Summary Table
Variable Mean(sd)
n 32
Age 35.41 (9.83)
Gender Female 9 (28.1)
Male 23 (71.9)
Marital Status(%) Married 18 (56.2)
Unmarried 14 (43.8)
Total Duration of Illness 12.91 (8.74)
AHRS
Day 0 34.59 (3.93)
Day 5 33.12 (3.60)
Day 21 34.28 (3.97)
Beck’s Composite Index Score
Day 0 -3.66 (8.11)
Day 5 -3.59 (8.07)
Day 21 -3.59 (8.09)
Self Certainty
Day 0 10.59 (3.84)
Day 5 10.59 (3.78)
Day 21 10.56 (3.78)
Self Reflectiveness
Day 0 6.94 (4.57)
Day 5 7.00 (4.60)
Day 21 6.97 (4.62)
Positive Symptoms
Day 0 24.19 (5.35)
Day 5 23.6(5.7)
Day 21 24.00 (5.39)
Negative Symptoms
Day 0 12.12 (5.69)
Day 5 11.84 (5.86)
Day 21 11.84 (5.86)
Hallucinatory Behaviour(P3)
Day 0 4.62 (0.75)
Day 5 4.16 (0.88)
Day 21 4.50 (0.88)
PANSS
Day 0 65.66 (12.09)
Day 5 64.66 (12.57)
Day 21 65.22 (12.06)

EFFECT ON AHRS

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out significant for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.09, 33.90 4.08 8.58 ** .03 .005

       

Table with 95% confidence intervals of AHRS levels with Days of measurement

Day estimate std.error df conf.low conf.high
0 34.59 0.68 38.13 33.22 35.97
5 33.13 0.68 38.13 31.75 34.50
21 34.28 0.68 38.13 32.91 35.65

   

Pairwise Contrasts between Days was calculated using Tukey’s correction for multiple measurements.

     

Post hoc contrast estimate std.error df statistic p.value
Day 0 - Day 5 1.469 0.373 62 3.933 0.001
Day 0 - Day 21 0.313 0.373 62 0.837 0.682
Day 5 - Day 21 -1.156 0.373 62 -3.096 0.008

     

Thus we can clearly see that even on adjusting for post-hoc corrections, AHRS score is significantly lower on Day 5 compared to Day 0 and Day 21 , while there is no difference between Day 0 and Day 21 indicating a reversion back to baseline status and hence no legacy effect of TDCS.

EFFECT ON PANSS

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out significant for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

     

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.71, 52.86 0.96 9.86 *** .001 .0005

       

Table with 95% confidence intervals of PANSS levels with Days of measurement    

Day estimate std.error df conf.low conf.high
0 65.66 2.16 31.23 61.24 70.07
5 64.66 2.16 31.23 60.24 69.07
21 65.22 2.16 31.23 60.81 69.63

   

Pairwise Contrasts between PANSS was calculated using Tukey’s correction for multiple measurements.

     

Post hoc contrast estimate std.error df statistic p.value
Day 0 - Day 5 1.000 0.226 62 4.428 0.000
Day 0 - Day 21 0.437 0.226 62 1.937 0.137
Day 5 - Day 21 -0.562 0.226 62 -2.491 0.040

     

Thus we can clearly see that even on adjusting for post-hoc corrections, PANSS score is significantly lower on Day 5 compared to Day 0 and Day 21 , while there is no significant ifference between Day 0 and Day 21.

    The effect on PANSS seems to be more pronounced than AHRS , higher t-statistic of change between Day 0 and Day 5

EFFECT ON P3(HALLUCINATORY SYMPTOMS)

   

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out significant for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

     

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.35, 41.84 0.26 10.73 *** .05 .0008

       

Table with 95% confidence intervals of P3 levels with Days of measurement    

Day estimate std.error df conf.low conf.high
0 4.63 0.15 43.68 4.33 4.92
5 4.16 0.15 43.68 3.86 4.46
21 4.50 0.15 43.68 4.20 4.80

   

Pairwise Contrasts between P3 was calculated using Tukey’s correction for multiple measurements.

     

Post hoc contrast estimate std.error df statistic p.value
Day 0 - Day 5 0.469 0.105 62 4.473 0.000
Day 0 - Day 21 0.125 0.105 62 1.193 0.462
Day 5 - Day 21 -0.344 0.105 62 -3.280 0.005

     

Thus we can clearly see that even on adjusting for post-hoc corrections, P3 score is significantly lower on Day 5 compared to Day 0 and Day 21 , while there is no significant ifference between Day 0 and Day 21.

    The effect on P3 follows similar trajectory as PANSS and AHRS , with an initial fall and a regression to mean at 3 weeks

EFFECT ON Negative symptoms

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out just significant(p=0.048) for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 2, 62 0.26 3.21 * .0005 .05

       

Table with 95% confidence intervals of Negative Symptom levels with Days of measurement

Day estimate std.error df conf.low conf.high
0 12.13 1.03 31.32 10.03 14.22
5 11.84 1.03 31.32 9.75 13.94
21 11.84 1.03 31.32 9.75 13.94

   

Pairwise Contrasts between Days was calculated using Tukey’s correction for multiple measurements.

     

Post hoc contrast estimate std.error df statistic p.value
Day 0 - Day 5 0.281 0.128 62 2.193 0.08
Day 0 - Day 21 0.281 0.128 62 2.193 0.08
Day 5 - Day 21 0.000 0.128 62 0.000 1.00

     

Thus we can clearly see that even on adjusting for post-hoc corrections,the marginal improvement in negative symptoms also disappears, and there is no difference between negative symptoms at Day 5 and Day 21 implying a lack of effect of TDCS on negative symptom domain

EFFECT ON Positive symptoms

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out to be highly significant for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.42, 44.11 0.27 11.98 *** .002 .0003

Table with 95% confidence intervals of Positive Symptom levels with Days of measurement

Day estimate std.error df conf.low conf.high
0 24.19 0.97 31.27 22.21 26.16
5 23.66 0.97 31.27 21.68 25.63
21 24.00 0.97 31.27 22.02 25.98

   

Pairwise Contrasts between Days was calculated using Tukey’s correction for multiple measurements.

     

Post hoc contrast estimate std.error df statistic p.value
Day 0 - Day 5 0.531 0.11 62 4.826 0.000
Day 0 - Day 21 0.188 0.11 62 1.703 0.212
Day 5 - Day 21 -0.344 0.11 62 -3.123 0.008

     

Thus we can clearly see that even on adjusting for post-hoc corrections,the marginal improvement in positive symptom remains significant only at Day 5

EFFECT ON Self Reflection

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out to be non- significant* for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.63, 50.57 0.03 1.52 <.0001 .23

   

EFFECT ON Self Certainty Domain

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out to be non- significant* for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.49, 46.25 0.04 0.33 <.0001 .66

EFFECT ON Beck’s Compsite Insight scale

One -way Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted , which Came out to be non- significant* for Temporal variation post TDCS stimulation. Greenhouse-Geisser correction was done for departure from sphericity

Effect df MSE F ges p.value
times 1.60, 49.57 0.05 1.00 <.0001 .36

   

Multivariable Mixed effect Modelling to determine effect of various factors on response

Even on controlling for other fixed effects like Age,duration of illness,Baseline P3/PANSS/NT we could find that only Day 5 post TDCS had significant impact on AHRS improvement, even by Day 21 there was regression to mean    

Regression Table

   

Forest Plot of Parameters