1 Introduction

1.1 Ranked choice voting in Maine

Commencing in June 2018, the State of Maine has used a type of ranked choice voting (RC) commonly called instant runoff (RC/IR). In November 2018 Maine became the first state to implement RC/IR in elections for the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate. The use of RC was decisive in one congressional contest, with CD2 incumbent Bruce Poliquin receiving the plurality (43.66%) of first round votes, but lacking a majority, lost in the second round of tabulation (Taylor and Stack 2018).

Subsequent to the November election, Congressman Poliquin and others filed a lawsuit against Maine Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap, seeking to be declared the CD2 winner by virtue of a plurality in the first round tabulations (Mistler 2018a). Congressman Poliquin and fellow plaintiffs maintained that

“… the RCV Act is unconstitutional, both facially and as applied, and that it violates the Voting Rights Act. They maintain that the ballot form and instructions were too confusing and that the manner by which Defendant Dunlap tabulated the votes diluted the votes cast by Poliquin supporters and otherwise disenfranchised too many Maine voters to withstand scrutiny.”

While unsuccessful, the Poliquin lawsuit brought attention to the tabulation of RC/IR ballots. Public criticism included references to a ``proprietary algorithm’’ used by the State to mechanize runoff tabulations (Muszynski 2018). The algorithm in question is implemented in proprietary software, and as such, is not available for public scrutiny. Nonetheless, shortly after the public release of cast vote records on November 21, 2018, multiple parties reported successful independent duplication of official State tabulations (Mistler 2018b), pointing out

“… that the software the state uses is proprietary. But the rules that are used by that software are just as public as the election results.”

It would seem that independent duplication of official results falls short of validating the propriety of proprietary software. In particular, the following questions remain:

  1. Are the rules complete? Do the rules completely determine the disposition of every ballot? If not, proprietary software would seem inappropriate.

  2. Are the rules consistent? If not, every implementation will fall short and a revision of the rules is indicated.

  3. Are the rules independent? Would a proper subset of the rules always produce the same result? Independence is a component of clarity and concision, key attributes for the communication and implementation of the rules.

  4. Does the implementation conform to the rules? Independent implementations often share share common flaws. Duplication of results for a single election is inconclusive.

The validation of software implementations is an extraordinary complex enterprise and has been carefully considered elsewhere (U. S. E. A. Commission 2019b, 2019a; Commission 2015). The focus here is the rules.

1.2 Approach

The case study follows from the author’s effort to independently and unofficially validate RC/IR tabulations presented by State of Maine for the three RC/IR contests. In particular, the goal was to do the following:

  1. Create a mathematical model of tabulation processing rendered in the vocabulary of set theory.

  2. Examine State of Maine RC/IR election rules in the context of the model.

  3. Develop and implement an algorithm to independently verify (potentially) tabulations produced by the proprietary algorithm currently deployed in State of Maine RC/IR elections.

To accomplish the first two tasks, only official and publicly available sources were used to identify RC/IR tabulation rules. To avoid adopting hidden assumptions, others with potential knowledge of rules or tabulation implementations were not consulted. A “clean room” strategy likewise affords an opportunity to evaluate the independence (clarity and concision) embodied by the rules. The assumption being:

Official rules ought to be sufficient to guide a software implementation of an independent tabulator capable of reproducing Maine RC/IR tabulations.

The results of the modeling effort are provided in a separate document. An R package rcvr (Recievor) has been written to accomplish the final task is demonstrated in the sections that follow.

2 Recievor

Minimal packages required for rcvr are plyr and tidyverse.1

2.1 Contest database

Metadata to reconstruct elections are stored in the textfile contest_keys.txt, including filenames and URLs for downloading original cast vote record files from the Maine Office of the Secretary of State, Division of Elections (Maine Office of Secretary of State n.d.). Thus far, three data sets are available, including:

  • June 12, 2018 - Primary Election
    • Governor - Democrat (132250 CVRs)
    • Representative to Congress District 2 - Democrat (50845 CVRs)
  • November 6, 2018 - General Election
    • Representative to Congress District 2 (296077 CVRs)
Contest Keys Database
object field value
object field value
gov_June contest_name Democratic Primary Election
gov_June office Governor
gov_June date_str 06122018
gov_June cvr_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
gov_June re_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-txt
gov_June alternative Cote
gov_June alternative Dion, D
gov_June alternative Dion, M
gov_June alternative Eves
gov_June alternative Mills
gov_June alternative Russell
gov_June alternative Sweet
gov_June alternative Write-in
gov_June ambiguity undervote
gov_June ambiguity overvote
gov_June cvr_file govd-1.xlsx
gov_June cvr_file govd-2.xlsx
gov_June cvr_file govd-3.xlsx
gov_June cvr_file govd-4.xlsx
gov_June cvr_file govd-5.xlsx
gov_June path inst/extdata
d2_June contest_name Democratic Primary Election
d2_June office Congressional District 2
d2_June date_str 06/12/2018
d2_June cvr_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
d2_June re_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-txt
d2_June alternative Fulford
d2_June alternative Golden
d2_June alternative Olson
d2_June alternative St. Clair
d2_June ambiguity undervote
d2_June ambiguity overvote
d2_June cvr_file congressd2-1.xlsx
d2_June cvr_file congressd2-2.xlsx
d2_June cvr_file congressd2-3.xlsx
d2_June cvr_file congressd2-4.xlsx
d2_June path inst/extdata
d2_Nov contest_name General Election
d2_Nov office Congressional District 2
d2_Nov date_str 11062018
d2_Nov cvr_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
d2_Nov re_url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-txt
d2_Nov cvr_file Nov18CVRExportFINAL1.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file Nov18CVRExportFINAL2.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file Nov18CVRExportFINAL3.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file AUXCVRProofedCVR95RepCD2.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file UOCAVA2CVRRepCD2.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file UOCAVA-AUX-CVRRepCD2.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file UOCAVA-FINALRepCD2.xlsx
d2_Nov cvr_file RepCD2-8final.xlsx
d2_Nov alternative Bond
d2_Nov alternative Golden
d2_Nov alternative Hoar
d2_Nov alternative Poliquin
d2_Nov ambiguity undervote
d2_Nov ambiguity overvote
d2_Nov path inst/extdata
munidist url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/2013/munidist2013.xlsx
munidist file_name munidist2013.xlsx
townshipdist url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/apport/townshipdist.xlsx
townshipdist file_name townshipdist.xlsx
voting_place url https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/votingplace1119.xlsx

