Demographics

Salona Vive SP19

	count	average	average	Male	Female
Salona Vive SP19	9	20.77778	20.77778	5	4

Salona Vive FA19

	count	average	average	Female	Male
Salona Vive FA19	13	18.92308	18.92308	7	6

Salona Desktop FA19

	count	average	average	Male	Female
Salona Desktop FA19	13	19.38462	19.38462	8	5

SOD

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9 3.33 0.85    3.2    3.33 0.99 2.2 4.8   2.6 0.35    -1.39 0.28

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min  max range  skew kurtosis
## X1    1 13 3.52 0.64   3.47    3.53 0.59 2.53 4.47  1.93 -0.04    -1.44
##      se
## X1 0.18

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed mad  min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.68 0.51    3.8    3.74 0.3 2.53 4.2  1.67 -0.91    -0.36 0.14

Field trip enjoyment

I enjoyed using the virtual field trip.

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9 4.11 0.78      4    4.11 1.48   3   5     2 -0.15    -1.54 0.26

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 4.69 0.48      5    4.73   0   4   5     1 -0.74    -1.56 0.13

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 4.15 0.69      4    4.18   0   3   5     2 -0.16    -1.09 0.19

## [1] "FT Enjoyment"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)  
## condition    2  2.535  1.2676   3.038 0.0619 .
## Residuals   32 13.350  0.4172                 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Learning Effectiveness

I learned a lot from the virtual field trip.

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9    4 0.87      4       4 1.48   3   5     2    0    -1.81 0.29

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean  sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.85 0.9      4    3.91 1.48   2   5     3 -0.37    -0.82 0.25

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.77 1.24      4    3.82 1.48   2   5     3 -0.33    -1.63 0.34

## [1] "Learning Effectiveness"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## condition    2   0.29  0.1429   0.134  0.875
## Residuals   32  34.00  1.0625

Spatial Situation Model (SSM)

##“Even now, I could still draw a plan of the spatial environment I observed.”
##“Even now, I could still find my way around the spatial environment.”
##“Even now, I still have a concrete mental image of the spatial environment.”
##“In my mind’s eye, I was able to clearly see the arrangements of the objects presented.”
##“I was able to make a good estimate of the size of the spatial environment.”
##“I was able to make a good estimate of how far apart things were from each other.”
##“I was able to imagine the arrangement of the space very well.”
##“I had a precise idea of the spatial surroundings.”

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9 3.96 0.63   3.75    3.96 0.56 3.38   5  1.62 0.53    -1.59 0.21

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.98 0.62      4    3.95 0.93 3.25   5  1.75 0.37    -1.34 0.17

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min  max range  skew kurtosis
## X1    1 13 3.95 0.72      4    4.01 0.74 2.38 4.88   2.5 -0.57    -0.61
##     se
## X1 0.2

## [1] "SSM"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## condition    2  0.006  0.0029   0.007  0.993
## Residuals   32 13.981  0.4369

Self-Location (SL)

(d) I felt as though I was physically present in the environment.

(e) I felt like I was actually there in the environment.

(f) I felt like I was part of the environment I observed.

(g) I felt like the objects surrounded me.

(i) I had the feeling that I was in the middle of the action rather than merely observing.

(n) It seemed as though I actually took part in the action.

(o) It seemed as though my self was present in the environment.

(p) It was as though my true location had shifted into the environment.

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min  max range  skew kurtosis
## X1    1 9  3.5 0.94   3.88     3.5 0.93 1.62 4.62     3 -0.64    -0.85
##      se
## X1 0.31

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.86 0.75    3.5    3.83 0.56   3   5     2 0.49    -1.55 0.21

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed mad  min  max range skew kurtosis  se
## X1    1 13 3.01 1.08   3.12    3.07 1.3 1.12 4.25  3.12 -0.4    -1.31 0.3

## [1] "Self-location"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)  
## condition    2  4.684  2.3421   2.709 0.0819 .
## Residuals   32 27.666  0.8646                 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Simulator Sickness (SS)

5 point-likert scale: 1 = none; 5 = severe

(a) General discomfort

(b) Fatigue

(d) Eye strain

(e) Difficulty focusing

(f) Salivation increasing

(g) Sweating

(h) Nausea

(i) Difficulty concentrating

(j) Fullness of the Head

(k) Blurred vision

(l) Dizziness with eyes open

(m) Dizziness with eyes closed

(n) Vertigo

(o) Stomach awareness

(p) Burping

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min  max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9 1.91 0.77   2.38    1.91 0.65   1 2.81  1.81 -0.14    -2.08 0.26

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min  max range  skew kurtosis
## X1    1 13 1.42 0.25    1.5    1.41 0.28 1.06 1.81  0.75 -0.04    -1.57
##      se
## X1 0.07

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean  sd median trimmed  mad min  max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 1.15 0.2   1.06    1.12 0.09   1 1.62  0.62 1.15     0.01 0.05

## [1] "Simulator Sickness"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value  Pr(>F)   
## condition    2  3.055  1.5275    8.22 0.00132 **
## Residuals   32  5.946  0.1858                   
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

System Evaluation (SE)

5 point-likert scale: 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

## (a) I found the Vive system easy to use.

## (b) I did not need any further help during the virtual field trip.

## (c) The level of control provided by the hand controller was appropriate for the virtual field trip.

## (d) The hand controller was ideal for interacting with the virtual environment.

## (e) There were no glitches in the display

## (f) The display resolution was adequate for the virtual field trip

## (g) I found the visual content of the environment to be of high quality.

## (h) Objects in the virtual environment were very realistic

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean  sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 9 4.42 0.5    4.5    4.42 0.74 3.5   5   1.5 -0.43     -1.2 0.17

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad  min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 4.35 0.57    4.5    4.38 0.74 3.38   5  1.62 -0.3    -1.51 0.16

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 4.56 0.41   4.62    4.61 0.37 3.5   5   1.5 -1.15     0.77 0.11

## [1] "System Evaluation"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## condition    2  0.299  0.1496   0.604  0.553
## Residuals   32  7.930  0.2478

Post-VFT attitude

## I can learn the same amount from a virtual field trip as I can from an actual field trip.

## I would rather visit an actual field site than experiencing a virtual field trip. (reverse coding)

## Virtual field trips can replace actual field trips.

## I would like to see more use of virtual field trips in university teaching.

## I think both virtual field trips and actual field trips can be useful in learning geoscience materials.

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive SP19
##    vars n mean  sd median trimmed  mad min max range skew kurtosis  se
## X1    1 9 3.67 0.6    3.6    3.67 0.59   3 4.8   1.8 0.48    -1.12 0.2

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Vive FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13 3.43 0.69    3.4    3.42 0.59 2.4 4.6   2.2 0.13    -1.14 0.19

## 
##  Descriptive statistics by group 
## group: Salona Desktop FA19
##    vars  n mean   sd median trimmed  mad min max range  skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 13  3.2 0.63    3.2    3.22 0.59   2 4.2   2.2 -0.19    -1.02 0.18

## [1] "VFT Attitude"
## [1] "One-way ANOVA"
## 
##             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## condition    2  1.171  0.5856   1.396  0.262
## Residuals   32 13.428  0.4196

VFT Salona: Comparison of Vive Spring 2019, Vive Fall 2019, and Desktop Fall 2019

Jiayan Zhao

October 15, 2019