predictions of future effect in climate-change scenarios. Copyright (C) Gasparrini et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY. 2 501 3.64e-05
376 | NEPSTAD DC, 2007, ECOLOGY, V88, P2259, DOI 10.1890/06-1046.1 | Severe drought episodes such as those associated with El Nifio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events influence large areas of tropical forest and may become more frequent in the future. One of the most important forest responses to severe drought is tree mortality, which alters forest structure, composition, carbon content, and flammability, and which varies widely. This study tests the hypothesis that tree mortality increases abruptly during drought episodes when plant-available soil water (PAW) declines below a critical minimum threshold. It also examines the effect of tree size, plant life form (palm, liana, tree) and potential canopy position (understory, midcanopy, overstory) on drought-induced plant mortality. A severe, four-year drought episode was simulated by excluding 60% of incoming throughfall during each wet season using plastic panels installed in the understory of a 1-ha forest treatment plot, while a 1-ha control plot received normal rainfall. After 3.2 years, the treatment resulted in a 38% increase in mortality rates across all stems > 2 cm dbh. Mortality rates increased 4.5-fold among large trees (> 30 cm dbh) and twofold among medium trees (10-30 cm dbh) in response to the treatment, whereas the smallest stems were less responsive. Recruitment rates did not compensate for the elevated mortality of larger-diameter stems in the treatment plot. Overall, lianas proved more susceptible to drought-induced mortality than trees or palms, and potential overstory tree species were more vulnerable than mideanopy and understory species. Large stems contributed to 90% of the pretreatment live aboveground biomass in both plots. Large-tree mortality resulting from the treatment generated 3.4 times more dead biomass than the control plot. The dramatic mortality response suggests significant, adverse impacts on the global carbon cycle if climatic changes follow current trends. 2 362 3.61e-05
201 | FISHER RA, 2007, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL, V13, P2361, DOI 10.1111/J.1365-2486.2007.01417.X | Warmer and drier climates over Eastern Amazonia have been predicted as a component of climate change during the next 50-100 years. It remains unclear what effect such changes will have on forest-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, but the cumulative effect is anticipated to produce climatic feedback at both regional and global scales. To allow more detailed study of forest responses to soil drying, a simulated soil drought or ‘throughfall exclusion’ (TFE) experiment was established at a rain forest site in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, for which time-series sap flow and soil moisture data were obtained. The experiment excluded 50% of the throughfall from the soil. Sap flow data from the forest plot experiencing normal rainfall showed no limitation of transpiration throughout the two monitored dry seasons. Conversely, data from the TFE showed large dry season declines in transpiration, with tree water use restricted to 20% of that in the control plot at the peak of both dry seasons. The results were examined to evaluate the paradigm that the restriction on transpiration in the dry season was caused by limitation of soil-to-root water transport, driven by low soil water potential and high soil-to-root hydraulic resistance. This paradigm, embedded in the soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) model and driven using on-site measurements, provided a good explanation (R-2 > 0.69) of the magnitude and timing of changes in sap flow and soil moisture. This model-data correspondence represents a substantial improvement compared with other ecosystem models of drought stress tested in Amazonia. Inclusion of deeper rooting should lead to lower sensitivity to drought than the majority of existing models. Modelled annual GPP declined by 13-14% in response to the treatment, compared with estimated declines in transpiration of 30-40%. 2 161 3.60e-05
553 | WANG X, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, DOI 10.1029/2007GL031149 | A U-Th dated 90,000 year-long speleothem oxygen isotope record from southern Brazil anti-correlates remarkably with the cave calcite records from eastern China, but positively correlates with the speleothem record from northeastern Brazil, suggesting an interhemispheric anti-phasing of rainfall on both millennial and orbital timescales, likely related to displacement in the mean position of the intertropical convergence zone and associated asymmetry in Hadley circulation. The phase relationships among these records are consistent with the hypothesis that abrupt climate events during the last glacial period are triggered by oceanic circulation changes in the high latitudes and enhanced by tropical feedbacks. Citation: Wang, X., A. S. Auler, R. L. Edwards, H. Cheng, E. Ito, Y. Wang, X. Kong, and M. Solheid ( 2007), Millennial-scale precipitation changes in southern Brazil over the past 90,000 years. 2 130 3.61e-05
448 | RYAN L, 2006, ENERG POLICY, V34, P3184, DOI 10.1016/J.ENPOL.2005.06.010 | The substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels has been proposed in the European Union (ELF) as part of a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from road transport, increase security of energy supply and support development of rural communities. In this paper, we focus on one of these purported benefits, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The costs of subsidising the price difference between European bioethanol and petrol, and biodiesel and diesel, per tonne Of CO2 emissions saved are estimated. Without including the benefits from increased security of energy supply and employment generation in rural areas, the current costs of implementing European domestic biofuel targets are high compared with other available CO2 mitigation strategies. The policy instrument of foregoing some or all of the excise duty and other taxes now applicable to transport fuels in EU15 on domestically produced biofuels, as well as the potential to import low-cost alternatives, for example, from Brazil, are addressed in this context. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 103 3.68e-05