2.2 Contest instances

Recievor models each election using an S3 class contest.2

Use rrcv::contest() to construct a contest instance, which will store metadata as attributes and edited ballot data in an underlying dataframe3.

  1. If original == TRUE the contest_str must be set to an object found in the contest database, as well as valid values for source, CVR_file, and alternative fields matching object.

  2. If original == FALSE parameters for a folder (source =) and a list of cast vote records (CVR_files =) must be supplied when invoking rcvr::contest().

Once a contest instance is created tabulation is accomplished using rcvr::conduct_runoff().

2.3 Tabulation options

Tabulation of contest instances is accomplished by rcvr::conduct_runoff(), which provides options for processing overvotes and undervotes.4

For example under Maine rules, an overvote at a particular rank invalidates that choice and all subsequent choices. Other jurisdictions may ignore any or all overvotes. Under Maine rules, single undervotes are ignored but two consecutive undervotes invalidate all subsequent choice (Elections 2018). Maine law is more restrictive, with two sequential undervotes invalidating subsequent choices(Legislature n.d.). The default for rcvr::conduct_runoff()

  • sequentialU == TRUE
  • max_U = 2
  • sequentialO == TRUE
  • max_O = 1

3 Retabulations

3.1 June 2018 Democratic Primary for Governor

Call the constructor and encode the ballot choices to append to random ballot displayed in table below.

\(~\)

