Results
Summary Table
| VARIABLE | Bipolar Disorder | Schizophrenia | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 50 | 50 | ||
| age (mean (sd)) | 34.78 (7.77) | 32.00 (6.52) | 0.055 | |
| sex (%) | F | 27 (54.0) | 19 (38.0) | 0.16 |
| M | 23 (46.0) | 31 (62.0) | ||
| marital_status (%) | MARRIED | 31 (62.0) | 27 (54.0) | 0.566 |
| UNMARRIED | 17 (34.0) | 21 (42.0) | ||
| WIDOW | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| WIDOWER | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.0) | ||
| duration_of_illness (mean (sd)) | 8.56 (5.85) | 7.36 (5.98) | 0.313 | |
| level_of_education (%) | HIGH SCHOOL | 21 (42.0) | 14 (28.0) | 0.323 |
| MIDDLE SCHOOL | 22 (44.0) | 26 (52.0) | ||
| PRIMARY SCHOOL | 7 (14.0) | 10 (20.0) | ||
| occupation (%) | SEMI-SKILLED WORKER | 16 (32.0) | 9 (18.0) | 0.175 |
| SKILLED WORKER | 5 (10.0) | 10 (20.0) | ||
| UNEMPLOYED | 22 (44.0) | 27 (54.0) | ||
| UNSKILLED WORKER | 7 (14.0) | 4 (8.0) | ||
| socioeconomic_status (%) | LOWER | 6 (12.0) | 2 (4.0) | 0.26 |
| LOWER MIDDLE | 31 (62.0) | 32 (64.0) | ||
| UPPER LOWER | 10 (20.0) | 15 (30.0) | ||
| UPPER MIDDLE | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | ||
| duration_of_treatment (mean (sd)) | 6.51 (4.94) | 4.98 (4.33) | 0.103 | |
| family_type (%) | EXTENDED | 16 (32.0) | 16 (32.0) | 0.968 |
| JOINT | 11 (22.0) | 12 (24.0) | ||
| NUCLEAR | 23 (46.0) | 22 (44.0) | ||
| family_history (%) | NO | 32 (64.0) | 26 (52.0) | 0.311 |
| YES | 18 (36.0) | 24 (48.0) | ||
| BABS (mean (sd)) | 1.27 (0.20) | 2.66 (0.27) | <0.001 | |
| BABS_grade (%) | fair insight | 9 (18.0) | 12 (24.0) | <0.001 |
| good insight | 41 (82.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| poor insight | 0 (0.0) | 38 (76.0) | ||
| SSFI(mean (sd)) | 60.18 (4.11) | 42.64 (9.79) | <0.001 | |
| SSFI_grade (%) | MILD | 38 (76.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| MODERATE | 12 (24.0) | 38 (76.0) | ||
| SEVERE | 0 (0.0) | 12 (24.0) | ||
| ISMI (mean (sd)) | 2.27 (0.21) | 2.63 (0.15) | <0.001 | |
| ISMI_grade (%) | high | 9 (18.0) | 43 (86.0) | <0.001 |
| not high | 41 (82.0) | 7 (14.0) | ||
| diagnostic_category (%) | Bipolar Disorder | 16 (32.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Bipolar Mania | 34 (68.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Schizophrenia | 0 (0.0) | 50 (100.0) |
INSIGHT
Distribution of SSFI Score in Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia
INSGHT is better in Bipolar disorders(lower BABS Score) is better than Schizophrenics, which is apparent both on graphical exploration and validated on t.test.
Thus, there is a significant difference between BABS Score between Bipolar Disorders and Schizophrenics
| variable | Bipolar Group | Schizophrenia Group | difference | 95%_confidence_interval | p.value | significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| babs | 1.27±0.20 | 2.66±0.27 | -1.39 | -1.49 - -1.3 | <0.001 | significant |
There is also a significant association between BABS Grade and Diagnosis significant at pvalue of <0.001
STIGMA
Distribution of ISMI Score in Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia
Thus ISMI Score(representative of stigma) is significantly higher in Schizophrenics than Bipolar Disorders.
| variable | Bipolar Group | Schizophrenia Group | difference | 95%_confidence_interval | p.value | significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ismi | 2.27±0.21 | 2.63±0.15 | -0.36 | -0.43 - -0.29 | <0.001 | significant |
There is also a significant association between SSFI Grade and Diagnosis significant at pvalue of 0.001
Correlation between INSIGHT and STIGMA
We see there is a positive correlation between poor insight and self-stigma in both groups,which is stronger in Bipolar disorders
| diagnosis | correlation | conf.low | conf.high | p.value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | 0.698 | 0.521 | 0.818 | <0.0001 |
| Bipolar_Disorder | 0.644 | 0.446 | 0.782 | <0.0001 |
The correlation is visualised in interaction plot as well where we see a steeper curve for Bipolar disorders.
