Carga de datos

library(fueleconomy)
## Warning: package 'fueleconomy' was built under R version 3.4.4
library(dplyr)
## Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 3.4.4
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
set.seed(07)
vehicles %>% filter(year>=1990 & year<=1999) %>% sample_n(1000,replace = FALSE)->data_1
vehicles %>% filter(year>=2000 & year<=2009) %>% sample_n(1000,replace = FALSE)->data_2
vehicles %>% filter(year>=2010 & year<=2015) %>% sample_n(1000,replace = FALSE)->data_3

Se desea correr un modelo que explique el rendimiento promedio de los automoviles en carretera y ciudad

library(stargazer)
## Warning: package 'stargazer' was built under R version 3.4.4
## 
## Please cite as:
##  Hlavac, Marek (2018). stargazer: Well-Formatted Regression and Summary Statistics Tables.
##  R package version 5.2.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stargazer
options(scipen = 999)
modelo_rendimiento1<-lm(formula = (hwy+cty)/2~id,data= data_1)
modelo_rendimiento2<-lm(formula = (hwy+cty)/2~id,data= data_2)
modelo_rendimiento3<-lm(formula = (hwy+cty)/2~id,data= data_3)
summary(modelo_rendimiento1)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = (hwy + cty)/2 ~ id, data = data_1)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -10.4447  -3.2564  -0.5677   2.3274  24.3948 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                Estimate  Std. Error t value             Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 21.07084015  0.43201646   48.77 < 0.0000000000000002 ***
## id          -0.00008986  0.00003416   -2.63              0.00866 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 4.848 on 998 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.006884,   Adjusted R-squared:  0.005889 
## F-statistic: 6.918 on 1 and 998 DF,  p-value: 0.008664
summary(modelo_rendimiento2)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = (hwy + cty)/2 ~ id, data = data_2)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -9.726 -3.515 -0.114  2.171 52.186 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                Estimate  Std. Error t value            Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 20.81369306  1.02775759  20.252 <0.0000000000000002 ***
## id          -0.00003045  0.00004853  -0.627               0.531    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 4.968 on 998 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.0003942,  Adjusted R-squared:  -0.0006074 
## F-statistic: 0.3936 on 1 and 998 DF,  p-value: 0.5306
summary(modelo_rendimiento3)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = (hwy + cty)/2 ~ id, data = data_3)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -13.753  -4.273  -0.701   2.630  88.637 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t value   Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) 4.1475460  4.0319849   1.029      0.304    
## id          0.0005933  0.0001268   4.678 0.00000329 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 8.018 on 998 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.02146,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.02048 
## F-statistic: 21.89 on 1 and 998 DF,  p-value: 0.000003289

calcule los intervalos de confianza para los modelos

confint(object = modelo_rendimiento1,level = 0.95)
##                     2.5 %         97.5 %
## (Intercept) 20.2230753003 21.91860499677
## id          -0.0001568959 -0.00002281663
confint(object = modelo_rendimiento2,level = 0.95)
##                     2.5 %         97.5 %
## (Intercept) 18.7968792828 22.83050683310
## id          -0.0001256831  0.00006478956
confint(object = modelo_rendimiento3,level = 0.95)
##                     2.5 %        97.5 %
## (Intercept) -3.7645947693 12.0596868200
## id           0.0003444213  0.0008421061

Obtenga los residuos del modelo para data_3 a partir del modelo estimado en el numeral 2

plot(modelo_rendimiento3$residuals,main = "Residuos",ylab = "Residuos",xlab = "casos")