Metadata: Democratic Primary for Governor
Item Value
Office Governor
Jurisdiction Maine
CVR location https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
CVR file govd-1.xlsx
CVR file govd-2.xlsx
CVR file govd-3.xlsx
CVR file govd-4.xlsx
CVR file govd-5.xlsx
Candidate Cote, Adam Roland
Candidate Dion, Donna J.
Candidate Dion, Mark N.
Candidate Eves, Mark W.
Candidate Mills, Janet T.
Candidate Russell, Diane Marie
Candidate Sweet, Elizabeth A.
Candidate Write-in
Number of Candidates 8
Number of Ranks 8
Number of Ballots 132250
100 Random Ballots: Democratic Primary for Governor
id precinct style 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th code
65157 Lebanon DEM Ballot Style 2 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Sweet, Elizabeth A. AEDGCFBG
491643 Edgecomb DEM Ballot Style 52 Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote DGECUUUU
484759 Hebron DEM Ballot Style 67 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EAUUUUUU
53184 Kittery W1 DEM Ballot Style 147 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EAUUUUUU
283690 Oakland W1 DEM Ballot Style 187 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EADUUUUU
243525 Gorham W1-P1 DEM Ballot Style 128 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
495272 Brooklin DEM Ballot Style 61 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GAEUUUUU
353741 South Portland All DEM Ballot Style 78 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ADGUUUUU
141999 Eastport DEM Ballot Style 101 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote EDAGUUUU
392024 Yarmouth DEM Ballot Style 88 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ADGUUUUU
502443 Prospect DEM Ballot Style 218 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie undervote undervote undervote ADGCFUUU
153336 Bradley DEM Ballot Style 55 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ACUUUUUU
164440 Bowdoinham DEM Ballot Style 53 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
508944 Fayette DEM Ballot Style 122 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
40036 Parsonsfield W1 DEM Ballot Style 158 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Donna J. overvote Dion, Mark N. Mills, Janet T. Russell, Diane Marie Sweet, Elizabeth A. Write-in ABOCEFGH
141301 Lubec DEM Ballot Style 101 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
206625 Bar Harbor DEM Ballot Style 38 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EADUUUUU
342009 Portland W1 P3 DEM Ballot Style 202 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Write-in Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. EDCAGHFB
197911 Brunswick W1 DEM Ballot Style 64 Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Cote, Adam Roland undervote DECFBGAU
395770 Scarborough W1 DEM Ballot Style 230 Write-in undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote HUUUUUUU
181033 Winslow DEM Ballot Style 266 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote AEGCUUUU
24657 South Berwick W1 DEM Ballot Style 235 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ACDUUUUU
166157 Bath DEM Ballot Style 39 Dion, Mark N. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Russell, Diane Marie Mills, Janet T. Dion, Donna J. undervote CADGFEBU
502582 Waldo DEM Ballot Style 41 Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote DEGUUUUU
91005 Belfast W1 DEM Ballot Style 41 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote EAGDUUUU
342281 Portland W1 P3 DEM Ballot Style 202 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote EDCGUUUU
261644 Rumford DEM Ballot Style 176 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AEDUUUUU
69407 Biddeford W1 DEM Ballot Style 48 Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AUUUUUUU
435867 Livermore W1 DEM Ballot Style 165 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
341196 Portland W4 P1 DEM Ballot Style 207 Mills, Janet T. Dion, Mark N. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote ECDAUUUU
426924 Madawaska DEM Ballot Style 99 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Eves, Mark W. undervote AEGCFBDU
239766 New Gloucester DEM Ballot Style 181 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie undervote AEGDCBFU
483943 Rome DEM Ballot Style 221 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote ADEGUUUU
456363 Greene DEM Ballot Style 133 Write-in undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote HUUUUUUU
159579 Woolwich DEM Ballot Style 17 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote GEADUUUU
441878 Auburn W5 DEM Ballot Style 23 Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Russell, Diane Marie Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote DCBAEFGU
195346 Nobleboro W1 DEM Ballot Style 182 Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GUUUUUUU
30342 York W1 DEM Ballot Style 268 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote EDACGUUU
411740 Chebeague Island DEM Ballot Style 88 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EDUUUUUU
107873 Plymouth DEM Ballot Style 94 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
411817 Chebeague Island DEM Ballot Style 88 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GEDUUUUU
279868 Waterville W1 DEM Ballot Style 251 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Russell, Diane Marie undervote Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Cote, Adam Roland EDGFUCBA
382275 Windham W1 DEM Ballot Style 264 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
191413 Southport DEM Ballot Style 52 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote AEDGUUUU
253764 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 35 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
63605 Limington DEM Ballot Style 161 Russell, Diane Marie Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. Cote, Adam Roland undervote FEGDBCAU
38096 Sanford W3 DEM Ballot Style 226 Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote Mills, Janet T. AUUUUUUE
410354 Freeport DEM Ballot Style 125 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ADEUUUUU
243109 Gorham W1-P1 DEM Ballot Style 128 Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. undervote CFBGEADU
120603 Newburgh DEM Ballot Style 136 Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote DEACBFGU
