4+3
## [1] 7
80/3
## [1] 26.66667
80/(7+41)
## [1] 1.666667
3^2
## [1] 9
2^3
## [1] 8
sqrt(x=9)
## [1] 3
sqrt(x=5.311)
## [1] 2.304561
R<- (10^2+3*60/8-3);R
## [1] 119.5
R<- 5^3*(6-2)/(61-3+4);R
## [1] 8.064516
R
## [1] 8.064516
a <- 3.8
a
## [1] 3.8
class(a)
## [1] "numeric"
b <- 4
b
## [1] 4
class(b)
## [1] "numeric"
c <- sqrt(2)
c
## [1] 1.414214
class(c)
## [1] "numeric"
d <- 3.5:9.5
d
## [1] 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
class(d)
## [1] "numeric"
class(1)
## [1] "numeric"
a <- 7
a
## [1] 7
class(a)
## [1] "numeric"
b <- 7L
b
## [1] 7
class(b)
## [1] "integer"
c <- 5:9
c
## [1] 5 6 7 8 9
class(c)
## [1] "integer"
d <- 5.1:9.1
d
## [1] 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1
class(d)
## [1] "numeric"
b <- 1i
b
## [1] 0+1i
class(b)
## [1] "complex"
class(1+2i)
## [1] "complex"
class(((1i^2)^2))
## [1] "complex"
is.complex((1i^2)^2)
## [1] TRUE
isTRUE(is.complex((1i^2)^2))
## [1] TRUE
(1i^2)^2
## [1] 1+0i
5 < 9
## [1] TRUE
5 < -9
## [1] FALSE
a <- 5 < -9
class(a)
## [1] "logical"
1:10
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1:10 >= 5
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
x <- 1:10 >= 5
1:10 < 2
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
y <- 1:10 < 2
x | y
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
z <- x | y
z
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
!z
## [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
class(z)
## [1] "logical"
b <- 4:8
b
## [1] 4 5 6 7 8
c <- 7:11
c
## [1] 7 8 9 10 11
b != c
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
d <- 5:12
b != d
## Warning in b != d: uzun olan nesne uzunluğu kısa olan nesne uzunluğunun bir
## katı değil
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
name <- 'Kemal'
name
## [1] "Kemal"
class(name)
## [1] "character"
a <- 23
a
## [1] 23
class(a)
## [1] "numeric"
b <- '23'
b
## [1] "23"
class(b)
## [1] "character"
print('hello')
## [1] "hello"
cat('hello')
## hello
NULL # Null (㤼㸳empty㤼㸴 entity)
## NULL
Inf # Important
## [1] Inf
class(Inf)
## [1] "numeric"
Inf*-9
## [1] -Inf
is.finite(Inf)
## [1] FALSE
NaN # Not a Number
## [1] NaN
class(NaN)
## [1] "numeric"
-Inf+Inf
## [1] NaN
is.nan(5^(-Inf/Inf))
## [1] TRUE
Sys.Date( )
## [1] "2019-10-24"
date()
## [1] "Thu Oct 24 18:14:55 2019"
today <- Sys.Date()
format(today, format="%B %d %Y")
## [1] "Ekim 24 2019"
spring_month <- "April"
spring_month
## [1] "April"
spring_months <- c("March", "April","May","June")
spring_months
## [1] "March" "April" "May" "June"
myvec <- c(1, 3, 1, 42)
a <- 35
myvec2 <- c(3L, 3.45, 1e+03, 64^0.5, 2+(3-1.1)/9.44, a)
myvec3 <- c(myvec, myvec2)
myvec3
## [1] 1.000000 3.000000 1.000000 42.000000 3.000000
## [6] 3.450000 1000.000000 8.000000 2.201271 35.000000
seq(from=3,to=27,length.out=40)
## [1] 3.000000 3.615385 4.230769 4.846154 5.461538 6.076923 6.692308
## [8] 7.307692 7.923077 8.538462 9.153846 9.769231 10.384615 11.000000
## [15] 11.615385 12.230769 12.846154 13.461538 14.076923 14.692308 15.307692
## [22] 15.923077 16.538462 17.153846 17.769231 18.384615 19.000000 19.615385
## [29] 20.230769 20.846154 21.461538 22.076923 22.692308 23.307692 23.923077
## [36] 24.538462 25.153846 25.769231 26.384615 27.000000
rep(x=c(3, 62, 8),times=3)
## [1] 3 62 8 3 62 8 3 62 8
rep(x=c(3, 62, 8),times=3,each=2)
## [1] 3 3 62 62 8 8 3 3 62 62 8 8 3 3 62 62 8 8
sort(x=c(2.5, -1, -10, 3.44)) # decreasing=FALSE (default)
## [1] -10.00 -1.00 2.50 3.44
runif(15, min = 20, max = 45)
## [1] 38.32633 23.62675 28.80058 38.93098 37.36100 26.16543 40.26424
## [8] 43.34220 34.97863 41.99928 32.20063 41.21042 29.06716 28.07994
## [15] 20.19960
runif(15, 20, 45)
## [1] 24.77825 39.11673 26.54417 38.55907 31.53253 28.31013 38.50264
## [8] 23.23726 42.60206 39.72937 33.84994 25.07525 27.63366 41.90937
## [15] 26.47466
set.seed(1)
runif(15, 20, 45)
## [1] 26.63772 29.30310 34.32133 42.70519 25.04205 42.45974 43.61688
## [8] 36.51994 35.72785 21.54466 25.14936 24.41392 37.17557 29.60259
## [15] 39.24604
array(x, dim = c(4,3,2))
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [2,] FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [3,] FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [4,] FALSE TRUE FALSE
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [2,] FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [3,] TRUE TRUE FALSE
## [4,] TRUE TRUE FALSE
arr <- array(data=10:33,dim=c(3,4,2))
arr
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 10 13 16 19
## [2,] 11 14 17 20
## [3,] 12 15 18 21
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 22 25 28 31
## [2,] 23 26 29 32
## [3,] 24 27 30 33
arr[-1,,]
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 11 14 17 20
## [2,] 12 15 18 21
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 23 26 29 32
## [2,] 24 27 30 33