6.1 CSA practices implementation (general)

Household level indicators are calculated based on the responses from the household heads.

Percentage of adopting households corresponding to the number of household (heads) that reported having implement at least one of the CSA practices.

6.1.1 CSA practices implementation (by practice and gender)

Percentage of households (heads), and of female-headed or male-headed households that implement CSA practices

	N	Crop rotation	Improved varieties	Integrated nutrient management	Intercropping	Mulching	New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	No/reduced tillage	Organic fertilizer	Tree planting	Water harvesting (earth bund)	Water harvesting (planting pits)	Water harvesting (ties ridges)
Households	192	94%	73%	35%	69%	9%	12%	43%	82%	52%	16%	2%	89%
Male-headed household	161	94%	74%	34%	69%	10%	14%	43%	82%	55%	18%	2%	88%
Female-headed household	31	97%	71%	42%	71%	6%	3%	42%	81%	35%	6%	3%	90%

6.1.2 CSA practices implementation (by community)

Percentage of households (heads) who implement CSA practices across the different CSV communities.

CSV communities	N	Crop rotation	Improved varieties	Integrated nutrient management	Intercropping	Mulching	New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	No/reduced tillage	Organic fertilizer	Tree planting	Water harvesting (earth bund)	Water harvesting (planting pits)	Water harvesting (ties ridges)
Baazu	19	89%	58%	37%	95%	5%	11%	26%	68%	68%	26%	0%	79%
Bompari	48	92%	83%	21%	50%	10%	10%	29%	79%	38%	35%	6%	96%
Doggoh	50	96%	88%	44%	54%	8%	18%	68%	96%	86%	2%	2%	90%
Jeffiri	22	95%	55%	23%	86%	14%	0%	27%	91%	45%	5%	0%	95%
Kulkarni	18	100%	61%	56%	94%	6%	6%	56%	78%	11%	6%	0%	56%
Oribili	17	100%	94%	76%	94%	18%	35%	71%	82%	71%	29%	0%	94%
Tuori	18	89%	39%	0%	67%	6%	6%	11%	56%	6%	6%	0%	94%

6.2 CSA Adoption drivers (by practice and gender)

Percentage of farmers (male or female) reporting a specific driver or motivation for their household to adopt a CSA practice

This indicator corresponds to the number of farmers that reported a specific adoption driver over the total that responded the motivation question.

CSA Practices	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Crop rotation	321	64%	13%	2%	6%	16%
Improved varieties	240	65%	13%	3%	4%	15%
Integrated nutrient management	113	72%	4%	4%	0%	20%
Intercropping	227	59%	10%	6%	10%	15%
Mulching	23	78%	0%	4%	13%	4%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	28	32%	11%	18%	18%	21%
No/reduced tillage	135	56%	13%	7%	4%	20%
Organic fertilizer	278	60%	16%	5%	6%	13%
Tree planting	163	40%	20%	6%	7%	28%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	48	62%	6%	10%	2%	19%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	6	100%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	288	61%	10%	5%	7%	17%

6.2.1 Adoption drivers for Crop rotation (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Crop rotation?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	145	64%	13%	1%	5%	17%
Male	176	64%	12%	2%	7%	15%

6.2.2 Adoption drivers for Improved varieties (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Improved varieties?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	106	62%	16%	2%	4%	16%
Male	134	67%	11%	4%	4%	14%

6.2.3 Adoption drivers for Integrated nutrient management (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Integrated nutrient management?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	50	74%	6%	2%	18%
Male	63	70%	2%	6%	22%

6.2.4 Adoption drivers for Intercropping (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Intercropping?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	107	57%	12%	7%	9%	15%
Male	120	61%	8%	5%	10%	16%

6.2.5 Adoption drivers for Mulching (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Mulching?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	8	88%	0%	0%	12%
Male	15	73%	7%	20%	0%

6.2.6 Adoption drivers for No/reduced tillage (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing No/reduced tillage?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	61	52%	18%	8%	0%	21%
Male	74	58%	9%	5%	8%	19%

6.2.7 Adoption drivers for New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	8	50%	0%	25%	12%	12%
Male	20	25%	15%	15%	20%	25%