506363 Gray W1 DEM Ballot Style 131 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. undervote Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. EAGDUFBC
430031 Lewiston W5 DEM Ballot Style 155 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
332824 Portland W1 P1 DEM Ballot Style 202 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. undervote GDCFBAEU
9500590 Camden DS200 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GDCUUUUU
500455 Bremen DEM Ballot Style 56 Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie undervote AGEDCBFU
352983 South Portland W5 DEM Ballot Style 238 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EGAUUUUU
231193 Gorham W2 DEM Ballot Style 129 Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AUUUUUUU
456109 Greene DEM Ballot Style 133 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Mark N. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie undervote AEDCGBFU
153187 Eddington DEM Ballot Style 58 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AEUUUUUU
250996 Brewer W1 DEM Ballot Style 57 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie undervote EDAGCBFU
409844 Freeport DEM Ballot Style 125 Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote DGEAUUUU
447842 Auburn W3 DEM Ballot Style 23 Mills, Janet T. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote EFBACDGU
337642 Portland W5 P1 DEM Ballot Style 210 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AEDUUUUU
501638 Ripley DEM Ballot Style 73 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GAEUUUUU
205570 Mount Desert DEM Ballot Style 38 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote GDFBAUUU
100142 Madison W1 DEM Ballot Style 171 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote Cote, Adam Roland undervote EGUUUUAU
255845 Brewer W1 DEM Ballot Style 57 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Russell, Diane Marie Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. Mills, Janet T. undervote GDFABCEU
411980 Bridgton DEM Ballot Style 60 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EGUUUUUU
200422 Boothbay Harbor DEM Ballot Style 52 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EDGUUUUU
346633 Portland W5 P2 DEM Ballot Style 216 Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. undervote FCBGDAEU
60795 Hollis DEM Ballot Style 72 Write-in undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote HUUUUUUU
418406 Cape Elizabeth W1 DEM Ballot Style 77 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote EGACUUUU
45381 Waterboro DEM Ballot Style 250 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Dion, Donna J. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AEBUUUUU
9427 Peru DEM Ballot Style 76 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EGUUUUUU
129928 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 36 undervote undervote Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. undervote Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. UUGEUABC
451390 Auburn W2 DEM Ballot Style 24 Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EUUUUUUU
117643 Old Town DEM Ballot Style 190 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EDGUUUUU
93096 Fairfield DEM Ballot Style 117 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
30174 York W1 DEM Ballot Style 188 Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote DAGUUUUU
449550 Poland W1 DEM Ballot Style 200 Mills, Janet T. Dion, Mark N. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ECGUUUUU
333545 Portland W1 P1 DEM Ballot Style 202 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Donna J. Russell, Diane Marie Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. undervote ACDBFGEU
356511 South Portland All DEM Ballot Style 78 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote AEDGUUUU
23212 South Berwick W1 DEM Ballot Style 235 Dion, Mark N. Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote CADUUUUU
487571 Troy DEM Ballot Style 62 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUUUUU
203741 Sullivan DEM Ballot Style 130 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote GDEUUUUU
443223 Minot DEM Ballot Style 25 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EDGUUUUU
101013 Madison W1 DEM Ballot Style 171 Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote CUUUUUUU
9500373 Cape Elizabeth DS200 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Russell, Diane Marie Eves, Mark W. Dion, Donna J. undervote GEACFDBU
62036 Limerick W1 DEM Ballot Style 158 Write-in undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote HUUUUUUU
44171 Old Orchard Beach DEM Ballot Style 189 Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AUUUUUUU
327269 Farmington DEM Ballot Style 121 Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Russell, Diane Marie Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. Eves, Mark W. undervote EGFABCDU
408331 Cape Elizabeth W1 DEM Ballot Style 77 Cote, Adam Roland Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ADEUUUUU
447651 Lisbon DEM Ballot Style 163 Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. undervote undervote undervote undervote EDAGUUUU
197729 Brunswick W1 DEM Ballot Style 64 Cote, Adam Roland Sweet, Elizabeth A. Mills, Janet T. Eves, Mark W. undervote undervote undervote undervote AGEDUUUU
454033 Auburn W1 DEM Ballot Style 25 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Dion, Donna J. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Russell, Diane Marie Eves, Mark W. Mills, Janet T. undervote ACBGFDEU
348889 Portland W2 P1 DEM Ballot Style 203 Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Mills, Janet T. Russell, Diane Marie Dion, Donna J. undervote GDACEFBU
484524 Vinalhaven DEM Ballot Style 140 Mills, Janet T. Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote EAUUUUUU
437911 Mechanic Falls DEM Ballot Style 174 Cote, Adam Roland undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote AUUUUUUU
34658 Saco W1 DEM Ballot Style 223 Cote, Adam Roland Dion, Mark N. Mills, Janet T. undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote ACEUUUUU
289487 Vassalboro DEM Ballot Style 30 Cote, Adam Roland Mills, Janet T. Sweet, Elizabeth A. Eves, Mark W. Dion, Donna J. Dion, Mark N. undervote undervote AEGDBCUU