14 | ARIMA EY, 2014, LAND USE POLICY, V41, P465, DOI 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2014.06.026 | Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation now constitutes an important strategy for mitigating climate change, particularly in developing countries with large forests. Given growing concerns about global climate change, it is all the more important to identify cases in which economic growth has not sparked excessive forest clearance. We address the recent reduction of deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon by conducting a statistical analysis to ascertain if different levels of environmental enforcement between two groups of municipalities had any impact on this reduction. Our analysis shows that these targeted, heightened enforcement efforts avoided as much as 10,653 km(2) of deforestation, which translates into 1.44 x 10(-1) PgC in avoided emissions for the 3 y period. Moreover, most of the carbon loss and land conversion would have occurred at the expense of closed moist forests. Although such results are encouraging, we caution that significant challenges remain for Brazil’s continued success in this regard, given recent changes in the forestry code, ongoing massive investments in hydro power generation, reductions of established protected areas, and growing demand for agricultural products. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 102 3.64e-05
264 | HURRELL A, 2012, INT AFF, V88, P463, DOI 10.1111/J.1468-2346.2012.01084.X | There is a widespread perception that power is shifting in global politics and that emerging powers are assuming a more prominent, active and important role. This article examines the role of emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa (BASIC) in climate change politics and the extent to which their rise makes the already difficult problem of climate change still more intractabledue to their rapid economic development, growing power-political ambitions, rising greenhouse gas emissions and apparent unwillingness to accept global environmental responsibility. By reviewing the developments in global climate politics between the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and Rio+20, this article unsettles the image of a clear shift in power, stressing instead the complexity of the changes that have taken place at the level of international bargaining as well as at the domestic and transnational levels. Within this picture, it is important not to overestimate the shifts in power that have taken place, or to underplay the continued relevance of understanding climate change within the NorthSouth frame. Emerging powers will certainly remain at the top table of climate change negotiations, but their capacity actively to shape the agenda has been limited and has, in some respects, declined. Even though emerging powers have initiated and offered greater action on climate change, both internationally and domestically, they have been unable to compel the industrialized world to take more serious action on this issue, or to stop them from unpicking several of the key elements and understandings of the original Rio deal. At the same time, developing world coalitions on climate change have also fragmented, raising questions about the continued potency of the global South in future climate politics. 2 97 3.70e-05
186 | FALEIRO FV, 2013, BIOL CONSERV, V158, P248, DOI 10.1016/J.BIOCON.2012.09.020 | Creating and managing protected areas is critical to ensure the persistence of species but dynamic threats like land-use change and climate change may reduce the effectiveness of protected areas planned under a static approach. Here we defined spatial priorities for the conservation of non-flying mammals inhabiting the Cerrado Biodiversity Hotspot, Brazil, that overcome the likely impacts of land-use and climate change to this imperiled fauna. We used cutting-edge methods of species distribution models combining thousands of model projections to generate a comprehensive ensemble of forecasts that shows the likely impacts of climate change in mammal distribution. We also generate a future land-use model that indicates how the region would be impacted by habitat loss in the future. We then used our models to propose priority sites for mammal conservation minimizing species climate-forced dispersal distance as well as the mean uncertainty associated to species distribution models and climate models. At the same time, our proposal maximizes complementary species representation across the existing network of protected areas. Including land-use changes and model uncertainties in the planning process changed significantly the spatial distribution of priority sites in the region. While the inclusion of land-use models altered the spatial location of priority sites at the regional scale, the effects of climate change tended to operate at the local scale. Our solutions already include possible dispersal corridors linking current and future priority sites for mammal. conservation, as well as a formal risk analysis based on planning uncertainties. We hope to provide decision makers with conservation portfolios that could be negotiated at the decision level. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 90 3.67e-05
104 | COLLEVATTI RG, 2013, J BIOGEOGR, V40, P345, DOI 10.1111/JBI.12005 | Aim Species distribution modelling (SDM) has increasingly been used to predict palaeodistributions at regional and global scales in order to understand the response of vegetation to climate change and to estimate palaeodistributions for the testing of biogeographical hypotheses. However, there are many sources of uncertainty in SDM that may restrict the ability of models to hindcast palaeo-distributions and provide a basis for hypothesis testing in molecular phylogenetics and phylogeographical studies. Location Seasonally dry forests (SDFs) in South America. Methods We addressed the problem of using palaeodistribution modelling for SDFs based on the projection of their current distribution into past environments (21 ka) using 11 methods for SDMs and five coupled atmosphereocean global circulation models (AOGCMs) for 16 species. Results We observed considerable uncertainty in the hindcasts, with the most important effects for AOGCM (median 12.2%), species (median 15.6%) and their interaction (median 13.6%). The effects of AOGCMs were stronger in the Amazon region, whereas the species effect occurred primarily in the dry areas of central Brazil. The log-linear model detected significant effects of the three sources of variation and their interaction on the classification of each map in supporting alternative hypotheses. An expansion scenario combining the Pleistocene arc and Amazonian expansion, and Pennington’s Amazonian expansion alone, were the most frequently supported palaeodistribution scenarios. Main conclusions As a basis for evaluating a given hypothesis, hindcast distributions must be used in direct association with other evidence, such as molecular variation and the fossil record. We propose an alternative framework concerning hypothesis testing that couples SDM and phylogeographical work, in which palaeoclimatic distributions and other sources of information, such as the pollen fossil record and coalescence modelling, must be weighted equally. 2 77 3.69e-05
