For these analyses, we examined interactive relations of religion, race, sex, poverty status, and age with our study’s discrimination indices. We used backward elimination, starting with models that included the 5-way interaction. Because our primary predictor of interest is religious affiliation, we continued the backward elimination for each measure until we found a religious affiliation effect or until we were reduced only for main effects.
Key: TotDisc1 = Frequency of Discrimination across Sources, TotDisc2 = Lifetime Discrimination Burden, TotDisc3 = Gender Discrimination, TotDisc4 = Racial Discrimination, & TotDisc5 = Everyday Discrimination
Start analyses with the 5-way interaction of Religion x Race x Sex x Poverty Status x Age. There were no significant 5-way interaction effects, so continue with backward elimination
| Effects | TotDisc1 | TotDisc2 | TotDisc3 | TotDisc4 | TotDisc5 | R**2 | 0.109*** | 0.083*** | 0.041*** | 0.135*** | 0.050*** | RaceAfrAm | -1.350 | -0.613 | -0.691 | 0.376 | -1.423 | SexMen | -1.735 | 0.207 | -0.162 | -0.166 | 3.258 | Age.1 | -0.032 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.003 | -0.149** | PovStatBelow | -2.412 | -0.183 | -0.033 | 0.652 | -0.542 | RSC03dicAffiliated | -2.140 | -1.087 | -0.522 | -0.495 | -0.792 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen | 4.468 | -0.256 | -0.176 | 0.794 | 1.922 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1 | 0.059 | 0.024 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.044 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow | 2.492 | 1.104 | 1.056 | 0.084 | 1.380 | RaceAfrAm:RSC03dicAffiliated | 3.185 | 1.324 | 0.978 | 0.444 | 6.267 | SexMen:Age.1 | 0.025 | -0.005 | -0.004 | 0.005 | -0.055 | SexMen:PovStatBelow | 0.679 | -0.660 | -0.394 | 0.504 | 3.342 | SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | 2.705 | 1.273 | -0.054 | 1.432 | 3.656 | Age.1:PovStatBelow | 0.061 | 0.015 | 0.002 | -0.009 | 0.038 | Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.073 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 0.036 | PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 10.687* | 0.076 | -0.644 | -0.719 | 1.983 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1 | -0.050 | 0.016 | 0.014 | -0.002 | -0.015 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:PovStatBelow | -1.613 | 0.948 | 0.373 | -1.652 | -7.075 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | -6.883 | -1.843 | 0.243 | -2.067 | -9.460 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.058 | -0.028 | -0.019 | -0.001 | -0.039 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.055 | -0.028 | -0.014 | -0.005 | -0.132 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -13.470* | -0.612 | 0.124 | 0.114 | -9.914 | SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.016 | 0.005 | 0.008 | -0.013 | -0.099 | SexMen:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.071 | -0.023 | 0.002 | -0.028 | -0.086 | SexMen:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -6.619 | 1.821 | 2.202 | 1.200 | -6.636 | Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.218* | -0.003 | 0.017 | 0.020 | -0.048 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow | 0.034 | -0.011 | -0.009 | 0.034 | 0.183 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.148 | 0.035 | -0.006 | 0.040 | 0.209 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 13.587 | -1.047 | -2.377 | 0.482 | 18.742 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.277* | 0.012 | -0.008 | -0.009 | 0.200 | SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.125 | -0.037 | -0.047 | -0.034 | 0.169 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.241 | 0.026 | 0.052 | -0.004 | -0.420 |
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Models with 4-way interactions.
| Effects | TotDisc1 | TotDisc2 | TotDisc3 | TotDisc4 | TotDisc5 | R**2 | 0.109*** | 0.083*** | 0.041*** | 0.135*** | 0.049*** | RaceAfrAm | -0.129 | -0.751 | -0.965 | 0.395 | 0.721 | SexMen | -0.731 | 0.079 | -0.416 | -0.148 | 5.015 | Age.1 | -0.021 | -0.005 | -0.006 | -0.003 | -0.129* | PovStatBelow | -1.122 | -0.347 | -0.358 | 0.674 | 1.713 | RSC03dicAffiliated | -1.133 | -1.202 | -0.749 | -0.479 | 0.975 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen | 2.293 | -0.011 | 0.309 | 0.760 | -1.895 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1 | 0.033 | 0.027 | 0.020 | 0.009 | -0.002 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow | -0.058 | 1.397 | 1.636 | 0.044 | -3.081 | RaceAfrAm:RSC03dicAffiliated | 1.189 | 1.541 | 1.405 | 0.415 | 2.759 | SexMen:Age.1 | 0.004 | -0.002 | 0.001 | 0.005 | -0.092 | SexMen:PovStatBelow | -2.103 | -0.311 | 0.295 | 0.457 | -1.533 | SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.533 | 1.530 | 0.454 | 1.397 | -0.161 | Age.1:PovStatBelow | 0.034 | 0.019 | 0.009 | -0.009 | -0.010 | Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.052 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 0.010 | -0.001 | PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 7.677* | 0.415 | 0.024 | -0.765 | -3.302 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1 | -0.004 | 0.011 | 0.003 | -0.002 | 0.066 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:PovStatBelow | 3.531 | 0.365 | -0.780 | -1.573 | 1.933 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | -2.727 | -2.295 | -0.651 | -2.006 | -2.173 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.003 | -0.034 | -0.031 | -0.000 | 0.056 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.013 | -0.033 | -0.023 | -0.005 | -0.059 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -8.483* | -1.153 | -0.944 | 0.187 | -1.165 | SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow | 0.042 | -0.003 | -0.007 | -0.012 | 0.003 | SexMen:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.026 | -0.028 | -0.009 | -0.027 | -0.007 | SexMen:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.688 | 0.975 | 0.531 | 1.315 | 6.086 | Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.156* | -0.011 | 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.063 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.075 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.033 | -0.007 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.062 | 0.045 | 0.013 | 0.039 | 0.058 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 2.066 | 0.211 | 0.108 | 0.312 | -1.341 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.172* | 0.023 | 0.015 | -0.011 | 0.016 | SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.027 | -0.020 | -0.012 | -0.036 | -0.097 |
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There was a significant interaction of Religion x Race x Poverty Status x Age with. We were unable to plot this effect for the time being, but I ran simple slopes analyses (not shown here). These results indicated that having a religious affiliation was signficantly associated ith greater frequency of discrimination from a variety of sources among middle-aged and older Whites living above poverty, younger Whites living below poverty, and all African Americans (irrespective of their age & poverty status) (all p’s < .05)
Continue with backward elimination for the other measures: Models with 3-way interactions.