6.2.8 Adoption drivers for Organic fertilizer (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Organic fertilizer?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	130	57%	18%	5%	8%	12%
Male	148	63%	14%	5%	5%	14%

6.2.9 Adoption drivers for Tree planting (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Tree planting?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	68	44%	24%	6%	6%	21%
Male	95	37%	18%	5%	7%	33%

6.2.10 Adoption drivers for Water harvesting (earth bund) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Water harvesting (earth bund)?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	15	67%	7%	27%	0%	0%
Male	33	61%	6%	3%	3%	27%

6.2.11 Adoption drivers for Water harvesting (planting pits) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Water harvesting (planting pits)?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event
Female	3	100%
Male	3	100%

6.2.12 Adoption drivers for Water harvesting (ties ridges) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting a specific driver or motivation to adopt a CSA practice, who responded to the question : “What was the main reason for implementing Water harvesting (ties ridges)?”

Gender	N	In Response to a Climate Event	Learning from CCAFS	New Market Opportunities	Other	To Adapt to Future Climate Shocks
Female	130	60%	8%	7%	7%	18%
Male	158	62%	11%	3%	7%	17%

6.3 Involvement in CSA implementation (by practice and gender)

Percentage of farmers (male and female) reporting specific levels of involvement in the implementation of the CSA practice, who answered the question: “Where you the person in charge of doing most of the work/activities associated to the implementation of the CSA practice?”

CSA Practices	Gender	N	I did most of the work	I did not do anything	I just helped
Crop rotation	Female	153	39%	5%	56%
Crop rotation	Male	178	77%	1%	22%
Improved varieties	Female	107	35%	1%	64%
Improved varieties	Male	138	76%	3%	21%
Integrated nutrient management	Female	53	47%	4%	49%
Integrated nutrient management	Male	64	80%	2%	19%
Intercropping	Female	113	41%	6%	53%
Intercropping	Male	124	74%	2%	23%
Mulching	Female	12	33%	33%	33%
Mulching	Male	16	94%	6%	0%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Female	8	62%	12%	25%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Male	24	62%	17%	21%
No/reduced tillage	Female	63	43%	3%	54%
No/reduced tillage	Male	78	88%	3%	9%
Organic fertilizer	Female	130	45%	0%	55%
Organic fertilizer	Male	148	70%	2%	28%
Tree planting	Female	77	35%	8%	57%
Tree planting	Male	96	88%	2%	10%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Female	17	29%	12%	59%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Male	36	78%	3%	19%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Female	5	0%	40%	60%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Male	3	100%	0%	0%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Female	143	35%	8%	57%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Male	163	79%	2%	19%

6.3.1 Doing most of the CSA implementation

6.3.2 Just helped in the CSA implementation

6.3.3 Did not participate in CSA implementation

6.4 CSA dis-adoption (general)

Percentage of non-adopting households (female and male-headed) that reported having dis-adopted at least one CSA practice before in the household.

6.4.1 CSA dis-adoption (by practice and gender)

Percentage of households (heads), and of female-headed or male-headed households that answered “Yes” to the question; “Was this practice implemented before in your household?”

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Households	11	27%
	Male-headed household	10	30%
	Female-headed household	1	0%
Improved varieties	Households	37	16%
	Female-headed household	5	0%
	Male-headed household	32	19%
Integrated nutrient management	Households	57	5%
	Female-headed household	6	0%
	Male-headed household	51	6%
Intercropping	Households	18	39%
Intercropping	Male-headed household	18	39%
Mulching	Households	93	27%
	Female-headed household	12	17%
	Male-headed household	81	28%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Households	58	7%
	Female-headed household	5	0%
	Male-headed household	53	8%
No/reduced tillage	Households	72	29%
	Female-headed household	5	40%
	Male-headed household	67	28%
Organic fertilizer	Households	32	72%
	Female-headed household	4	75%
	Male-headed household	28	71%
Tree planting	Households	62	61%
	Female-headed household	9	67%
	Male-headed household	53	60%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Households	53	32%
	Female-headed household	7	29%
	Male-headed household	46	33%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Households	48	12%
	Female-headed household	4	0%
	Male-headed household	44	14%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Households	11	55%
	Female-headed household	2	0%
	Male-headed household	9	67%

6.5 CSA dis-adoption drivers (by practice and gender)

Percentage of farmers (male and female) reporting a specific driver or motivation to dis-adopt a CSA practice; who responded to the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped implementing the practices?”