358 | MONTENEGRO S, 2012, J HYDROL, V434, P55, DOI 10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2012.02.036 | This paper combines hydrological observations and modelling results of a semi arid catchment in Brazil that could lead to a better understanding of the hydrology of similar catchments in semi-arid regions. The Tapacura catchment (area 470.5 km(2)) in the Northeast of Brazil was selected for this study. The Distributed Catchment Scale Model, DiCaSM, was calibrated and validated for the stream flows of the Tapacura catchment. The model performance was further tested by comparing simulated and observed scaled soil moisture. The results showed the ability of the model to simulate the stream flow and the scaled soil moisture. The simulated impacts of climate change of low emission (B1) scenarios, on the worst perspective, indicated the possibility of reduction in surface water availability by -13.90%, -22.63% and -.32.91% in groundwater recharge and by -4.98%, -14.28% and -20.58% in surface flows for the time spans 20102039, 2040-2069, 2070-2099, respectively. This would cause severe impacts on water supply in the region. Changing the land use, for example by reforestation of part of the catchment area which is currently arable land, would lead to a decrease in both groundwater recharge by -4.2% and stream flow by -2.7%. Changing land use from vegetables to sugar cane would result in decreasing groundwater recharge by almost -11%, and increasing stream flow by almost 5%. The combination of possible impacts of climate change and land use requires a proper plan for water resources management and mitigation strategies. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2 52 3.92e-05
257 | HOCHSTETLER K, 2012, ENVIRON POLIT, V21, P753, DOI 10.1080/09644016.2012.698884 | Assessing the changing role of the emerging powers in global climate change negotiations, with special attention to Brazil, we ask why they have agreed to voluntary reductions at home without formalising those commitments in ways that might persuade other large emitters to make similar binding commitments. We argue that for very large emitters, the climate issue does not evince the ‘global commons’ logic often attributed to it. Instead, since their actions can directly affect climate outcomes alone or in small groupings, large emitters are more responsive to domestic cost-benefit calculations, making international commitments based on shifting interest group pressures at home. In Brazil, a coalition of ‘Baptists and bootleggers’ found principled and interest-driven reasons to support new climate commitments after 2007. 2 49 3.84e-05
184 | EASTER M, 2007, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V122, P13, DOI 10.1016/J.AGEE.2007.01.004 | The GEFSOC soil carbon modelling system was built to provide interdisciplinary teams of scientists, natural resource managers and policy analysts (who have the appropriate computing skills) with the necessary tools to conduct regional-scale soil carbon (C) inventories. It allows users to assess the effects of land use change on soil organic C (SOC) stocks, soil fertility and the potential for soil C sequestration. The tool was developed in conjunction with case-studies of land use and management impacts on SOC in Brazil, Jordan, Kenya and India, which represent a diversity of land use and land management patterns and are countries where sustaining soil organic matter and fertility for food security is an on-going problem. The tool was designed to run using two common desktop computers, connected via a local area network. It utilizes open-source software that is freely available. All new software and user interfaces developed for the tool are available in an open source environment allowing users to examine system details, suggest improvements or write additional modules to interface with the system. The tool incorporates three widely used models for estimating soil C dynamics: (1) the Century ecosystem model; (2) the RothC soil C decomposition model; and (3) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method for assessing soil C at regional scales. The tool interacts with a Soil and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER) built for the specific country or region the user intends to model. A demonstration of the tool and results from an assessment of land use change in a sample region of North America are presented. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2 48 3.66e-05
379 | NOBRE P, 2006, J CLIMATE, V19, P5988, DOI 10.1175/JCLI3946.1 | The dynamical basis for seasonal to decadal climate predictions and predictability over South America is reviewed. It is shown that, while global tropical SSTs affect both predictability and predictions over South America, the current lack of SST predictability over the tropical Atlantic represents a limiting factor to seasonal climate predictions over some parts of the continent. The model’s skill varies with the continental region: the highest skill is found in the “Nordeste” region and the lowest skill over southeastern Brazil. It is also suggested that current two-tier approaches to predict seasonal climate variations might represent a major limitation to forecast coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomena like the South Atlantic convergence zone. Also discussed are the possible effects of global climate change on regional predictability of seasonal climate. 2 27 3.71e-05
336 | MAROUN C, 2012, CLIM DEV, V4, P187, DOI 10.1080/17565529.2012.668849 | The Sustainable Development Policies and Measures (SD-PAM) proposal, in which developing countries could achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation goals as side effects of sustainable development programmes, is a creative option for international climate-driven agreements that consider the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Analysing and comparing the Brazilian Ethanol Program (Proalcool) and the Brazilian Biodiesel Production Program (PNPB) can lead to a better understanding of how SD-PAM, or any other similar tool, as, for example, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), which are initiatives under evaluation within UNFCCC, could shape or reshape domestic policies in developing countries if they had been considered as SD-PAM (or NAMA) in their inceptions. Both programmes were analysed from a programme theory perspective to investigate the possibility of having the programmes reshaped for the achievement of UNFCCC objectives under the SD-PAM mechanism. The comparison between the two programmes led to the understanding that, despite differences in their primary goals, implementation and maturity, their outcomes are very similar so far, very much focused on large-scale, capital-intensive agricultural sectors. In this regard, SD-PAM, or other similar tool, could play an important role for guaranteeing the sustainability of some developing countries’ programmes, by bringing on board the perspectives of international negotiations on climate change. 2 4 3.67e-05
