- Weather events
- Weather events
- 5.1 Frequency of specific climate shocks affecting agricultural incomes
- 5.2 Croping strategies in response to climate shocks
- 5.3 Changes in agricultural activities
- 5.4 Drivers of change in agricultural activities
- 5.5 Risk mitigation actions in response to climate shocks
- 5.5.1 Climate- driven changes in cropping activities
- 5.5.2 Climate- driven changes in animal/livestock activities
- 5.5.3 Perceived effect of climate-driven changes in farming activities on households’ climate vulnerability
- 5.5.4 Climate-driven innovative changes in farming activities
- 5.5.5 Orientation of the climate driven changes in crops/animals (staple vs cash)
- 5.6 Autonomous Risk Mitigation Actions
- 5.6.1 Autonomous risk mitigation actions in cropping activities
- 5.6.2 Autonomous changes in cropping activities
- 5.6.3 Autonomous changes in animal/livestock activities
- 5.6.4 Autonomous innovative changes in farming activities
- 5.6.5 Orientation of the autonomous changes in crops/animals (staple vs cash)
The weather events examined in this Monitoring exercise included:
| Weather events |
|---|
| Droughts |
| Heat waves |
| Cold temperatures |
| Irregular rains |
Note
The frequency of climate shocks affecting agricultural income can be seen in section 2.6
5.1 Frequency of specific climate shocks affecting agricultural incomes
Percentage of households who (heads) answered “Yes” to the questions: “Did any of the following climate related events affected the household production or income?”
| Climate event | N | Percentage of farmers |
|---|---|---|
| Droughts | 31 | 55% |
| Heat waves | 31 | 0% |
| Cold temperatures | 31 | 45% |
| Irregular rains | 31 | 58% |
5.2 Croping strategies in response to climate shocks
NOTE:
Adopter Households are defined as households where any of the members responded Yes to the question: “During the last 12 months, were [CSA practice X] implemented in your household/farm?”
Non-Adopter Households are defined as households where all the members surveyed responded NO to the question: “During the last 12 months, were [CSA practice X] implemented in your household/farm?”
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters of CSA practices who implemented a certain coping strategy, in response to the impacts of specific climate event and responded to the following questions:
As a result of the impact caused by climatic events, did you or anyone in your household have to use your savings or borrow money?
As a result of the impact caused by climatic events, did you or anyone in your household have to (multiple selection possible):
| N | go elsewhere to get work for some time? | look for new sources of income? | rationing or skipping meals in your household? | reduce your expenses at home? | sell assets to get money? | shift from on-farm to off-farm work? | withdraw children from school? | Use your savings or borrow money? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Households | 137 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 19% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 4% |
| Adopters | 99 | 0% | 2% | 0% | 18% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 4% |
| Non-Adopters | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 21% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% |
5.2.1 Croping strategies in response to specific climate shocks
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters of CSA practices who implemented a certain coping strategy, in response to the impacts of specific climate event and responded to the following questions:
As a result of the impact caused by climatic events, did you or anyone in your household have to use your savings or borrow money?
As a result of the impact caused by climatic events, did you or anyone in your household have to (multiple selection possible):
Droughts
| N | go elsewhere to get work for some time? | look for new sources of income? | rationing or skipping meals in your household? | reduce your expenses at home? | sell assets to get money? | shift from on-farm to off-farm work? | withdraw children from school? | Use your savings or borrow money? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Households | 137 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 12% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% |
| Adopters | 99 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% |
| Non-Adopters | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 18% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% |
Heat waves
There were no households that implemented coping strategies in response to the climate event Heat waves
Cold temperatures
| N | go elsewhere to get work for some time? | look for new sources of income? | rationing or skipping meals in your household? | reduce your expenses at home? | sell assets to get money? | shift from on-farm to off-farm work? | withdraw children from school? | Use your savings or borrow money? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Households | 137 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% |
| Adopters | 99 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% |
| Non-Adopters | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 8% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Irregular rains
| N | go elsewhere to get work for some time? | look for new sources of income? | rationing or skipping meals in your household? | reduce your expenses at home? | sell assets to get money? | shift from on-farm to off-farm work? | withdraw children from school? | Use your savings or borrow money? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Households | 137 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 12% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 2% |
| Adopters | 99 | 0% | 2% | 0% | 11% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 2% |
| Non-Adopters | 38 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 13% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3% |
5.3 Changes in agricultural activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters who for some reason (climatic or not) made changes in their agricultural activities.