CSA Practices	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Crop rotation	11	9%	0%	91%	0%	0%
Improved varieties	15	7%	7%	73%	7%	7%
Integrated nutrient management	9	0%	11%	78%	11%	0%
Intercropping	18	11%	17%	50%	22%	0%
Mulching	52	0%	15%	42%	37%	6%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	7	14%	14%	71%	0%	0%
No/reduced tillage	39	0%	3%	36%	10%	51%
Organic fertilizer	41	0%	2%	76%	12%	10%
Tree planting	78	0%	3%	49%	36%	13%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	41	2%	5%	56%	34%	2%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	12	0%	8%	8%	33%	50%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	20	0%	15%	50%	35%	0%

6.5.1 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Crop rotation (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Crop rotation?”

Gender	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Other
Female	8	12%	88%
Male	3	0%	100%

6.5.2 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Improved varieties (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Improved varieties?”

Gender	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	9	11%	0%	78%	0%	11%
Male	6	0%	17%	67%	17%	0%

6.5.3 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Integrated nutrient management (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Integrated nutrient management?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work
Female	5	20%	80%	0%
Male	4	0%	75%	25%

6.5.4 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Intercropping (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Intercropping?”

Gender	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work
Female	10	20%	10%	50%	20%
Male	8	0%	25%	50%	25%

6.5.5 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Mulching (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Mulching?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	26	15%	35%	46%	4%
Male	26	15%	50%	27%	8%

6.5.6 CSA dis-adoption drivers for No/reduced tillage (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped No/reduced tillage?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	17	6%	41%	6%	47%
Male	22	0%	32%	14%	55%

6.5.7 CSA dis-adoption drivers for New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)?”

Gender	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other
Female	3	0%	33%	67%
Male	4	25%	0%	75%

6.5.8 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Organic fertilizer (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Organic fertilizer?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	20	0%	70%	20%	10%
Male	21	5%	81%	5%	10%

6.5.9 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Tree planting (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Tree planting?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	40	0%	50%	35%	15%
Male	38	5%	47%	37%	11%

6.5.10 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Water harvesting (earth bund) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Water harvesting (earth bund)?”

Gender	N	Did not Generate Economic Benefits	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	23	0%	4%	57%	35%	4%
Male	18	6%	6%	56%	33%	0%

6.5.11 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Water harvesting (planting pits) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Water harvesting (planting pits)?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work	Very Expensive to Implement
Female	5	20%	0%	20%	60%
Male	7	0%	14%	43%	43%

6.5.12 CSA dis-adoption drivers for Water harvesting (ties ridges) (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting different drivers of CSA dis-adoption, who answered the question: “What was the main reason why your household stopped Water harvesting (ties ridges)?”

Gender	N	Did not Help to Adapt to Climate/Weather Related Events	Other	Required a Lot of Work
Female	14	14%	50%	36%
Male	6	17%	50%	33%

Outcomes of CSA practices

6.6 Effect (perceived) on production (by practice)

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: “What was the effect of the practices on your household production?”

Practices	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Crop rotation	320	0%	0%	91%	9%
Improved varieties	239	1%	3%	94%	2%
Integrated nutrient management	113	3%	1%	95%	2%
Intercropping	228	3%	1%	71%	26%
Mulching	23	4%	0%	96%	0%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	28	11%	7%	79%	4%
No/reduced tillage	138	2%	5%	76%	17%
Organic fertilizer	278	1%	1%	95%	4%
Tree planting	166	1%	16%	63%	20%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	48	2%	0%	98%	0%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	6	0%	0%	83%	17%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	287	1%	2%	83%	13%

6.6.1 Perceived effect of Crop rotation on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Crop rotation on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	144	1%	91%	8%
Male	176	0%	91%	9%

6.6.2 Perceived effect of Improved varieties on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Improved varieties on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	105	2%	3%	92%	3%
Male	134	1%	2%	96%	1%