242 | GUO Y, 2014, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V25, P781, DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000165 | Background: Studies have examined the effects of temperature on mortality in a single city, country, or region. However, less evidence is available on the variation in the associations between temperature and mortality in multiple countries, analyzed simultaneously. Methods: We obtained daily data on temperature and mortality in 306 communities from 12 countries/regions (Australia, Brazil, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, and Canada). Two-stage analyses were used to assess the nonlinear and delayed relation between temperature and mortality. In the first stage, a Poisson regression allowing overdispersion with distributed lag nonlinear model was used to estimate the community-specific temperature-mortality relation. In the second stage, a multivariate meta-analysis was used to pool the nonlinear and delayed effects of ambient temperature at the national level, in each country. Results: The temperatures associated with the lowest mortality were around the 75th percentile of temperature in all the countries/regions, ranging from 66th (Taiwan) to 80th (UK) percentiles. The estimated effects of cold and hot temperatures on mortality varied by community and country. Meta-analysis results show that both cold and hot temperatures increased the risk of mortality in all the countries/regions. Cold effects were delayed and lasted for many days, whereas heat effects appeared quickly and did not last long. Conclusions: People have some ability to adapt to their local climate type, but both cold and hot temperatures are still associated with increased risk of mortality. Public health strategies to alleviate the impact of ambient temperatures are important, in particular in the context of climate change. 1 211 3.59e-05
284 | KOREN I, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, DOI 10.1029/2007GL029253 | Cloud and aerosols interact and form a complex system leading to high uncertainty in understanding climate change. To simplify this non-linear system it is customary to distinguish between “cloudy’’ and”cloud-free’’ areas and measure them separately. However, we find that clouds are surrounded by a "twilight zone’’ - a belt of forming and evaporating cloud fragments and hydrated aerosols extending tens of kilometers from the clouds into the so-called cloud-free zone. The gradual transition from cloudy to dry atmosphere is proportional to the aerosol loading, suggesting an additional aerosol effect on the composition and radiation fluxes of the atmosphere. Using AERONET data, we find that the measured aerosol optical depth is higher by 13% +/- 2% in the visible and 22% +/- 2% in the NIR in measurements taken near clouds relative to its value in the measurements taken before or after, and that 30% - 60% of the free atmosphere is affected by this phenomenon. 1 191 3.64e-05
321 | MACEDO MO, 2008, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V255, P1516, DOI 10.1016/J.FORECO.2007.11.007 | In tropical forest areas with highly weathered soils, organic matter plays an important role in soil functioning and forest sustainability. When forests are clear-cut. the soil begins almost immediately to lose organic matter, triggering a series of soil degradation processes, the extent and intensity of which depends on soil management. Depending on the level of soil degradation, the rate at which the system can re-establish itself can be slow and may require the use of degraded land restoration techniques. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of pioneer leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees to recuperate degraded land. The area studied - located in the coastal town of Angra dos Reis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - was planted with seven species of fast-growing leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees in 1991. The nutrient concentrations (Ca, Mg, P and K) and N and C stocks in the soil and litter were determined, in addition to the free- and occluded-light fractions of soil organic matter. Soil samples were also collected from two reference areas: (1) an area of undisturbed native forest; and (2) a deforested area spontaneously colonised by Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). The nutrient stocks in the litter of the restored area were similar to those found in native forest. The recuperation technique used was able to re-establish the soil C and N stocks after 13 years. C and N increased by 1.73 and 0.13 Mg ha(-1) year(-1), respectively. The free-light fraction was highest in the recuperated area and lowest in the deforested area. The occluded-light fraction of the recuperated area was higher than that of the native forest only in the 0-5 cm layer. Both the free-light and occluded fractions were higher in the native forest and recuperated areas than in the deforested area. Since the free-light and the occluded-light fractions are the result of litterfall and decomposition, these results - combined with the data of litter stocks and soil C and N stocks - indicate that the use of legume trees was efficient in re-establishing the nutrient cycling processes of the systems. These results also show that recovering degraded land with this technique is effective in sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at high rates. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1 104 3.56e-05
19 | BACCINI A, 2012, NAT CLIM CHANGE, V2, P182, DOI 10.1038/NCLIMATE1354 | Deforestation contributes 6-17% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere(1). Large uncertainties in emission estimates arise from inadequate data on the carbon density of forests’ and the regional rates of deforestation. Consequently there is an urgent need for improved data sets that characterize the global distribution of aboveground biomass, especially in the tropics. Here we use multi-sensor satellite data to estimate aboveground live woody vegetation carbon density for pan-tropical ecosystems with unprecedented accuracy and spatial resolution. Results indicate that the total amount of carbon held in tropical woody vegetation is 228.7 Pg C, which is 21% higher than the amount reported in the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (ref. 3). At the national level, Brazil and Indonesia contain 35% of the total carbon stored in tropical forests and produce the largest emissions from forest loss. Combining estimates of aboveground carbon stocks with regional deforestation rates(4) we estimate the total net emission of carbon from tropical deforestation and land use to be 1.0 Pg C yr(-1) over the period 2000-2010-based on the carbon bookkeeping model. These new data sets of aboveground carbon stocks will enable tropical nations to meet their emissions reporting requirements (that is, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Tier 3) with greater accuracy. 0 717 3.54e-05