\(~\)

June 2018 gubernatorial primary results posted by the State of Maine can be found here. This tabulation cannot be reproduced using the process described by the administrative rules (Elections 2018). The tabulation corresponding to the rules is easily generated.

Official Maine results can be duplicated by “tweaking” the rules.5

June 2018 Democratic Primary for Governor
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Rules Reported Rules Reported Rules Reported Rules Reported
Candidate Names
Cote, Adam Roland 35478 35478 37543 37543 42623 42623 53866 53866
Dion, Donna J. 1596 1596 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dion, Mark N. 5200 5200 0 0 0 0 0 0
Eves, Mark W. 17887 17887 19521 19521 0 0 0 0
Mills, Janet T. 41735 41735 44042 44042 49945 49945 63387 63384
Russell, Diane Marie 2728 2728 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sweet, Elizabeth A. 20767 20767 22987 22987 29944 29944 0 0
Write-in 748 748 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ballot Exhausted
By Overvotes 430 430 472 472 507 507 580 580
By Undervotes 5681 5681 7568 7568 9056 9056 14152 14155
By Exhausted Choices 0 0 117 117 175 175 265 265

While internally consistent (non-contradictory), the administrative rules are not in alignment with the corresponding statute with regard to skipped rankings (Legislature n.d.). In fact, parties reporting duplicating November CD2 tabulations were unable to duplicate results for the June Gubernatorial primary use the same algorithm.6

Three idiosyncratic ballots from the June 2018 gubernatorial primary have been identified.

Ballots of Interest
CVR ID Precinct Coded Choices
485831 Dixmont GDUBUFEH
265479 Porter BGDCUFUE
335281 Portland W2 P2 GUBFDUEA

The three ballots would be awarded to candidate E (Janet Mills) in the fourth round using the “two consecutive” trimming rule. Independent implementations report 3 fewer votes for Janet Mills in the final round than the official tabulation. The results generated by the proprietary algorithm can be achieved by trimming each ballot after the second skipped ranking, except where the first skipped ranking is the first choice ranking. There were three such exceptional ballots

  • File: govd-2.xlsx, Row: 1315, Code: UGUBAEDC, Cast Vote Record: 13216: Precinct: Old Orchard Beach
  • File: govd-2.xlsx, Row: 33534, Code: UGUECGAF, Cast Vote Record: 141592: Precinct: Eastport
  • File: govd-2.xlsx, Row: 41151, Code: UCUAUUUU, Cast Vote Record: 173959: Precinct: Harpswell W1

3.2 June 2018 Maine CD2 Democratic Primary

Use contest.R to construct a contest instance.