6.6.3 Perceived effect of Integrated nutrient management on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Integrated nutrient management on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	50	2%	2%	96%	0%
Male	63	3%	0%	94%	3%

6.6.4 Perceived effect of Intercropping on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Intercropping on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	106	4%	0%	72%	25%
Male	122	2%	2%	70%	27%

6.6.5 Perceived effect of Mulching on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Mulching on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	Increased Production
Female	8	0%	100%
Male	15	7%	93%

6.6.6 Perceived effect of No/reduced tillage on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of No/reduced tillage on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	62	3%	5%	69%	23%
Male	76	1%	5%	82%	12%

6.6.7 Perceived effect of New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens) on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens) on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	8	0%	0%	100%	0%
Male	20	15%	10%	70%	5%

6.6.8 Perceived effect of Organic fertilizer on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Organic fertilizer on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	130	0%	1%	95%	4%
Male	148	1%	1%	94%	4%

6.6.9 Perceived effect of Tree planting on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Tree planting on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	71	1%	15%	63%	20%
Male	95	1%	16%	63%	20%

6.6.10 Perceived effect of Water harvesting (earth bund) on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Water harvesting (earth bund) on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	Increased Production
Female	13	0%	100%
Male	35	3%	97%

6.6.11 Perceived effect of Water harvesting (planting pits) on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Water harvesting (planting pits) on your household production?

Gender	N	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	3	67%	33%
Male	3	100%	0%

6.6.12 Perceived effect of Water harvesting (ties ridges) on yield/production

Percentage of farmers (female and male) reporting perceived effects of the CSA practice on yield/production, who responded to the question: What was the effect of Water harvesting (ties ridges) on your household production?

Gender	N	Decreased Production	I Can’t Say Because it Was New	Increased Production	No Effect
Female	132	2%	3%	81%	14%
Male	155	1%	2%	85%	12%

6.7 Use of additional CSA production

Percentage of households (heads) that answered “Yes” to the questions: “Did you in the household sell this additional production?” or “Did you in the household use this additional production for the household consumption?”

CSA Practices	N	Use	Percentage of households
Water harvesting (earth bund)	29	Sale	48%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	29	Consumption	97%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	4	Consumption	100%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	140	Sale	40%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	140	Consumption	95%
Crop rotation	163	Sale	69%
Crop rotation	163	Consumption	95%
Improved varieties	131	Sale	48%
Improved varieties	131	Consumption	98%
Integrated nutrient management	61	Sale	36%
Integrated nutrient management	62	Consumption	100%
Intercropping	91	Sale	40%
Intercropping	91	Consumption	97%
Mulching	14	Sale	64%
Mulching	15	Consumption	87%
No/reduced tillage	63	Sale	41%
No/reduced tillage	63	Consumption	98%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	14	Sale	64%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	14	Consumption	93%
Organic fertilizer	142	Sale	46%
Organic fertilizer	141	Consumption	98%
Tree planting	65	Sale	35%
Tree planting	64	Consumption	91%

6.8 Perceived CSA effect on income

Percentage of farmers that answered “Yes”to the question:“Compare to before its implementation, has [the CSA practice] generated additional income for the household?”

CSA Practices	N	Percentage of farmers
Water harvesting (earth bund)	49	55%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	6	67%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	293	66%
Crop rotation	321	82%
Improved varieties	240	70%
Integrated nutrient management	112	83%
Intercropping	229	70%
Mulching	24	79%
No/reduced tillage	134	75%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	27	74%
Organic fertilizer	279	78%
Tree planting	164	62%

6.8.1 Perceived CSA effect on income (by gender)

Percentage of farmers (male and female) implementing CSA that answered “Yes”to the question:“Compare to before its implementation, has [the CSA practice] generated additional income for the household?”