modelo_rendimiento3$residuals %>% matrix()
##                  [,1]
##    [1,]   3.529977118
##    [2,]  -5.187521243
##    [3,]   4.800275947
##    [4,]  -1.090091556
##    [5,]   4.451895723
##    [6,]  -1.100891587
##    [7,]   0.722666531
##    [8,]  -2.325266543
##    [9,]  -3.405235856
##   [10,]  -6.994818672
##   [11,]   2.882025051
##   [12,]  -6.379010969
##   [13,]  -5.675764095
##   [14,]  -7.087961070
##   [15,]  -1.646222195
##   [16,]   0.253866937
##   [17,]  -5.221687967
##   [18,]  -7.991029679
##   [19,]   0.912753478
##   [20,]   0.957720234
##   [21,]   0.311413514
##   [22,]   1.520727468
##   [23,]  -2.027340048
##   [24,]   0.430659515
##   [25,]  -3.589632735
##   [26,]  -2.316960851
##   [27,]  -0.860390385
##   [28,]   4.477406061
##   [29,]  -0.656537088
##   [30,]  -0.051178722
##   [31,]  -0.784924613
##   [32,]  -5.704132626
##   [33,]  -4.154891740
##   [34,]  -4.078711420
##   [35,]   0.757197109
##   [36,]   9.317588720
##   [37,]   0.472794394
##   [38,]  -0.480108364
##   [39,]   2.781884773
##   [40,]  -1.254196185
##   [41,]   2.733817256
##   [42,]   7.635214201
##   [43,]   2.144113156
##   [44,]   0.234882499
##   [45,]  -7.428373139
##   [46,]  -4.667228993
##   [47,]   5.666535892
##   [48,]  -3.696420198
##   [49,]   1.678427482
##   [50,]  -4.869640035
##   [51,]  -3.442260773
##   [52,]   7.370038493
##   [53,]  -6.780057219
##   [54,]  -0.592235200
##   [55,]  -3.045488654
##   [56,]  -0.345208098
##   [57,]  18.965311377
##   [58,]   8.476340818
##   [59,]  -3.550585458
##   [60,]  -5.872593195
##   [61,]  -6.149431082
##   [62,]   2.375256582
##   [63,]  -3.073372047
##   [64,]  -1.572657499
##   [65,]   4.536853714
##   [66,]   2.139367047
##   [67,]   3.096180082
##   [68,]   7.642939787
##   [69,]   2.290298591
##   [70,]   6.017869276
##   [71,]  -2.176478643
##   [72,]  -1.145143794
##   [73,]   7.130710660
##   [74,]  -7.956377817
##   [75,]  -2.791450513
##   [76,]  -0.674334999
##   [77,] -10.579534094
##   [78,]   6.683173591
##   [79,] -10.937514663
##   [80,]  -5.688815896
##   [81,]  -0.653449486
##   [82,]  -8.868925487
##   [83,]   1.050390652
##   [84,]  -4.291814366
##   [85,]   1.730729654
##   [86,]  -6.545124800
##   [87,]  -6.609075994
##   [88,]  -1.642069349
##   [89,]  -2.626293799
##   [90,]   1.459850720
##   [91,]  -2.555574136
##   [92,]  -6.290021417
##   [93,]  -1.341648516
##   [94,]  -0.499686066
##   [95,]   2.886636718
##   [96,]  -2.322300225
##   [97,]  -3.321005571
##   [98,] -10.576918471
##   [99,]   6.333606840
##  [100,]  -8.736748970
##  [101,]  10.961037247
##  [102,]   3.620746462
##  [103,] -10.374386144
##  [104,]  -0.400611031
##  [105,]   0.589546055
##  [106,]  -8.491852353
##  [107,]   1.228127188
##  [108,]  -1.629718938
##  [109,]  -6.252767089
##  [110,]   1.698005183
##  [111,]   7.429472987
##  [112,]   2.298954977
##  [113,]   4.752572284
##  [114,]   7.351040897
##  [115,]  -5.585466731
##  [116,]  -1.193562005
##  [117,]  -5.216578005
##  [118,]  -4.040378691
##  [119,]   0.109825147
##  [120,]  -3.284088780
##  [121,]   0.693852337
##  [122,]   2.187300120
##  [123,]  -2.744218829
##  [124,]  -1.839976851
##  [125,]   4.704504767
##  [126,]  -8.840812683
##  [127,]   9.973980922
##  [128,]   3.623253959
##  [129,]  -2.866686875
##  [130,]  -2.621777100
##  [131,]  -0.570513854
##  [132,]  13.327310350
##  [133,]   3.465662072
##  [134,]   1.145312842
##  [135,]  -3.390889401
##  [136,]  -4.541457092
##  [137,]  -1.227607446
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##  [139,]   4.108287925