The same relation is observed in the regression model where we see ISMI SCORE is positively correlated with BABS SCORE, while in Schizophrenia patients there is a negative interaction of BABS SCORE with ISMI due to less steeper curve.
CORRELATION BETWEEN INSIGHT AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING
we see that there is a negative correlation between Insight and Social Functioning ,however the relationship is stronger in Schizophrenics.
| diagnosis | correlation | conf.low | conf.high | p.value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | -0.825 | -0.897 | -0.710 | <0.0001 |
| Bipolar_Disorder | -0.719 | -0.831 | -0.551 | <0.0001 |
Interaction Plot
We can clearly visualise the relationship in regression model as well, where we see relation between BABS SCORE and Schizophrenia is negative and addition of Schizophrenia interaction term further accentuates its effect(same sign as well as significant at p<0.001)
CORRELATION BETWEEN STIGMA AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING
| diagnosis | correlation | conf.low | conf.high | p.value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia | -0.871 | -0.925 | -0.782 | <0.0001 |
| Bipolar_Disorder | -0.771 | -0.864 | -0.628 | <0.0001 |
we see stigma is negatively correlated with Social functioning in both Bipolar disorders and Schizophrenia.
Interaction Plot
The relationship is significant even on linear regression model.
Association with Insight
we see family history, gender(male) have worse Relation with INSIGHT (BABS_GRADE)
| variable | chisquarestatistic | p.value | significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| ssfi_grade | 102.279846 | <0.0001 | significant |
| diagnosis | 79.428571 | <0.0001 | significant |
| ismi_grade | 76.250037 | <0.0001 | significant |
| family_history | 7.821036 | 0.02 | significant |
| sex | 5.797741 | 0.0551 | non-significant |
| socioeconomic_status | 12.076306 | 0.0603 | non-significant |
| marital_status | 10.970050 | 0.0893 | non-significant |
| level_of_education | 7.164988 | 0.1274 | non-significant |
| occupation | 5.811895 | 0.4446 | non-significant |
| family_type | 1.490293 | 0.8284 | non-significant |
Females have better insight.
Family history is associated with poor insight
Association with Social Functioning grade
| variable | chisquarestatistic | p.value | significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| babs_grade | 102.2798460 | <0.0001 | significant |
| ismi_grade | 67.9487179 | <0.0001 | significant |
| diagnosis | 63.5200000 | <0.0001 | significant |
| family_history | 15.9997695 | 3e-04 | significant |
| marital_status | 16.6618482 | 0.0106 | significant |
| sex | 7.7068678 | 0.0212 | significant |
| level_of_education | 9.5961835 | 0.0478 | significant |
| socioeconomic_status | 6.6063269 | 0.3588 | non-significant |
| occupation | 5.6358264 | 0.4652 | non-significant |
| family_type | 0.7782312 | 0.9413 | non-significant |
we see elementary school has significantly lesser social functioning.
Females have better Social function grades.
Unmarried/Widow/Widower have poor social functioning
Association with Stigma
| variable | chisquarestatistic | p.value | significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| babs_grade | 76.250037 | <0.0001 | significant |
| ssfi_grade | 67.948718 | <0.0001 | significant |
| diagnosis | 43.629808 | <0.0001 | significant |
| family_history | 15.347314 | 1e-04 | significant |
| marital_status | 10.128438 | 0.0175 | significant |
| sex | 3.151000 | 0.0759 | non-significant |
| level_of_education | 4.462827 | 0.1074 | non-significant |
| socioeconomic_status | 4.585114 | 0.2048 | non-significant |
| occupation | 4.344862 | 0.2266 | non-significant |
| family_type | 1.253963 | 0.5342 | non-significant |
Married Couple have lower stigma
Family history is associated with higher stigma.
Multivariable Regression Model
we see age family history,poor insight, unmarried status,poor education adversely affect Social Function even while adjusting for confounders in multivariable regression model which has an excellent predictive ability(R square=0.89, explains 89% of variability correctly)
Social functioning
Distribution of SSFI Score in Bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia
Social functioning in Bipolar disorders is better than Schizophrenics, which is apparent both on graphical exploration and validated on t.test.
Thus, there is a significant difference between SSFI Score between Bipolar Disorders and Schizophrenics
There is also a significant association between SSFI Grade and Diagnosis significant at pvalue of 0.001