Metadata: CD2 Democratic Primary
Item Value
Office Congressional District 2
Jurisdiction Maine
CVR location https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
CVR file congressd2-1.xlsx
CVR file congressd2-2.xlsx
CVR file congressd2-3.xlsx
CVR file congressd2-4.xlsx
Candidate Fulford, Jonathan S.
Candidate Golden, Jared F.
Candidate Olson, Craig R.
Candidate St. Clair, Lucas R.
Number of Candidates 4
Number of Ranks 5
Number of Ballots 50845
100 Random Ballots: CD2 Democratic Primary
id precinct style 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th code
152458 Eddington DEM Ballot Style 58 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
317447 Jay DEM Ballot Style 142 Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote CBADU
105749 Dover-Foxcroft DEM Ballot Style 21 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote DBCUU
433595 Lewiston W1 DEM Ballot Style 150 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
208865 Bar Harbor DEM Ballot Style 38 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Golden, Jared F. undervote DCABU
263892 Paris DEM Ballot Style 197 Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. overvote undervote undervote ACOUU
257254 Otisfield DEM Ballot Style 195 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote DCBUU
224625 New Sharon DEM Ballot Style 121 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DCBAU
135888 Levant DEM Ballot Style 127 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote DBCUU
209714 Tremont DEM Ballot Style 97 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote DCBUU
507766 Ellsworth W3 DEM Ballot Style 114 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
483731 Brooksville DEM Ballot Style 61 St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote DACUU
258059 Norway DEM Ballot Style 185 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
94342 Northport DEM Ballot Style 41 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
434174 Lewiston W1 DEM Ballot Style 149 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
141025 Lubec DEM Ballot Style 101 St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. DABAC
420368 Caribou DEM Ballot Style 79 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Golden, Jared F. undervote DCABU
440519 Lisbon DEM Ballot Style 163 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
206176 Mount Desert DEM Ballot Style 38 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
254254 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 35 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
147951 Milford DEM Ballot Style 16 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
256780 Brewer W1 DEM Ballot Style 57 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
490685 Eastbrook DEM Ballot Style 12 Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote undervote undervote CUUUU
152365 Enfield DEM Ballot Style 115 Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote ADCUU
445039 Durham DEM Ballot Style 109 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
297345 Monmouth W1 DEM Ballot Style 178 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote BDCAU
133213 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 37 St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote DABCU
434927 Lewiston All DEM Ballot Style 151 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote BCADU
485262 Stetson DEM Ballot Style 116 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DBCAU
134463 East Millinocket DEM Ballot Style 110 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote DBADU
132214 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 37 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote DCBUU
457915 Palmyra DEM Ballot Style 73 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
153727 Bradley DEM Ballot Style 55 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
143442 Islesboro DEM Ballot Style 141 Fulford, Jonathan S. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote ABCUU
436311 Livermore W1 DEM Ballot Style 165 Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote CDBAU
97446 Brooks DEM Ballot Style 62 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote undervote DCUUU
313419 Blue Hill DEM Ballot Style 51 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote DBCUU
123275 Orono All DEM Ballot Style 191 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote BDACU
429534 Eagle Lake DEM Ballot Style 9 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
107312 Milo DEM Ballot Style 21 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
505682 Lewiston W2 DEM Ballot Style 149 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote BDCUU
261497 Rumford DEM Ballot Style 176 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
508706 Fayette DEM Ballot Style 122 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
434383 Lewiston All DEM Ballot Style 150 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
431546 Lewiston W4 DEM Ballot Style 152 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
508141 Orland DEM Ballot Style 104 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DBCAU
206950 Bar Harbor DEM Ballot Style 38 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
485263 Stetson DEM Ballot Style 116 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
90894 Belfast W1 DEM Ballot Style 41 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote undervote BDAUU
314917 Stonington DEM Ballot Style 105 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote BCADU
492658 New Portland DEM Ballot Style 14 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote BCDUU
437470 Leeds DEM Ballot Style 148 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
129447 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 35 Golden, Jared F. undervote Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote BUCUU
252286 Oxford DEM Ballot Style 195 Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote BACUU
436543 Livermore W1 DEM Ballot Style 166 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
420895 Houlton DEM Ballot Style 13 Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote CBADU
503317 Alexander DEM Ballot Style 7 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote undervote BCUUU
315806 Surry DEM Ballot Style 51 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote BCDUU
306012 Belgrade DEM Ballot Style 42 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
499455 Industry DEM Ballot Style 91 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DBCAU
110736 Orrington DEM Ballot Style 193 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote DCBUU
439719 Livermore Falls DEM Ballot Style 165 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
209514 Tremont DEM Ballot Style 97 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
486354 Sebec DEM Ballot Style 1 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote DBACU
482592 Washburn DEM Ballot Style 85 Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote BACDU
499827 Temple DEM Ballot Style 91 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote BCDUU
254805 Bangor W1 DEM Ballot Style 36 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
105865 Dover-Foxcroft DEM Ballot Style 21 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
205277 Mount Desert DEM Ballot Style 38 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote undervote BDAUU
149462 Howland DEM Ballot Style 115 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
508171 Orland DEM Ballot Style 104 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
150760 Holden DEM Ballot Style 58 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DCBAU
106372 Dover-Foxcroft DEM Ballot Style 21 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DBCAU
204787 Lamoine DEM Ballot Style 38 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
503616 West Paris DEM Ballot Style 258 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
294121 Mount Vernon DEM Ballot Style 122 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote BDCAU
492038 Clifton DEM Ballot Style 58 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
423929 Van Buren DEM Ballot Style 99 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
284381 Oakland W1 DEM Ballot Style 187 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
290955 Wayne DEM Ballot Style 253 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote DBACU
140762 Palermo DEM Ballot Style 157 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DCBAU
124770 Orono All DEM Ballot Style 191 Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote undervote BCUUU
490270 Chesterville DEM Ballot Style 91 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote BDCUU
484564 Stoneham DEM Ballot Style 3 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote undervote DBAUU
127074 Hermon DEM Ballot Style 138 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DBCAU
90881 Belfast W1 DEM Ballot Style 41 St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote undervote undervote DAUUU
260119 Peru DEM Ballot Style 76 Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote BACDU
448761 Auburn W3 DEM Ballot Style 25 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
207735 Bar Harbor DEM Ballot Style 38 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
148581 Milford DEM Ballot Style 16 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. undervote DCBAU
296967 Monmouth W1 DEM Ballot Style 178 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote BDUUU
269321 Bethel DEM Ballot Style 3 undervote undervote undervote undervote undervote UUUUU
100459 Madison W1 DEM Ballot Style 171 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
318845 Castine DEM Ballot Style 84 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote DBCUU
435326 Lewiston All DEM Ballot Style 149 Golden, Jared F. St. Clair, Lucas R. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote BDACU
93867 Searsmont DEM Ballot Style 157 St. Clair, Lucas R. undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
483648 Brooksville DEM Ballot Style 61 St. Clair, Lucas R. Olson, Craig R. undervote undervote undervote DCUUU
256073 Brewer W1 DEM Ballot Style 57 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
431365 Lewiston W7 DEM Ballot Style 155 Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
319366 Sedgwick DEM Ballot Style 61 St. Clair, Lucas R. Golden, Jared F. Fulford, Jonathan S. Olson, Craig R. undervote DBACU