| N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Households | 137 | 12% |
| Adopters | 103 | 14% |
| Non-adopters | 34 | 9% |
5.4 Drivers of change in agricultural activities
Percentage of Households (heads), adopters / non-adopters, who reported different causes for which they made changes in agricultural activities, responding to the question: As a result of the negative weather related effects did you or anyone in your household undertake changes (farm infrastructure, management practice or crops) in your cropping activities?
| N | Autonomous change (not because of climate) | Climate driven changes | Without changes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 31 | 3% | 13% | 84% |
| Adopters | 23 | 4% | 13% | 83% |
| Non-adopters | 8 | 0% | 12% | 88% |
5.5 Risk mitigation actions in response to climate shocks
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were affected by climate impacts and answered Yes to the questions: “During the last 12 months did anyone in your household undertake changes (farm infrastructure, management practices or crops) in your cropping activities?”
| N | Autonomous change (not because of climate) | Climate driven changes | Without changes | N | Autonomous change (not because of climate) | I did not have animals | Without changes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 31 | 3% | 13% | 84% | 31 | 29% | 16% | 55% |
| Adopters | 23 | 4% | 13% | 83% | 23 | 30% | 9% | 61% |
| Non-adopters | 8 | 0% | 12% | 88% | 8 | 25% | 38% | 38% |
5.5.1 Climate- driven changes in cropping activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters who reported having implemented specific changes in their agricultural activities in response to climate related impacts and answered the question: “The main changes made in your household cropping activities involved:”
| N | Changing crops | Changing management practice of current cropping activities | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 4 | 25% | 75% |
| Adopters | 3 | 33% | 67% |
| Non-Adopter | 1 | 0% | 100% |
5.5.1.1 Climate-driven changes in crops
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who implemented specific changes in their crops in response to climate impacts and answered the question: “The main change made to your household crops was that you:”
| N | Introduced more crops (diversification) | |
|---|---|---|
| Households | 1 | 100% |
| Adopters | 1 | 100% |
5.5.2 Climate- driven changes in animal/livestock activities
Percentage of households, adopters and non-adopters, who implemented specific changes to their livestock activities in response to a climate impact; answering the question: The main changes made in your household livestock activities involved:
There were no households that made changes to livestock or animal husbandry activities in their home n n
5.5.2.1 Climate-driven changes in animals/livestock
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who implemented specific changes in their animals in response to climate impacts; answering the question: “The main change made related to your household livestock was that you:”
There were no households that made changes to livestock or animal husbandry activities in their home n n
5.5.3 Perceived effect of climate-driven changes in farming activities on households’ climate vulnerability
5.5.3.2 Changes in cropping activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters who reported having made (crop) changes in response to climate impacts, answering Yes to the question: Do you think your ability to recover from future climate-related shock has improved from changes in cropping activities?
| N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Households | 4 | 100% |
| Non-Adopters | 1 | 100% |
| Adopters | 3 | 100% |
5.5.4 Climate-driven innovative changes in farming activities
Percentage of households (heads) that responded “I never had them before”to the questions: “The changes made included the introduction of new crops, which your family never cultivated on the farm before?” and/or “The changes made included the raising of new types of animals that were never raised on the farm before?”
5.5.4.1 Climate-driven innovative changes in crops
Percentage of households that responded “Yes, I never had them before”to the question: “The changes made involved introducing new crops that you never had before in the household?”
There were no farmers who introduced new crops that they had never had before at home
5.5.4.2 Climate-driven innovative changes in animals
Percentage of households that responded Yes to the question: “The changes made involved raising new livestock types that you never had before in the household?”