CSA Practices	Gender	N	Percentage of farmers
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Female	15	60%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Male	34	53%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Female	3	100%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Male	3	33%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Female	131	65%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Male	162	66%
Crop rotation	Female	145	79%
Crop rotation	Male	176	85%
Improved varieties	Female	106	72%
Improved varieties	Male	134	69%
Integrated nutrient management	Female	51	90%
Integrated nutrient management	Male	61	77%
Intercropping	Female	107	72%
Intercropping	Male	122	68%
Mulching	Female	8	62%
Mulching	Male	16	88%
No/reduced tillage	Female	59	75%
No/reduced tillage	Male	75	75%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Female	7	71%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Male	20	75%
Organic fertilizer	Female	131	79%
Organic fertilizer	Male	148	77%
Tree planting	Female	69	65%
Tree planting	Male	95	59%

6.9 Use of additional CSA related income (by practice)

Percentage of CSA adopting households (heads) reporting specific uses of the additional income who answered the question: “In your household, what did you use this additional income for?”

CSA Practices	N	Purchase agricultural inputs / assets or services	Purchase food	Purchase non-agricultural assets or services
Crop rotation	151	54%	28%	19%
Improved varieties	101	62%	18%	20%
Integrated nutrient management	52	54%	12%	35%
Intercropping	89	47%	24%	29%
Mulching	14	57%	36%	7%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	14	43%	29%	29%
No/reduced tillage	61	69%	16%	15%
Organic fertilizer	123	53%	32%	15%
Tree planting	60	53%	18%	28%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	16	31%	31%	38%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	2	50%	0%	50%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	110	59%	24%	17%

6.10 Perceived effect of CSA practices on food access and diversity

Percentage of farmers, (male and female) implementing CSA practices who answered “Yes” to the question: “Because of the implementation of the practice, did the number of month where you are usually concerned of having enough food for your household decreased (compare to not having it)?”
Percentage of farmers, (male and female) implementing CSA practices who answered “Yes” to the question: “Has implementation of the practice allowed for having more variety of products for consumption in your household (compared to not having the practice)?”

		Improved food access		Food diversification
CSA Practices		N	Percentage	N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Farmers	321	56%	321	85%
	Female	145	54%	145	81%
	Male	176	58%	176	89%
Improved varieties	Farmers	239	49%	237	75%
	Female	106	46%	106	72%
	Male	133	50%	131	78%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	113	52%	113	87%
	Female	51	61%	50	92%
	Male	62	45%	63	83%
Intercropping	Farmers	229	41%	229	96%
	Female	108	40%	108	97%
	Male	121	41%	121	95%
Mulching	Farmers	24	58%	24	83%
	Female	8	62%	8	50%
	Male	16	56%	16	100%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	28	71%	27	85%
	Female	8	88%	7	100%
	Male	20	65%	20	80%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	138	51%	135	79%
	Female	62	53%	62	73%
	Male	76	50%	73	85%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	276	47%	278	65%
	Female	129	50%	129	64%
	Male	147	44%	149	66%
Tree planting	Farmers	166	37%	162	78%
	Female	71	34%	68	75%
	Male	95	39%	94	80%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	47	81%	50	44%
	Female	15	67%	15	53%
	Male	32	88%	35	40%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	6	17%	6	83%
	Female	3	0%	3	100%
	Male	3	33%	3	67%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	294	58%	292	80%
	Female	131	59%	132	80%
	Male	163	58%	160	79%

6.10.1 Perceived effect of CSA practices on food access (by gender)

6.10.2 Perceived effect of CSA practices on food diversity (by gender)

6.11 Perceived effect of CSA practices on climate vulnerability

Percentage of CSA implementing farmers (female and male) that answered Yes to the question: Do you personally think that having the crop rotation effectively allowed your household to be less affected or recover quicker from experienced weather related shocks/events?

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Farmers	321	94%
	Female	145	92%
	Male	176	95%
Improved varieties	Farmers	238	95%
	Female	106	93%
	Male	132	97%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	111	98%
	Female	51	100%
	Male	60	97%
Intercropping	Farmers	225	96%
	Female	105	97%
	Male	120	95%
Mulching	Farmers	23	100%
	Female	7	100%
	Male	16	100%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	28	79%
	Female	8	88%
	Male	20	75%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	137	92%
	Female	61	93%
	Male	76	91%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	281	93%
	Female	131	93%
	Male	150	92%
Tree planting	Farmers	166	89%
	Female	71	86%
	Male	95	92%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	49	94%
	Female	15	93%
	Male	34	94%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	6	100%
	Female	3	100%
	Male	3	100%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	292	93%
	Female	131	94%
	Male	161	93%

6.11.1 Perceived effect of CSA practices on climate vulnerability (by gender)

Percentage of CSA implementing farmers (female and male) who answered “Yes”to the question: Do you personally think that having the CSA practices effectively allowed your household to be less affected or recover quicker from experienced weather related shocks/events?

