Conducting Analysis & Running Statistical Tests
Research Question:
How do Democrats and Republicans allow more or less people to immigrate from Europe, Middle East, India, China, and Africa?
Variables:
PartyRegistration, partyreg_baseline (Democrats and Republicans)
Europe, immi_region_eur_2018
Middle East, immi_region_mid_2018
India, immi_region_india_2018
China, immi_region_china_2018
Africa, immi_region_afr_2018
ft_immig_2017_Feelings towards immigrants
#install.packages("dplyr")
#install.packages("readr")
#install.packages("ggplot2")
library(readr)
library(knitr)
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(ggplot2)
Voter<-read_csv("/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv")## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
## .default = col_double(),
## weight_latino = col_logical(),
## weight_18_24 = col_logical(),
## town_open_2018 = col_character(),
## redovote2016_t_2017 = col_character(),
## job_title_t_2017 = col_character(),
## presvote16post_t_2016 = col_character(),
## second_chance_t_2016 = col_character(),
## race_other_2016 = col_character(),
## healthcov_t_2016 = col_character(),
## employ_t_2016 = col_character(),
## pid3_t_2016 = col_character(),
## religpew_t_2016 = col_character(),
## votemeth16_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## presvote16post_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## vote2016_cand2_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## Clinton_Rubio_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## Clinton_Cruz_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## Sanders_Trump_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## Sanders_Rubio_rnd_2016 = col_character(),
## second_chance_rnd_2016 = col_character()
## # ... with 132 more columns
## )## See spec(...) for full column specifications.## Warning: 1319 parsing failures.
## row col expected actual file
## 1424 religpew_muslim_baseline 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 90 '/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv'
## 1537 child_age7_1_baseline 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 6 '/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv'
## 1537 child_age8_1_baseline 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 4 '/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv'
## 1537 child_age9_1_baseline 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 2 '/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv'
## 2958 religpew_muslim_baseline 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 2 '/Users/meiminshan/Desktop/Voter Data 2018.csv'
## .... ........................ .................. ...... ...............................................
## See problems(...) for more details.voter<-Voter%>%
mutate(immi_europe = ifelse(immi_region_eur_2018==1, "Increase",
ifelse(immi_region_eur_2018==2, "Keep about the same",
ifelse(immi_region_eur_2018==3, "Decrease", NA))),
immi_middleeast = ifelse(immi_region_mid_2018==1, "Increase",
ifelse(immi_region_mid_2018==2, "Keep about the same",
ifelse(immi_region_mid_2018==3, "Decrease", NA))),
immi_india = ifelse(immi_region_india_2018==1, "Increase",
ifelse(immi_region_india_2018==2, "Keep about the same",
ifelse(immi_region_india_2018==3, "Decrease", NA))),
immi_china = ifelse(immi_region_china_2018==1, "Increase",
ifelse(immi_region_china_2018==2, "Keep about the same",
ifelse(immi_region_china_2018==3, "Decrease", NA))),
immi_africa = ifelse(immi_region_afr_2018==1, "Increase",
ifelse(immi_region_afr_2018==2, "Keep about the same",
ifelse(immi_region_afr_2018==3, "Decrease", NA))),
PartyRegistration = ifelse(partyreg_baseline==1, "Democrat",
ifelse(partyreg_baseline==2, "Republican", NA)),
ft_immig_2017 = ifelse(ft_immig_2017== 997, NA, ft_immig_2017))%>%
select(ft_immig_2017, PartyRegistration,immi_europe,immi_middleeast,immi_india,immi_china,immi_africa)%>%
filter(PartyRegistration%in% c("Democrat", "Republican"))Region #1: Europe
table(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_europe)%>%
prop.table(1)##
## Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 0.1228571 0.1523810 0.7247619
## Republican 0.2573034 0.1348315 0.6078652- According to the data, democrats are more likely to allow people to immigrate from Europe and republicans are less likely to allow people to immigrate from Europe.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_europe)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$PartyRegistration and voter$immi_europe
## X-squared = 58.02, df = 2, p-value = 2.519e-13- Chi-squared test data indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between political parties and their support in allowing people to immigrate from Europe.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_europe)[7]## $expected
## voter$immi_europe
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 193.7629 151.5464 704.6907
## Republican 164.2371 128.4536 597.3093- According to the chi-squared test data, there is no relationship between political parties and European immigrants. Democrats are more likely to expect people to immigrate from Europe. Republicans are less likely to expect people to immigrate from Europe.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_europe)[6]## $observed
## voter$immi_europe
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 129 160 761
## Republican 229 120 541- According to the chi-squared test data, there is a relationship between political parties and European immigrants. Democrats are more likely to observe people to immigrate from Europe. Republicans are less likely to observe people to immigrate from Europe.