337 | MARTINEZ ML, 2007, ECOL ECON, V63, P254, DOI 10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2006.10.022 | We integrated the emerging information of the ecological, economic and social importance of the coasts at a global scale. We defined coastal regions to range from the continental shelf (to a depth of 200 m), the intertidal areas and adjacent land within 100 km of the coastline. We used the 1 km resolution Global Land Cover Characteristics Database and calculated the area covered by 11 different land cover classes (natural and human-altered ecosystems) within the 100 km limit [Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kasem, K., Revenga, C., Spalding, M., McAllister, D., 2001. Coastal Ecosystems. Washington DC World Resource Institute. 93 pp.]. Cover of aquatic ecosystems was calculated based on several world databases. Our results show that the coasts of the world comprise. a wide variety of geomorphological characteristics of which mountainous coasts with a narrow shelf are the most abundant. Sandy shores are found on 16% of the coastal countries. The coasts are located in every weather regime and the number of biomes is equally variable. Within the 100 km limit, 72% still is covered by natural ecosystems and 28% have been altered by human activities (urban and croplands). Open shrubs and evergreen broadleaf forests are the most abundant terrestrial ecosystems. Canada has the largest area of natural and relatively well preserved terrestrial ecosystems. Indonesia and China have the largest percentages of cropland area near the shore, and Japan and the US have the largest coastal urban areas. Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, Bahamas and New Caledonia have the largest areas of aquatic ecosystems. The calculated economic value of goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems showed that altogether, coastal ecosystems contribute 77% of global ecosystem-services value calculated by Costanza et al. [Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Naeem, S., Limburg, K., Paruelo, J., O’Neill, R.V., Raskin, R., Sutton, P., ven den Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260]. According to 2003 data, 2.385 million people live within the coastal limit, which represents 41% of world global population. More than 50% of the coastal countries have from 80 to 100% of their total population within 100 km of the coastline. Twenty-one of the 33 world’s megacities are found on the coast. Multivariate analyses grouped coastal explained 55% of the variance: degree of conservation, ecosystem service product and demographic trends. Given the current scenario and the climate change prediction, the coastal environments will be confronting serious environmental issues that should be worked in advance, in order to achieve a sustainable development of the most valued locations of the world. Several recommendations are made. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0 316 3.54e-05
411 | QUADRELLI R, 2007, ENERG POLICY, V35, P5938, DOI 10.1016/J.ENPOL.2007.07.001 | Fossil fuel combustion is the single largest human influence on climate, accounting for 80% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents trends in world carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion worldwide, based on the estimates of the International Energy Agency (IEA) [IEA, 2006a. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971-2004. International Energy Agency, Paris, France]. Analyzing the drivers of CO2 emissions, the paper considers regions, types of fuel, sectors, and socioeconomic indicators. The paper then examines the growing body of climate change mitigation policies and measures, both multinational and federal. Policies discussed include the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, and the potential measures to be implemented in 2012 and beyond. CO2 emissions of recent years have grown at the highest rates ever recorded, an observed trend incompatible with stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and avoiding long-term climate change. Within this aggregate upward trend, a comparison of emissions sources proves dynamic: while industrialized countries have so far dominated historical emissions, rapid growth in energy demand of developing economies, led by China, may soon spur their absolute emissions beyond those of industrialized countries. To provide context for the drivers of CO2 emissions, the paper examines fuel sources, from coal to biofuels, and fuel use in the production of heat and electricity, in transport, in industrial production and in households. The sectoral analysis illustrates the primacy, in terms of emissions growth and absolute emissions, of two sectors: electricity and heat generation, and transport. A discussion of several socio-economic emissions drivers complements the paper’s analysis of mitigation mechanisms. As illustrated, emissions per capita and emissions per unit of economic production, as measured in gross domestic product (GDP), vary widely between regions. In this context, the paper examines the constraints and choices of energy use in two prominent developing economies: China and Brazil. This analysis of long-term trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion will prove useful for policyrnakers and energy policy analysts alike. Understanding the sources and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions is essential to their worldwide management and to the mitigation of climate change. (C) 2007 OECD/IEA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0 230 3.54e-05
136 | DALIN C, 2012, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V109, P5989, DOI 10.1073/PNAS.1203176109 | Global freshwater resources are under increasing pressure from economic development, population growth, and climate change. The international trade of water-intensive products (e.g., agricultural commodities) or virtual water trade has been suggested as a way to save water globally. We focus on the virtual water trade network associated with international food trade built with annual trade data and annual modeled virtual water content. The evolution of this network from 1986 to 2007 is analyzed and linked to trade policies, socioeconomic circumstances, and agricultural efficiency. We find that the number of trade connections and the volume of water associated with global food trade more than doubled in 22 years. Despite this growth, constant organizational features were observed in the network. However, both regional and national virtual water trade patterns significantly changed. Indeed, Asia increased its virtual water imports by more than 170%, switching from North America to South America as its main partner, whereas North America oriented to a growing intraregional trade. A dramatic rise in China’s virtual water imports is associated with its increased soy imports after a domestic policy shift in 2000. Significantly, this shift has led the global soy market to save water on a global scale, but it also relies on expanding soy production in Brazil, which contributes to deforestation in the Amazon. We find that the international food trade has led to enhanced savings in global water resources over time, indicating its growing efficiency in terms of global water use. 0 225 3.54e-05