\(~\)

Second district results can be reproduced using the administrative rules. Fewer ranks (5) avoid the rare pathologies found in the gubernatorial primary. In fact, the “tweaked” algorithm produces the same result as the official tabulation and the rules. First, using the administrative rules.

And now invoke the “tweaked” version.

June 2018 Maine CD2 Democratic Primary
Round 1
Round 2
Rules Reported Rules Reported
Candidate Names
Fulford, Jonathan S. 2489 2489 0 0
Golden, Jared F. 20987 20987 23611 23611
Olson, Craig R. 3993 3993 0 0
St. Clair, Lucas R. 17742 17742 19853 19853
Ballot Exhausted
By Overvotes 108 108 134 134
By Undervotes 5526 5526 7217 7217
By Exhausted Choices 0 0 30 30

3.3 November 2018 CD2 General Election

Use contest.R to construct a contest instance.

Metadata: CD2 General Election
Item Value
Office Congressional District 2
Jurisdiction Maine
CVR location https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/2018
CVR file Nov18CVRExportFINAL1.xlsx
CVR file Nov18CVRExportFINAL2.xlsx
CVR file Nov18CVRExportFINAL3.xlsx
CVR file AUXCVRProofedCVR95RepCD2.xlsx
CVR file UOCAVA2CVRRepCD2.xlsx
CVR file UOCAVA-AUX-CVRRepCD2.xlsx
CVR file UOCAVA-FINALRepCD2.xlsx
CVR file RepCD2-8final.xlsx
Candidate Bond, Tiffany L.
Candidate DEM Golden, Jared F.
Candidate Hoar, William R.S.
Candidate REP Poliquin, Bruce
Number of Candidates 4
Number of Ranks 5
Number of Ballots 296077
100 Random Ballots: CD2 General Election
id precinct style 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th code
423085 Auburn W2 CAN Ballot Style 24 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
358820 Caribou/Connor CAN Ballot Style 82 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
108691 Old Town/Argyle Twp CAN Ballot Style 208 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
305464 Bucksport CAN Ballot Style 71 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
18201 Unity CAN Ballot Style 65 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote DACUU
124485 Lisbon CAN Ballot Style 178 Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote ACDBU
272143 Bethel CAN Ballot Style 3 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
646803 Freedom CAN Ballot Style 65 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
335886 Presque Isle W1 CAN Ballot Style 238 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
375542 Poland W1 CAN Ballot Style 221 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote DCAUU
276673 Litchfield CAN Ballot Style 179 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
232353 Woodstock CAN Ballot Style 269 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
410108 Auburn W3 CAN Ballot Style 27 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote undervote BAUUU
212053 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 34 REP Poliquin, Bruce REP Poliquin, Bruce REP Poliquin, Bruce REP Poliquin, Bruce REP Poliquin, Bruce DDDDD
170494 Kenduskeag CAN Ballot Style 136 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
142904 West Gardiner CAN Ballot Style 287 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
657119 Perry CAN Ballot Style 32 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. undervote Bond, Tiffany L. DEM Golden, Jared F. DCUAB
295839 Bar Harbor CAN Ballot Style 38 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
457851 Southwest Harbor CAN Ballot Style 103 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote BCAUU
181842 Greenbush CAN Ballot Style 120 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
622025 Phillips CAN Ballot Style 31 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote DACBU
267450 Buckfield CAN Ballot Style 70 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote BACUU
129841 Lisbon CAN Ballot Style 178 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
361378 Easton CAN Ballot Style 119 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote DCBAU
646127 Burnham CAN Ballot Style 65 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. overvote undervote DACOU
619181 New Sweden CAN Ballot Style 199 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
22907 Searsport CAN Ballot Style 132 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
98604 Orono All CAN Ballot Style 210 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
263848 Fryeburg CAN Ballot Style 66 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
155258 Lincoln CAN Ballot Style 177 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
627832 Amherst CAN Ballot Style 12 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
7146 244111 UOCAVA DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
217656 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 36 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
625685 Brooklin CAN Ballot Style 64 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
77951 Greenville CAN Ballot Style 39 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BCADU
200229 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 34 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
286262 Mount Vernon CAN Ballot Style 130 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
282208 Wayne CAN Ballot Style 283 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
315061 Wilton CAN Ballot Style 97 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote DACBU
101040 Oakland W1 CAN Ballot Style 205 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
212132 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 37 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
53042 Madison W1 CAN Ballot Style 187 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
56233 Skowhegan CAN Ballot Style 257 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
401957 Lewiston All CAN Ballot Style 170 Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. DEM Golden, Jared F. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote CABDU
19063 Swanville CAN Ballot Style 132 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
322358 Jay CAN Ballot Style 157 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote DCBAU
367624 Turner CAN Ballot Style 163 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
207112 Carmel CAN Ballot Style 83 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
621192 Linneus CAN Ballot Style 106 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
211999 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 36 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote BACUU
624936 Chesterville CAN Ballot Style 97 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BCADU
618857 Island Falls CAN Ballot Style 106 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote BACUU
400009 Mechanic Falls CAN Ballot Style 189 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote undervote DAUUU
171756 Hudson CAN Ballot Style 101 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
252108 Paris CAN Ballot Style 216 REP Poliquin, Bruce DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote DBACU
621879 Industry CAN Ballot Style 154 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote DEM Golden, Jared F. DUUUB
176282 Holden CAN Ballot Style 61 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote REP Poliquin, Bruce BCAUD
611715 Frenchville CAN Ballot Style 105 DEM Golden, Jared F. REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote BDCAU
413459 Lewiston W1 CAN Ballot Style 165 Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote undervote undervote AUUUU
312471 Dedham CAN Ballot Style 112 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote BCDUU
612691 East Millinocket CAN Ballot Style 118 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
192476 Etna W1 CAN Ballot Style 100 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
648080 Montville CAN Ballot Style 172 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
641121 Embden CAN Ballot Style 22 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
230886 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 37 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
231832 Bradley CAN Ballot Style 58 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
200057 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 37 DEM Golden, Jared F. REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote BDCAU
110277 Old Town/Argyle Twp CAN Ballot Style 208 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote undervote undervote BAUUU
82539 Dover-Foxcroft CAN Ballot Style 21 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
175722 Holden CAN Ballot Style 61 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
365115 Turner CAN Ballot Style 163 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote REP Poliquin, Bruce BUUUD
360792 Easton CAN Ballot Style 119 Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote undervote ACUUU
606951 Ashland CAN Ballot Style 19 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote DACBU
51411 Saint Albans CAN Ballot Style 76 REP Poliquin, Bruce Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote DACBU
280128 Monmouth W1 CAN Ballot Style 194 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
84952 Sangerville CAN Ballot Style 1 DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BCADU
151572 Benton W1 CAN Ballot Style 5 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. undervote REP Poliquin, Bruce BACUD
186500 Glenburn CAN Ballot Style 136 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
44181 Pittsfield CAN Ballot Style 218 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
460767 Lamoine CAN Ballot Style 38 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
140096 Belgrade CAN Ballot Style 43 DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. Hoar, William R.S. REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote BACDU
150439 Milford/Greenfield Twp CAN Ballot Style 16 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote DCABU
187767 Glenburn CAN Ballot Style 136 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
145096 West Gardiner CAN Ballot Style 287 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
402925 Lewiston W2 CAN Ballot Style 164 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
467009 Franklin CAN Ballot Style 12 REP Poliquin, Bruce DEM Golden, Jared F. Hoar, William R.S. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote DBCAU
269800 Bethel CAN Ballot Style 3 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
89568 Orrington CAN Ballot Style 211 DEM Golden, Jared F. DEM Golden, Jared F. DEM Golden, Jared F. DEM Golden, Jared F. DEM Golden, Jared F. BBBBB
258483 Oxford CAN Ballot Style 213 Bond, Tiffany L. DEM Golden, Jared F. REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. undervote ABDCU
271600 Bethel CAN Ballot Style 3 DEM Golden, Jared F. overvote undervote undervote undervote BOUUU
458745 Mount Desert CAN Ballot Style 38 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
249736 Paris CAN Ballot Style 216 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
407738 Mechanic Falls CAN Ballot Style 189 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU
155405 Lincoln CAN Ballot Style 177 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
354523 Fort Fairfield CAN Ballot Style 119 REP Poliquin, Bruce DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote DBUUU
228769 Bangor W1 CAN Ballot Style 35 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
339766 Presque Isle W1 CAN Ballot Style 237 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. undervote undervote undervote DCUUU
244856 Rumford CAN Ballot Style 191 REP Poliquin, Bruce Hoar, William R.S. DEM Golden, Jared F. Bond, Tiffany L. undervote DCBAU
640982 Embden CAN Ballot Style 22 REP Poliquin, Bruce undervote undervote undervote undervote DUUUU
456827 Southwest Harbor CAN Ballot Style 103 DEM Golden, Jared F. undervote undervote undervote undervote BUUUU

\(~\)

Tabulations using the administrative rules agree with official results see here.