6.12 CSA effect on Gender dimensions

6.12.1 Perceived CSA effect on labor time

Percentage of CSA implementing farmers (male and female) who answered the question: Because of the CSA practices, did you personally take more, less or the same amount of time in agricultural activities?

CSA Practices		N	Less time	More time	Same amount of time
Crop rotation	Farmers	321	14%	35%	51%
	Female	145	13%	43%	44%
	Male	176	15%	28%	57%
Improved varieties	Farmers	239	26%	32%	43%
	Female	106	22%	35%	43%
	Male	133	29%	29%	42%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	113	12%	76%	12%
	Female	50	18%	74%	8%
	Male	63	6%	78%	16%
Intercropping	Farmers	228	14%	43%	43%
	Female	108	15%	44%	42%
	Male	120	12%	43%	44%
Mulching	Farmers	24	8%	88%	4%
	Female	8	0%	88%	12%
	Male	16	12%	88%	0%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	28	21%	32%	46%
	Female	8	25%	25%	50%
	Male	20	20%	35%	45%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	136	67%	24%	9%
	Female	60	62%	27%	12%
	Male	76	71%	22%	7%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	281	10%	74%	16%
	Female	133	10%	76%	14%
	Male	148	9%	72%	18%
Tree planting	Farmers	161	11%	79%	10%
	Female	69	19%	72%	9%
	Male	92	5%	84%	11%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	47	11%	74%	15%
	Female	14	14%	64%	21%
	Male	33	9%	79%	12%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	5	20%	80%	0%
	Female	3	33%	67%	0%
	Male	2	0%	100%	0%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	295	22%	57%	21%
	Female	133	21%	57%	22%
	Male	162	23%	57%	20%

Increasing labor time

No effect on labor time

Decreasing labor time

6.12.2 Perceived effect over access/control on CSA related income (by practice)

Percentage of CSA implementing male and female farmers, who answered Yes to the question: Did you personally decide or participate in the decision on how to use the money earned from the implementation of the practice?

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Female	115	84%
Crop rotation	Male	149	92%
Improved varieties	Female	74	84%
Improved varieties	Male	91	93%
Integrated nutrient management	Female	46	83%
Integrated nutrient management	Male	49	86%
Intercropping	Female	77	74%
Intercropping	Male	80	94%
Mulching	Female	5	60%
Mulching	Male	14	93%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Female	5	80%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Male	15	73%
No/reduced tillage	Female	45	80%
No/reduced tillage	Male	57	84%
Organic fertilizer	Female	105	90%
Organic fertilizer	Male	117	89%
Tree planting	Female	46	72%
Tree planting	Male	54	85%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Female	9	100%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Male	18	78%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Female	3	67%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Male	1	100%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Female	86	80%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Male	104	96%

6.12.3 Decision making on CSA implementation (by practice; gender disaggregated)

Percentage of CSA implementing male and female farmers, who answered the question: “Did you participate in the process of deciding to implement the practices on your farm?”

CSA Practices		N	Decided alone	Did not participate in the decision	Was a joint decision
Crop rotation	Female	153	29%	5%	66%
Crop rotation	Male	178	57%	3%	40%
Improved varieties	Female	106	23%	6%	72%
Improved varieties	Male	137	50%	5%	45%
Integrated nutrient management	Female	52	35%	4%	62%
Integrated nutrient management	Male	64	56%	3%	41%
Intercropping	Female	115	31%	10%	58%
Intercropping	Male	125	52%	3%	45%
Mulching	Female	12	33%	33%	33%
Mulching	Male	17	65%	6%	29%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Female	9	44%	11%	44%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Male	24	54%	12%	33%
No/reduced tillage	Female	62	34%	5%	61%
No/reduced tillage	Male	77	60%	5%	35%
Organic fertilizer	Female	132	30%	2%	67%
Organic fertilizer	Male	153	52%	3%	45%
Tree planting	Female	75	33%	9%	57%
Tree planting	Male	95	69%	3%	27%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Female	16	38%	19%	44%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Male	35	66%	9%	26%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Female	5	20%	20%	60%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Male	3	100%	0%	0%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Female	143	31%	11%	57%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Male	164	66%	4%	29%

6.12.4 Participation decision making on CSA dis-adoption

Percentage of implementing, male and female farmers, who answered yes to the question: Did you personally decide or participate in the decision to stop implementing the practice?