551 | WANG M, 2012, ENVIRON RES LETT, V7, P, DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045905 | Globally, bioethanol is the largest volume biofuel used in the transportation sector, with corn-based ethanol production occurring mostly in the US and sugarcane-based ethanol production occurring mostly in Brazil. Advances in technology and the resulting improved productivity in corn and sugarcane farming and ethanol conversion, together with biofuel policies, have contributed to the significant expansion of ethanol production in the past 20 years. These improvements have increased the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of using bioethanol as opposed to using petroleum gasoline. This article presents results from our most recently updated simulations of energy use and GHG emissions that result from using bioethanol made from several feedstocks. The results were generated with the GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model. In particular, based on a consistent and systematic model platform, we estimate life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions from using ethanol produced from five feedstocks: corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus. We quantitatively address the impacts of a few critical factors that affect life-cycle GHG emissions from bioethanol. Even when the highly debated land use change GHG emissions are included, changing from corn to sugarcane and then to cellulosic biomass helps to significantly increase the reductions in energy use and GHG emissions from using bioethanol. Relative to petroleum gasoline, ethanol from corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus can reduce life-cycle GHG emissions by 19-48%, 40-62%, 90-103%, 77-97% and 101-115%, respectively. Similar trends have been found with regard to fossil energy benefits for the five bioethanol pathways. 0 205 3.54e-05
275 | JUNK WJ, 2013, AQUAT SCI, V75, P113, DOI 10.1007/S00027-012-0253-8 | The exact size of the wetland area of South America is not known but may comprise as much as 20% of the sub-continent, with river floodplains and intermittent interfluvial wetlands as the most prominent types. A few wetland areas have been well studied, whereas little is known about others, including some that are very large. Despite the fact that most South American countries have signed the Ramsar convention, efforts to elaborate basic data have been insufficient, thereby hindering the formulation of a wetland-friendly policy allowing the sustainable management of these areas. Until now, the low population density in many wetland areas has provided a high level of protection; however, the pressure on wetland integrity is increasing, mainly as a result of land reclamation for agriculture and animal ranching, infrastructure building, pollution, mining activities, and the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted increasing temperatures, accelerated melting of the glaciers in Patagonia and the Andes, a rise in sea level of 20-60 cm, and an increase in extreme multiannual and short-term climate events (El Nio and La Nia, heavy rains and droughts, heat waves). Precipitation may decrease slightly near the Caribbean coast as well as over large parts of Brazil, Chile, and Patagonia, but increase in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, around the equator, and in southeastern South America. Of even greater impact may be a change in rainfall distribution, with precipitation increasing during the rainy season and decreasing during the dry season. There is no doubt that the predicted changes in global climate will strongly affect South American wetlands, mainly those with a low hydrologic buffer capacity. However, for the coming decades, wetland destruction by wetland-unfriendly development planning will by far outweigh the negative impacts of global climate change. South American governments must bear in mind that there are many benefits that wetlands bring about for the landscape and biodiversity as well as for humans. While water availability will be the key problem for the continent’s cities and agroindustries, intact wetlands can play a major role in storing water, buffering river and stream discharges, and recharging subterranean aquifers. 0 186 3.54e-05
561 | YEH S, 2007, ENERG POLICY, V35, P5865, DOI 10.1016/J.ENPOL.2007.06.012 | The adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) has been regarded as one of the most important strategies to address the issues of energy dependence, air quality, and, more recently, climate change. Despite decades of effort, we still face daunting challenges to promote wider acceptance of AFVs by the general public. More empirical analyses are needed to understand the technology adoption process associated with different market structures, the effectiveness of regulations and incentives, and the density of infrastructure adequate to reach sustainable commercial application. This paper compares the adoption of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, Pakistan, and the US. It examines the major policies aimed at promoting the use of NGVs, instruments for implementing those policies and targeting likely stakeholders, and a range of factors that influence the adoption of NGVs. The findings in this paper should be applicable to other AFVs. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0 170 3.54e-05