| Effects | TotDisc2 | TotDisc3 | TotDisc4 | TotDisc5 | R**2 | 0.082*** | 0.041*** | 0.134*** | 0.049*** | RaceAfrAm | 0.080 | -0.512 | 1.076 | 1.448 | SexMen | 0.523 | -0.190 | 0.344 | 4.543 | Age.1 | 0.002 | -0.002 | 0.000 | -0.132** | PovStatBelow | -0.200 | -0.066 | 0.572 | 0.565 | RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.571 | -0.529 | -0.390 | 0.830 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen | -1.140 | -0.288 | -0.734 | -2.872 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1 | 0.010 | 0.010 | -0.005 | -0.020 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow | 0.746 | 0.933 | -0.484 | -3.169 | RaceAfrAm:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.145 | 0.841 | -0.305 | 1.468 | SexMen:Age.1 | -0.011 | -0.004 | -0.005 | -0.084 | SexMen:PovStatBelow | 0.052 | 0.039 | 0.195 | 1.411 | SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.520 | 0.262 | 0.848 | 0.330 | Age.1:PovStatBelow | 0.016 | 0.003 | -0.006 | 0.011 | Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.008 | -0.000 | PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.055 | -0.224 | 0.288 | -1.353 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:Age.1 | 0.034* | 0.016 | 0.029* | 0.093 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:PovStatBelow | 0.512 | 0.013 | 0.099 | 0.922 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.085 | -0.006 | -0.047 | 0.123 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.021 | -0.017 | 0.010 | 0.065 | RaceAfrAm:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.004 | -0.012 | 0.009 | -0.027 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.043 | -0.187 | -0.201 | -0.978 | SexMen:Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.011 | -0.002 | -0.008 | -0.051 | SexMen:Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.008 | -0.005 | -0.017 | -0.012 | SexMen:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.179 | 0.057 | -0.183 | 0.593 | Age.1:PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.004 | 0.007 | -0.003 | 0.029 |
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There were significant interactions of Race x Sex x Age with lifetime burden of discrimination and racial discrimination. We previously reported the lifetime burden effect in Patterns 1 (currently under review). The racial discrimination effect is new, probably due to reduced error variance associated with far more variables in these models.
Continue with backward elimination: Models with 2-way interactions.
| Effects | TotDisc2 | TotDisc3 | TotDisc4 | TotDisc5 | R**2 | 0.078*** | 0.038*** | 0.132*** | 0.047*** | RaceAfrAm | -0.262 | -0.241 | 0.089 | -1.114 | SexMen | -0.232 | -0.518* | 0.103 | 2.751 | Age.1 | 0.005 | 0.001 | -0.005 | -0.156*** | PovStatBelow | 0.623 | 0.396 | 0.620 | -1.101 | RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.181 | -0.163 | -0.130 | 1.407 | RaceAfrAm:SexMen | 0.654*** | 0.462*** | 0.646*** | 1.991*** | RaceAfrAm:Age.1 | 0.015* | 0.005 | 0.017* | 0.033 | RaceAfrAm:PovStatBelow | -0.004 | 0.043 | -0.072 | -0.075 | RaceAfrAm:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.074 | 0.217* | 0.047 | -0.181 | SexMen:Age.1 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 | -0.055 | SexMen:PovStatBelow | -0.029 | -0.020 | -0.227 | -0.167 | SexMen:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.188 | 0.034 | -0.078 | 0.107 | Age.1:PovStatBelow | -0.006 | -0.006 | -0.005 | 0.042 | Age.1:RSC03dicAffiliated | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | -0.012 | PovStatBelow:RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.038 | 0.019 | -0.076 | -0.260 |
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There was a significant 2-way interaction of Race x Religion with gender discrimination. Simple slopes analyses (not shown here) revealed that having a religious affiliation was significantly associated with greater gender discrimination among African Americans (p < .001), but not Whites.
There were also significant interactions of Race x Sex and Race x Age for a bunch of the discrimination measures. We’ve already reported on these in Patterns 1.
Continue with backward elimination for other measures: Main effects models.
| Effects | TotDisc2 | TotDisc4 | TotDisc5 | R**2 | 0.067*** | 0.122*** | 0.042*** | RaceAfrAm | 0.722*** | 1.178*** | 1.248*** | SexMen | 0.350*** | 0.420*** | 1.297*** | Age.1 | 0.014*** | 0.006 | -0.152*** | PovStatBelow | 0.319*** | 0.162* | 0.683* | RSC03dicAffiliated | -0.000 | 0.050 | 0.673* |
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There was a signficant main effect of religious affiliation with everyday discrimination, such that having a religious affiliation was associated with greater everyday discrimination.
There were no effects of religious affiliations, either as main effects or within interactions, for lifetime discrimination burden and racial discrimination.
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