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Female	23	9%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Male	18	78%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Female	5	20%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Male	6	50%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Female	14	36%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Male	6	50%
Crop rotation	Female	8	12%
Crop rotation	Male	3	33%
Improved varieties	Female	9	11%
Improved varieties	Male	6	50%
Integrated nutrient management	Female	5	0%
Integrated nutrient management	Male	4	25%
Intercropping	Female	10	40%
Intercropping	Male	8	75%
Mulching	Female	26	50%
Mulching	Male	28	25%
No/reduced tillage	Female	17	18%
No/reduced tillage	Male	23	65%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Female	3	33%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Male	4	25%
Organic fertilizer	Female	20	15%
Organic fertilizer	Male	21	57%
Tree planting	Female	40	18%
Tree planting	Male	39	62%

6.13 Sources of CSA learning

Percentage of implementing farmers (male and female) who answered the question: How did you personally learn to implement the practice?

CSA Practices		N	CCAFS training / demonstrations	family member or neighbor	Self-learning	Training by technical assistance by other institution
Crop rotation	Farmers	321	33%	39%	14%	14%
	Female	145	28%	44%	14%	14%
	Male	176	37%	35%	14%	14%
Improved varieties	Farmers	239	60%	13%	3%	24%
	Female	105	59%	16%	3%	22%
	Male	134	61%	10%	2%	26%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	113	42%	15%	6%	37%
	Female	51	43%	16%	8%	33%
	Male	62	40%	15%	5%	40%
Intercropping	Farmers	227	15%	49%	19%	18%
	Female	106	17%	45%	21%	17%
	Male	121	13%	52%	17%	18%
Mulching	Farmers	24	12%	46%	8%	33%
	Female	8	0%	50%	12%	38%
	Male	16	19%	44%	6%	31%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	28	39%	25%	18%	18%
	Female	8	38%	50%	12%	0%
	Male	20	40%	15%	20%	25%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	135	38%	33%	7%	23%
	Female	61	33%	39%	7%	21%
	Male	74	42%	27%	7%	24%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	282	33%	40%	9%	18%
	Female	133	31%	41%	11%	17%
	Male	149	36%	39%	7%	18%
Tree planting	Farmers	164	51%	25%	7%	18%
	Female	68	49%	29%	7%	15%
	Male	96	52%	22%	6%	20%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	49	55%	29%	6%	10%
	Female	15	47%	27%	13%	13%
	Male	34	59%	29%	3%	9%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	6	100%	0%	0%	0%
	Female	3	100%	0%	0%	0%
	Male	3	100%	0%	0%	0%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	286	44%	28%	7%	21%
	Female	128	38%	30%	9%	22%
	Male	158	49%	26%	5%	20%

Female sources of CSA knowledge

Male sources of CSA knowledge

6.14 Access to CSA training

Percentage farmers (male and female) who answered “from Training by technical assistance by other institution” or “From CCAFS training / demonstrations”, to the question: “How did you personally learn to implement water terraces?”