181 | DU J, 2012, J HYDROL, V464, P127, DOI 10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2012.06.057 | This study developed and used an integrated modeling system, coupling a distributed hydrologic and a dynamic land-use change model, to examine effects of urbanization on annual runoff and flood events of the Qinhuai River watershed in Jiangsu Province, China. The Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used to calculate runoff generation and the integrated Markov Chain and Cellular Automata model (CA-Markov model) was used to develop future land use maps. The model was calibrated and validated using observed daily streamflow data collected at the two outlets of watershed. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images from 1988, 1994, 2006, Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images from 2001, 2003 and a China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) image from 2009 were used to obtain historical land use maps. These imageries revealed that the watershed experienced conversion of approximately 17% non-urban area to urban area between 1988 and 2009. The urbanization scenarios for various years were developed by overlaying impervious surfaces of different land use maps to 1988 (as a reference year) map sequentially. The simulation results of HEC-HMS model for the various urbanization scenarios indicate that annual runoff, daily peak flow, and flood volume have increased to different degrees due to urban expansion during the study period (1988-2009), and will continue to increase as urban areas increase in the future. When impervious ratios change from 3% (1988) to 31% (2018), the mean annual runoff would increase slightly and the annual runoff in the dry year would increase more than that in the wet year. The daily peak discharge of eight selected floods would increase from 2.3% to 13.9%. The change trend of flood volumes is similar with that of peak discharge, but with larger percentage changes than that of daily peak flows in all scenarios. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the potential changes in peak discharge and flood volume with increasing impervious surface showed a linear relationship, and the changes of small floods were larger than those of large floods with the same impervious increase, indicating that the small floods were more sensitive than large floods to urbanization. These results suggest that integrating distributed land use change model and distributed hydrological model can be a good approach to evaluate the hydrologic impacts of urbanization, which are essential for watershed management, water resources planning, and flood management for sustainable development. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 0 134 3.54e-05
524 | TRENBERTH KE, 2012, J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS, V117, P, DOI 10.1029/2012JD018020 | A global perspective is developed on a number of high impact climate extremes in 2010 through diagnostic studies of the anomalies, diabatic heating, and global energy and water cycles that demonstrate relationships among variables and across events. Natural variability, especially ENSO, and global warming from human influences together resulted in very high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in several places that played a vital role in subsequent developments. Record high SSTs in the Northern Indian Ocean in May 2010, the Gulf of Mexico in August 2010, the Caribbean in September 2010, and north of Australia in December 2010 provided a source of unusually abundant atmospheric moisture for nearby monsoon rains and flooding in Pakistan, Colombia, and Queensland. The resulting anomalous diabatic heating in the northern Indian and tropical Atlantic Oceans altered the atmospheric circulation by forcing quasi-stationary Rossby waves and altering monsoons. The anomalous monsoonal circulations had direct links to higher latitudes: from Southeast Asia to southern Russia, and from Colombia to Brazil. Strong convection in the tropical Atlantic in northern summer 2010 was associated with a Rossby wave train that extended into Europe creating anomalous cyclonic conditions over the Mediterranean area while normal anticyclonic conditions shifted downstream where they likely interacted with an anomalously strong monsoon circulation, helping to support the persistent atmospheric anticyclonic regime over Russia. This set the stage for the “blocking” anticyclone and associated Russian heat wave and wild fires. Attribution is limited by shortcomings in models in replicating monsoons, teleconnections and blocking. 0 132 3.54e-05
356 | MOL AP, 2007, SOCIOL RURALIS, V47, P297, DOI 10.1111/J.1467-9523.2007.00446.X | Biofuels currently appear to be one of the major controversies in the agriculture/environment nexus, not unlike genetically modified organisms. While some countries (such as Brazil) have for quite some time supported successful large-scale programmes to improve the production and consumption of biofuels, policy-makers and research institutions in most developed and developing countries have only recently turned their attention to biofuels. Threat of climate change, new markets for agricultural output, reduced dependencies on OPEC countries and high fossil fuel prices are driving this development. But opposition to biofuels is growing, pointing at the various vulnerabilities - not in the least for developing countries - that come along with large-scale ‘energy’ plantations. Against this background this article analyses the sustainability and vulnerability of biofuels, from the perspective of a sociology of networks and flows. Current biofuel developments should be understood in terms of the emergence of a global integrated biofuel network, where environmental sustainabilities are more easily accommodated than vulnerabilities for marginal and peripheral groups and countries, irrespective of what policy-makers and biofuel advocates tell us. 0 118 3.54e-05
410 | PURKEY SG, 2012, J CLIMATE, V25, P5830, DOI 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00612.1 | A statistically significant reduction in Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) volume is quantified between the 1980s and 2000s within the Southern Ocean and along the bottom-most, southern branches of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). AABW has warmed globally during that time, contributing roughly 10% of the recent total ocean heat uptake. This warming implies a global-scale contraction of AABW. Rates of change in AABW-related circulation are estimated in most of the world’s deep-ocean basins by finding average rates of volume loss or gain below cold, deep potential temperature (theta) surfaces using all available repeated hydrographic sections. The Southern Ocean is losing water below theta = 0 degrees C at a rate of -8.2 (+/- 2.6) 3 10(6) m(3) s (1). This bottom water contraction causes a descent of potential isotherms throughout much of the water column until a near-surface recovery, apparently through a southward surge of Circumpolar Deep Water from the north. To the north, smaller losses of bottom waters are seen along three of the four main northward outflow routes of AABW. Volume and heat budgets below deep, cold theta surfaces within the Brazil and Pacific basins are not in steady state. The observed changes in volume and heat of the coldest waters within these basins could be accounted for by small decreases to the volume transport or small increases to theta of their inflows, or fractional increases in deep mixing. The budget calculations and global contraction pattern are consistent with a global-scale slowdown of the bottom, southern limb of the MOC. 0 105 3.54e-05

Not included in the dataset

These papers and other references were not among the 569 records downloaded from the Web of Science.