There were no farmers who introduced new animals that they had never had before at home
5.5.5 Orientation of the climate driven changes in crops/animals (staple vs cash)
5.5.5.1 Orientation of the climate driven changes in crops
Percentage of households (heads), adopters / non-adopters, who reported having introduced certain type of new crops in response to climate impacts, answering the question: “These additional crops that you had in the last 12 months in the household were for:”
| Crop type | N | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Equally for both | 1 | 100% |
5.5.5.2 Orientation of the climate driven changes in animals
Percentage of households (heads), adopters / non-adopters, who reported having introduced a certain type of new animals in response to climate impacts, answering the question: “These new livestock types that you began to breed in the last 12 months in the household were for:”
There were no households that answered the question about the use of new types of cattle
5.6 Autonomous Risk Mitigation Actions
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were not affected by climate impacts and answered Yes to the questions: “During the past 12 months, did anyone in your household make changes (farm infrastructure, management practices or crops) in your cropping activities?”
| N | Percentage | N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 106 | 11% | 106 | 13% |
| Adopters | 80 | 12% | 80 | 14% |
| Non-adopters | 26 | 8% | 26 | 12% |
5.6.1 Autonomous risk mitigation actions in cropping activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were not affected by climate impacts but answered Yes to the question: “During the last 12 months did you or anyone in your household undertake changes in your cropping activities?” and households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were affected by climate impacts but answered “Autonomous change (not because of climate)” to the question: “As a result of the negative weather related effects did you or anyone in your household undertake changes in your cropping activities?”
| N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Households | 107 | 12% |
| Non-Adopters | 26 | 8% |
| Adopters | 81 | 14% |
5.6.2 Autonomous changes in cropping activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who reported not having been affected by climate impacts and answered Yes to the questions: “During the last 12 months did anyone in your household undertake changes (farm infrastructure, management practices or crops) in your cropping activities?”
This also includes households (heads), adopters and non- adopters, who were affected by weather events but answered to this question: “Yes, but not because of climate”.
| N | Changing crops | Changing management practice of current cropping activities | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 12 | 50% | 50% |
| Adopters | 10 | 50% | 50% |
| Non-Adopters | 2 | 50% | 50% |
5.6.2.1 Autonomous changes in crops
Percentage of households (heads), adopters, non-adopters, who were not affected by climate impacts but reported autonomous changes made to crops, answering the question: “The main change made to your household crops was that you:”
| N | Changed varieties (substitution) | Introduced more crops (diversification) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Households | 6 | 50% | 50% |
| Adopters | 5 | 40% | 60% |
| Non-Adopters | 1 | 100% | 0% |
5.6.3 Autonomous changes in animal/livestock activities
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were not affected by climate impacts but reported having implemented specific changes to their livestock activities ; answering the question: “The main changes made in your household livestock activities involved:”
5.6.3.1 Autonomous changes in animal/livestock
Percentage of households (heads), adopters and non-adopters, who were not affected by climate impacts but reported having implemented specific changes to their animals answering the question:“The main change made related to your household livestock was that you:”
5.6.4 Autonomous innovative changes in farming activities
Percentage of households (heads) that responded “I never had them before”to the questions: “The changes made included the introduction of new crops, which your family never cultivated on the farm before?” and/or “The changes made included the raising of new types of animals that were never raised on the farm before?”
5.6.4.1 Autonomous innovative changes in crops
Percentage of households that responded “Yes, I never had them before”to the question: “The changes made involved introducing new crops that you never had before in the household?”
| N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Never had them before | 3 | 67% |
5.6.4.2 Autonomous innovative changes in animals
Percentage of households that responded “Yes” to the question: “The changes made involved raising new livestock types that you never had before in the household?”
| N | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Never had them before | 2 | 100% |
5.6.5 Orientation of the autonomous changes in crops/animals (staple vs cash)
5.6.5.1 Orientation of the autonomous changes in crops
Percentage of households (bosses), adopters / non-adopters, who reported having introduced certain types of new crops (autonomous changes), answering the question: “These additional crops that you had in the last 12 months at home were for:”
| Crop type | N | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Equally both | 3 | 67% |
| Mainly staple (for consumption) | 3 | 33% |
5.6.5.2 Orientation of the autonomous changes in animals
Percentage of households (heads), adopters / non-adopters, who reported having introduced a certain type of new animals (autonomous changes), answering the question: “They answered the question: These new livestock types that you began to breed in the last 12 months in the household were for:”
| Animal type | N | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Equally both | 2 | 50% |
| Mainly staple (for consumption) | 2 | 50% |