CSA Practice		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Farmers	330	46%
	Female	148	41%
	Male	182	50%
Improved varieties	Farmers	260	80%
	Female	112	77%
	Male	148	82%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	144	72%
	Female	57	75%
	Male	87	69%
Intercropping	Farmers	231	32%
	Female	107	34%
	Male	124	31%
Mulching	Farmers	66	24%
	Female	12	25%
	Male	54	24%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	56	36%
	Female	9	33%
	Male	47	36%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	164	55%
	Female	64	53%
	Male	100	56%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	291	51%
	Female	136	48%
	Male	155	53%
Tree planting	Farmers	185	65%
	Female	74	61%
	Male	111	68%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	66	65%
	Female	19	58%
	Male	47	68%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	27	89%
	Female	9	89%
	Male	18	89%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	287	65%
	Female	129	60%
	Male	158	69%

6.14.1 Access to training in CSA practices (gender)

6.15 CSA awareness

Percentage of farmers (male and female) participating anyhow on a CSA practice related activity (answered “Yes, I did most” or “No, I just helped” to the questions: “Were you the person in charge of doing most of the work/activities associated to CSA practice?”) or not implementing but saying “Yes” to the question: “having heard about [the CSA practice]?”

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Farmers	366	95%
	Female	176	91%
	Male	190	98%
Improved varieties	Farmers	359	88%
	Female	168	85%
	Male	191	91%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	358	55%
	Female	169	46%
	Male	189	63%
Intercropping	Farmers	362	73%
	Female	172	71%
	Male	190	76%
Mulching	Farmers	357	51%
	Female	169	42%
	Male	188	59%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	356	34%
	Female	166	25%
	Male	190	42%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	357	76%
	Female	169	72%
	Male	188	80%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	350	95%
	Female	165	95%
	Male	185	96%
Tree planting	Farmers	361	84%
	Female	174	84%
	Male	187	85%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	366	95%
	Female	176	91%
	Male	190	98%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	366	95%
	Female	176	91%
	Male	190	98%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	366	95%
	Female	176	91%
	Male	190	98%

6.16 CSA interest by non-adopters

Percentage of non CSA implementing farmers (male and female) who answered “Yes”to the question: “Would you like to receive more information on CSA practices?”

CSA Practice		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Famers	23	96%
	Female	14	93%
	Male	9	100%
Improved varieties	Famers	98	95%
	Female	52	92%
	Male	46	98%
Integrated nutrient management	Famers	231	92%
	Female	111	91%
	Male	120	92%
Intercropping	Famers	107	97%
	Female	49	96%
	Male	58	98%
Mulching	Famers	276	96%
	Female	133	94%
	Male	143	98%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Famers	314	89%
	Female	155	88%
	Male	159	91%
No/reduced tillage	Famers	178	94%
	Female	89	94%
	Male	89	93%
Organic fertilizer	Famers	29	97%
	Female	14	100%
	Male	15	93%
Tree planting	Famers	110	98%
	Female	57	98%
	Male	53	98%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Famers	264	94%
	Female	130	90%
	Male	134	98%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Famers	336	94%
	Female	158	92%
	Male	178	96%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Famers	39	77%
	Female	21	76%
	Male	18	78%

6.17 Farer to farmer knowledge dissemination

Percentage of farmers (female and male) who responded “Yes” to the question: “Did you personally teach the practice to someone beyond the household members?”

CSA Practices		N	Percentage
Crop rotation	Farmers	321	79%
	Female	145	74%
	Male	176	82%
Improved varieties	Farmers	240	77%
	Female	106	64%
	Male	134	87%
Integrated nutrient management	Farmers	113	84%
	Female	50	84%
	Male	63	84%
Intercropping	Farmers	223	70%
	Female	104	62%
	Male	119	76%
Mulching	Farmers	24	79%
	Female	8	88%
	Male	16	75%
New cropping system & additional crops (Home gardens)	Farmers	28	71%
	Female	8	62%
	Male	20	75%
No/reduced tillage	Farmers	136	79%
	Female	62	71%
	Male	74	85%
Organic fertilizer	Farmers	278	80%
	Female	130	75%
	Male	148	84%
Tree planting	Farmers	164	74%
	Female	68	63%
	Male	96	81%
Water harvesting (earth bund)	Farmers	48	67%
	Female	14	57%
	Male	34	71%
Water harvesting (planting pits)	Farmers	6	83%
	Female	3	67%
	Male	3	100%
Water harvesting (ties ridges)	Farmers	294	71%
	Female	131	62%
	Male	163	79%

6.17.1 Dissemination of CSA knowledge from farmer to farmer (by gender)

Percentage of famers (male and female) who answered “Yes” to the question: “Did you personally teach the practice to someone beyond the household members?”

CSA Practices