FullReference InDegree PageRank
310 2 675 0.0003226
1080 HIJMANS RJ, 2005, INT J CLIMATOL, V25, P1965, DOI 10.1002/JOC.1276 35 0.0000547
33 PHILLIPS SJ, 2006, ECOL MODEL, V190, P231, DOI 10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2005.03.026 26 0.0000489
421 2.0.CO 25 0.0000455
1726 MALHI Y, 2008, SCIENCE, V319, P169, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1146961 24 0.0000462
761 MARENGO JA, 2009, INT J CLIMATOL, V29, P2241, DOI 10.1002/JOC.1863 22 0.0000496
1197 MYERS N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853, DOI 10.1038/35002501 20 0.0000440
3224 SOLOMON S, 2007, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS, P19 17 0.0000463
3972 WANG XF, 2004, NATURE, V432, P740, DOI 10.1038/NATURE03067 16 0.0000434
10 ELITH J, 2006, ECOGRAPHY, V29, P129, DOI 10.1111/J.2006.0906-7590.04596.X 16 0.0000430
1220 ARAUJO MB, 2007, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V22, P42, DOI 10.1016/J.TREE.2006.09.010 15 0.0000442
658 ALLOUCHE O, 2006, J APPL ECOL, V43, P1223, DOI 10.1111/J.1365-2664.2006.01214.X 14 0.0000427
1241 DINIZ JAF, 2009, ECOGRAPHY, V32, P897, DOI 10.1111/J.1600-0587.2009.06196.X 13 0.0000422
696 PEARSON RG, 2003, GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR, V12, P361, DOI 10.1046/J.1466-822X.2003.00042.X 13 0.0000416
34 PHILLIPS SJ, 2008, ECOGRAPHY, V31, P161, DOI 10.1111/J.0906-7590.2008.5203.X 13 0.0000414
3524 COX PM, 2004, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V78, P137, DOI 10.1007/S00704-004-0049-4 13 0.0000413
752 3.0.CO 13 0.0000412
5865 ASSAD ED, 2004, PESQUI AGROPECU BRAS, V39, P1057, DOI 10.1590/S0100-204X2004001100001 12 0.0000470
1827 IPCC, 2007, CLIMATE CHANGE 2007 12 0.0000433
5387 MARENGO JA, 2010, CLIM DYNAM, V35, P1089, DOI 10.1007/S00382-009-0721-6 12 0.0000421
1069 CARNAVAL AC, 2009, SCIENCE, V323, P785, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1166955 12 0.0000411
13887 SALAZAR LF, 2007, GEOPHYS RES LETT, V34, DOI 10.1029/2007GL029695 12 0.0000410
1081 HOORN C, 2010, SCIENCE, V330, P927, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1194585 12 0.0000406
3704 SOARES BS, 2006, NATURE, V440, P520, DOI 10.1038/NATURE04389 12 0.0000399
251 MARENGO JA, 2008, J CLIMATE, V21, P495, DOI 10.1175/2007JCLI1600.1 11 0.0000407
4373 CHOU SC, 2012, CLIM DYNAM, V38, P635, DOI 10.1007/S00382-011-1002-8 10 0.0000424
308 NASH J.E., 1970, J HYDROL, V10, P282, DOI 10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6 8 0.0000435
1396 SANSIGOLO CA, 2010, THEOR APPL CLIMATOL, V101, P209, DOI 10.1007/S00704-010-0270-2 6 0.0000416
2059 VAN DER WERF GR, 2009, NAT GEOSCI, V2, P737, DOI 10.1038/NGEO671 5 0.0000430
11025 STRECK NA, 2006, PESQUI AGROPECU BRAS, V41, P1351, DOI 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000900002 5 0.0000418
5304 HAUG GH, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1304, DOI 10.1126/SCIENCE.1059725 5 0.0000418
11911 EUROPEAN CENTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY (EUROPAISCHES ZENTRUM FUR ERNEUERBARE ENERGIE EEE), GUSS BEST P 1 0.0000414
11912 ICLEI. BETIM BRAZIL, 2010, ICLEI CAS STUD, V112 1 0.0000414

Most referenced publications

Topic modeling output

Topic modeling is a type of statistical text mining method for discovering common “topics” that occur in a collection of documents. A topic modeling algorithm essentially looks through the abstracts included in the datasets for clusters of co-occurring of words and groups them together by a process of similarity.

The following columns describe each topic detected using LDA topic modeling by listing the ten most characteristic words in each topic. See also the interactive visualization for a better characterization of the topics and a visual representation of how (dis)similar the detected topics are to each other.

The number of topics is estimated using the structural topic model library semantic coherence diagnostic values. Raw values are available in output file as kqualityvalues.csv and can be interpreted with stm documentation if necessary (see section 3.4). Search is limited between four and six topics for server performance reasons.

Topic.1 Topic.2 Topic.3 Topic.4 Topic.5
develop climat climat forest emiss
climat south model speci carbon
chang popul region area system
countri southern water distribut product
global america chang deforest soil
energi present increas amazon land
polici brazil temperatur rang impact
brazil suggest scenario brazil estim
project record futur studi result
sustain coastal season habitat assess