Region #2: Middle East
table(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_middleeast)%>%
prop.table(1)##
## Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 0.30922931 0.12083730 0.56993340
## Republican 0.74044944 0.02134831 0.23820225- According to the data, democrats are more likely to allow people to immigrate from Middle East and republicans are less likely to allow people to immigrate from Middle East.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_middleeast)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$PartyRegistration and voter$immi_middleeast
## X-squared = 367.1, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16- Chi-squared test data indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between political parties and their support in allowing people to immigrate from Middle East.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_middleeast)[7]## $expected
## voter$immi_middleeast
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 532.8099 79.05513 439.135
## Republican 451.1901 66.94487 371.865- According to the chi-squared test data, there is no relationship between political parties and Middle Eastern immigrants. Democrats are more likely to expect people to immigrate from Middle East. Republicans are less likely to expect people to immigrate from Middle East.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_middleeast)[6]## $observed
## voter$immi_middleeast
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 325 127 599
## Republican 659 19 212- According to the chi-squared test data, there is a relationship between political parties and Middle Eastern immigrants. Democrats are more likely to observe people to immigrate from Middle East. Republicans are less likely to observe people to immigrate from Middle East.
Region #3: India
table(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_india)%>%
prop.table(1)##
## Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 0.20821394 0.12798472 0.66380134
## Republican 0.40427928 0.06081081 0.53490991- According to the data, democrats are more likely to allow people to immigrate from India and republicans are less likely to allow people to immigrate from India.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_india)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$PartyRegistration and voter$immi_india
## X-squared = 97.459, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16- Chi-squared test data indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between political parties and their support in allowing people to immigrate from India.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_india)[7]## $expected
## voter$immi_india
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 312.2062 101.72403 633.0698
## Republican 264.7938 86.27597 536.9302- According to the chi-squared test data, there is no relationship between political parties and Indian immigrants. Democrats are more likely to expect people to immigrate from India. Republicans are less likely to expect people to immigrate from India.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_india)[6]## $observed
## voter$immi_india
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 218 134 695
## Republican 359 54 475- According to the chi-squared test data, there is a relationship between political parties and Indian immigrants. Democrats are more likely to observe people to immigrate from India. Republicans are less likely to observe people to immigrate from India.
Region #4: China
table(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_china)%>%
prop.table(1)##
## Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 0.24144487 0.11406844 0.64448669
## Republican 0.47309417 0.04147982 0.48542601- According to the data, democrats are more likely to allow people to immigrate from China and republicans are less likely to allow people to immigrate from China.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_china)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$PartyRegistration and voter$immi_china
## X-squared = 127.35, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16- Chi-squared test data indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between political parties and their support in allowing people to immigrate from China.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_china)[7]## $expected
## voter$immi_china
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 365.8189 84.96091 601.2202
## Republican 310.1811 72.03909 509.7798- According to the chi-squared test data, there is no relationship between political parties and Chinese immigrants. Democrats are more likely to expect people to immigrate from China. Republicans are less likely to expect people to immigrate from China.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_china)[6]## $observed
## voter$immi_china
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 254 120 678
## Republican 422 37 433- According to the chi-squared test data, there is a relationship between political parties and Chinese immigrants. Democrats are more likely to observe people to immigrate from China. Republicans are less likely to observe people to immigrate from China.
Region #5: Africa
table(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_africa)%>%
prop.table(1)##
## Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 0.20892688 0.15479582 0.63627730
## Republican 0.51293588 0.03937008 0.44769404- According to the data, democrats are more likely to allow people to immigrate from Africa and republicans are less likely to allow people to immigrate from Africa.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_africa)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: voter$PartyRegistration and voter$immi_africa
## X-squared = 222.15, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16- Chi-squared test data indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between political parties and their support in allowing people to immigrate from Africa.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_africa)[7]## $expected
## voter$immi_africa
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 366.5438 107.36045 579.0958
## Republican 309.4562 90.63955 488.9042- According to the chi-squared test data, there is no relationship between political parties and African immigrants. Democrats are more likely to expect people to immigrate from Africa. Republicans are less likely to expect people to immigrate from Africa.
chisq.test(voter$PartyRegistration,voter$immi_africa)[6]## $observed
## voter$immi_africa
## voter$PartyRegistration Decrease Increase Keep about the same
## Democrat 220 163 670
## Republican 456 35 398- According to the chi-squared test data, there is a relationship between political parties and African immigrants. Democrats are more likely to observe people to immigrate from Africa. Republicans are less likely to observe people to immigrate from Africa.
dem_voter<-voter%>%
filter(PartyRegistration=="Democrat")
Dem_Samp_Distro<-
replicate(10000,
sample(dem_voter$ft_immig_2017, 60)%>%
mean(na.rm=TRUE))%>%
data.frame()%>%
rename("mean"=1)
ggplot()+
geom_histogram(data=Dem_Samp_Distro, aes(x=mean), fill="blue")## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
- The sampling distribution demonstrates democrats in their mean feelings towards immigrants.
rep_voter<-voter%>%
filter(PartyRegistration=="Republican")
Rep_Samp_Distro<-
replicate(10000,
sample(rep_voter$ft_immig_2017, 60)%>%
mean(na.rm=TRUE))%>%
data.frame()%>%
rename("mean"=1)
ggplot()+
geom_histogram(data=Rep_Samp_Distro, aes(x=mean), fill="red")## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
- The sampling distribution demonstrates republicans in their mean feelings towards immigrants.
t.test(ft_immig_2017~PartyRegistration, data=voter)##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: ft_immig_2017 by PartyRegistration
## t = 15.587, df = 2285.1, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 14.50152 18.67546
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Democrat mean in group Republican
## 69.75725 53.16876