##  [140,]  -4.240308552
##  [141,]   6.851283466
##  [142,]   7.687906542
##  [143,]  -4.803909050
##  [144,]   0.113627298
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##  [146,]  -4.966342015
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##  [151,]  -1.928858277
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##  [159,]  -7.062342606
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##  [161,]  -2.029106681
##  [162,]  -7.413784116
##  [163,]  -7.349832923
##  [164,]  -0.689638570
##  [165,]   2.086579737
##  [166,]   0.080040678
##  [167,]  -5.718479080
##  [168,]  -2.127831021
##  [169,]  -3.117273559
##  [170,]  -0.600783460
##  [171,]   1.398164455
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##  [173,]  -6.110626374
##  [174,]  -2.035753866
##  [175,] -10.559605698
##  [176,]  -9.061385489
##  [177,]  -7.872013090
##  [178,]  -7.332978971
##  [179,] -11.091291242
##  [180,]   2.941459545
##  [181,]  -4.274137740
##  [182,]   0.381189219
##  [183,]   8.914411985
##  [184,]   6.228949863
##  [185,]  -2.763458994
##  [186,]  -0.518427935
##  [187,]  -7.638752336
##  [188,]   0.332892291
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##  [191,]  -7.119754740
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##  [193,]   5.793507478
##  [194,]  -0.007870473
##  [195,]   0.325543717
##  [196,]  -4.416035886
##  [197,]  -1.267369271
##  [198,]  -0.305446273
##  [199,]  -3.759656843
##  [200,]  29.675461163
##  [201,]  -2.788956174
##  [202,]   4.904097092
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##  [204,]   0.736311596
##  [205,]  -1.655593130
##  [206,]  -0.059241844
##  [207,]   0.394241020
##  [208,]   7.697992025
##  [209,]   5.969828076
##  [210,]  -4.967528542
##  [211,]   4.738212671
##  [212,]  -0.793109020
##  [213,]  -9.228443278
##  [214,]  22.496390499
##  [215,]   3.294694005
##  [216,]  -4.625821820
##  [217,]  -0.542630461
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##  [219,]  -3.065174481
##  [220,]  -2.248384833
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##  [223,]  -2.597210720
##  [224,]   5.356042733
##  [225,]   3.676647691
##  [226,]  -0.057475212
##  [227,]  -0.012374014
##  [228,]  10.333134860
##  [229,]  -6.221324114
##  [230,]   4.212109069
##  [231,]  -1.106824223
##  [232,]   0.332312186
##  [233,]   4.331112500
##  [234,]   9.177227796
##  [235,]  -4.806875369
##  [236,]   1.907643515
##  [237,]  -7.149296640
##  [238,]  -1.545960633
##  [239,]   1.730634686
##  [240,] -10.928615708
##  [241,]   7.570076480
##  [242,]   4.280685087
##  [243,]   7.869445229
##  [244,]  -7.172083229
##  [245,]   1.066166203
##  [246,]  -7.371541110
##  [247,]   7.395791400
##  [248,]  -5.672676492
##  [249,]  -2.271751527
##  [250,]  -1.673984304
##  [251,]  -1.455663269
##  [252,]   3.117780143
##  [253,]   0.472187972
##  [254,]   1.526053683
##  [255,]   3.202252997
##  [256,]  -5.269378472
##  [257,] -11.268798367
##  [258,]  13.392231818
##  [259,]  -1.897051449
##  [260,]   4.255296033
##  [261,]   8.905283619
##  [262,]  -3.227014182
##  [263,]  -5.415563907
##  [264,]  -0.138024630
##  [265,]   0.905863724
##  [266,]  -3.556990074
##  [267,]  81.203088829
##  [268,]  -0.008814431
##  [269,]   0.910016570
##  [270,]   1.361018253
##  [271,]   1.515388095
##  [272,]  -2.148703376
##  [273,]  -2.193440721
##  [274,]  16.857566797
##  [275,]  -0.111691617
##  [276,]   4.910960529
##  [277,]  -0.601255440
##  [278,]   1.890438869
##  [279,]  -4.295845928
##  [280,]  -0.683948502
##  [281,]  -1.885064891
##  [282,]  -0.417573109
##  [283,]  14.401009489
##  [284,]  -2.807347348
##  [285,]  -4.200802454
##  [286,]  -2.181103468
##  [287,]  -5.186078988
##  [288,]  -2.861455628
##  [289,]  -5.079884789
##  [290,]   0.566759467
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##  [292,]   0.219955940
##  [293,]   1.449171973
##  [294,]  -0.896808880
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##  [339,]  -4.210065262
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##  [386,]  -2.630312202
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##  [396,]  -1.559835108
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##  [398,]   3.343934891
##  [399,]   1.216976463
##  [400,]  -7.953060804
##  [401,]   5.667722419
##  [402,]   1.957828360
##  [403,]   0.986196890
##  [404,]  -4.918651510
##  [405,]  -7.308897729
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##  [407,]  -4.298218982
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##  [409,]  -2.727728730
##  [410,]  -5.612055470
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##  [412,]   9.052049159
##  [413,]  -7.846152056
##  [414,]  -1.136015428
##  [415,]  -1.041578377
##  [416,]  -0.479987080
##  [417,]  -0.151561568
##  [418,]   3.187919701
##  [419,]  -0.512495298
##  [420,]  -0.661525767
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##  [943,]  11.001743030
##  [944,]  -4.627952306
##  [945,]   8.082184323
##  [946,]  -8.881275898
##  [947,]   3.356865408
##  [948,]   2.711758374
##  [949,]   2.246275794
##  [950,]  -8.449501221
##  [951,]   2.735597048
##  [952,]  -2.054617019
##  [953,]  -3.626415083
##  [954,]   0.153375964
##  [955,]   7.616351047
##  [956,]  -1.537182962
##  [957,]  -5.653111949
##  [958,]  -2.614900504
##  [959,]   4.374433907
##  [960,]   4.360182421
##  [961,]  -1.217777690
##  [962,]   1.186356162
##  [963,]  -4.770456874
##  [964,]  -1.527690743
##  [965,]   0.925212015
##  [966,]   2.331125659
##  [967,]  -1.738892614
##  [968,]  -4.292528914
##  [969,]  -4.944161848
##  [970,]   0.450250374
##  [971,]   4.818060699
##  [972,]  -1.203418078
##  [973,]   7.672468528
##  [974,]   4.660629571
##  [975,]   1.906106293
##  [976,]  -6.568868506
##  [977,]  -3.487106244
##  [978,]  -0.117624254
##  [979,]  -1.457092365
##  [980,]  -2.790263986
##  [981,]   6.228963021
##  [982,]  -9.011915192
##  [983,]   5.900281782
##  [984,]  10.303107823
##  [985,]  -4.365257779
##  [986,]  -3.973231769
##  [987,]  -6.706141827
##  [988,]  -3.867509549
##  [989,]  -3.546917750
##  [990,]   7.475167449
##  [991,]   6.224203753
##  [992,]  -1.777926733
##  [993,]   0.347845168
##  [994,]  -5.238879456
##  [995,]  10.569483216
##  [996,]  -5.381505308
##  [997,]  -4.073952152
##  [998,]  -3.515825470
##  [999,]   0.161209677
## [1000,]   3.358645199

Con los resultados obtenidos en el numeral 2, que opinión le merecen los resultados en funcions de los diferentes periodos de tiempo

Para el primer periodo se obtienen menos residuos de error es decir que el mayor rendimiento en promedio de los automoviles en carretera y ciudad se ubica para lo carros entre 1990 y 1999