November 2018 Maine CD2 General Election
Round 1 Round 2
Candidate Names
Bond, Tiffany L. 16552 0
DEM Golden, Jared F. 132013 142440
Hoar, William R.S. 6875 0
REP Poliquin, Bruce 134184 138931
Ballot Exhausted
By Overvotes 435 533
By Undervotes 6018 13838
By Exhausted Choices 0 335

4 Session Information

## R version 3.6.2 (2019-12-12)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 18362)
## 
## Locale:
##   LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252 
##   LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252   
##   LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
##   LC_NUMERIC=C                          
##   LC_TIME=English_United States.1252    
## 
## Package version:
##   rcvr_0.1.0        kableExtra_1.1.0  forcats_0.4.0     stringr_1.4.0    
##   dplyr_0.8.3       purrr_0.3.3       readr_1.3.1       tidyr_1.0.0      
##   tibble_2.1.3      ggplot2_3.2.1     tidyverse_1.3.0   plyr_1.8.5       
##   tidyselect_0.2.5  xfun_0.11         haven_2.2.0       lattice_0.20-38  
##   colorspace_1.4-1  vctrs_0.2.1       generics_0.0.2    viridisLite_0.3.0
##   htmltools_0.4.0   yaml_2.2.0        rlang_0.4.2       pillar_1.4.3     
##   withr_2.1.2       glue_1.3.1        DBI_1.1.0         dbplyr_1.4.2     
##   modelr_0.1.5      readxl_1.3.1      lifecycle_0.1.0   munsell_0.5.0    
##   gtable_0.3.0      cellranger_1.1.0  rvest_0.3.5       evaluate_0.14    
##   knitr_1.26        fansi_0.4.1       highr_0.8         broom_0.5.3      
##   Rcpp_1.0.3        backports_1.1.5   scales_1.1.0      webshot_0.5.2    
##   jsonlite_1.6      fs_1.3.1          hms_0.5.3         digest_0.6.23    
##   stringi_1.4.5     grid_3.6.2        cli_2.0.1         tools_3.6.2      
##   magrittr_1.5      lazyeval_0.2.2    crayon_1.3.4      pkgconfig_2.0.3  
##   zeallot_0.1.0     xml2_1.2.2        reprex_0.3.0      lubridate_1.7.4  
##   assertthat_0.2.1  rmarkdown_2.0     httr_1.4.1        rstudioapi_0.10  
##   R6_2.4.1          nlme_3.1-143      compiler_3.6.2

Bibliography

Commission, United States Election Assistance. 2019a. “Draft Recommendations for Requirements for the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines 2.0.” September 9, 2019. https://collaborate.nist.gov/voting/pub/Voting/VVSG20DraftRequirements/vvsg-2.0-2019-09-09-DRAFT-requirements.pdf.

———. 2019b. “Voluntary Voting System Guidelines.” September 9, 2019. https://www.eac.gov/voting-equipment/voluntary-voting-system-guidelines.

Commission, US Election Assistance. 2015. EAC Voting System Testing and Certification Program Manual, Version 2.0. https://www.eac.gov/assets/1/28/Cert.Manual.4.1.15.FINAL.pdf.

Elections, Division of. 2018. “29-250 Code of Maine Rules Chapter 535: Rules Governing the Administration of Election Determined by Ranked-Choice Voting.” State of Maine Office of the Secretary of State, Bureau of Corporations. November 2, 2018. https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/rules/29/250/250c535.docx.

Legislature. n.d. “21-a § 723(A) Determination of Winner in Election for an Office Elected by Ranked-Choice Voting.” Accessed December 18, 2019. http://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/21-A/title21-Asec723-A.html.

Maine Office of Secretary of State, State of. n.d. “Election Results.” Accessed December 20, 2019. https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/results/index.html.

Mistler, Steve. 2018a. “In Tight Race, Maine Republican Sues to Block State’s Ranked-Choice Voting Law.” National Public Radio. November 13, 2018. https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/667435326/facing-defeat-maine-republican-sues-to-block-states-ranked-choice-voting-law.

———. 2018b. “’It’s Just Math’ — Mainers Recreate Ranked-Choice Voting Results to Test the Process,” December. https://www.mainepublic.org/post/its-just-math-mainers-recreate-ranked-choice-voting-results-test-process.

Muszynski, Kristen Schulze. 2018. “Explanation of Cd2 Final Tabulation,” November. https://www.maine.gov/sos/news/2018/explanation-cd2-final-tablulation.html.

Taylor, Kate, and Liam Stack. 2018. “Maine’s Bruce Poliquin, Lone Republican in House from New England, Loses Re-Election.” New York Times, November. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/us/politics/poliquin-maine-loses.html.

  1. kableExtra loaded soley to render this document and is not needed by Recievor.↩

  2. See contest() manual page here.↩

  3. See clean_cvr_alternatives() manual page here and standardize_rankings here.↩

  4. See manual page for conduct_runoff() here.↩

  5. Tweaking implemented in tabulate_cvr_rank(). See manual page here.↩

  6. Personal communication with Nathan Tefft. See his python implementation here.↩