Method 1: NHST/verbose

Model Info

Model Information
Value
df (model) 5
df (residual) 538
F 56.82
p <0.001

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics for Variable GPA
instruction.method N Mean Median SD Min Max Skew
lecture 389 73.81 73.91 10.02 46.83 100.00 -0.09
content 44 71.78 72.54 8.61 49.29 86.17 -0.62
flipped 44 65.31 66.24 10.69 39.08 88.95 -0.11
student 66 70.72 70.31 9.91 45.57 98.73 0.04
Descriptive Statistics for Variable Funding
instruction.method N Mean Median SD Min Max Skew
lecture 389 32.25 28 22.60 1 96 0.71
content 44 39.75 39 25.52 1 91 0.35
flipped 44 30.55 22 25.47 2 90 0.82
student 66 31.95 29 21.63 1 88 0.50

Tests of Residuals

Levine’s Homegeneity Test
df F p
group 3 1.184014 0.32
539
Shapiro’s Normality Test
W p
1 0.58

ANOVA Summary Table and Parameter Estimates

ANOVA Summary Table
df SS MS F p
funding 1 13652.05 13652.05 184.63 <0.001
instruction.method 3 3154.45 1051.48 14.22 <0.001
Residuals 538 39781.53 73.94
Parameter Estimates
B t p
(Intercept) 66.75415 98.38313 <0.001
funding 0.21889 13.57863 <0.001
instruction.methodcontent -3.67937 -2.67973 0.0076
instruction.methodflipped -8.12839 -5.94189 <0.001
instruction.methodstudent -3.02711 -2.64434 0.0084

Post-Hoc Tests

Post-Hoc Tests using Tukey HSD
Difference p
content-lecture -2.0381 0.572
flipped-lecture -8.5019 <0.001
student-lecture -3.0922 0.092
flipped-content -6.4638 0.013
student-content -1.0541 0.948
student-flipped 5.4097 0.028







Method 2: NHST/Minimal

ANOVA Summary Table
df F p
funding 1 184.63 <0.001
instruction.method 3 14.22 <0.001
Parameter Estimates
B t p
funding 0.21889 13.57863 <0.001
instruction.methodcontent -3.67937 -2.67973 0.0076
instruction.methodflipped -8.12839 -5.94189 <0.001
instruction.methodstudent -3.02711 -2.64434 0.0084







Method 3: Estimation/verbose

Model Info

Model Information
Value
\(R^2\) 0.3
Adjusted \(R^2\) 0.29
AIC 3884.64
BIC 3910.42
Log Likelihood -1936.32
VIF 1.01
\(\sigma\) 8.6

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics for Variable GPA
instruction.method N Mean Median SD Min Max Skew
lecture 389 73.81 73.91 10.02 46.83 100.00 -0.09
content 44 71.78 72.54 8.61 49.29 86.17 -0.62
flipped 44 65.31 66.24 10.69 39.08 88.95 -0.11
student 66 70.72 70.31 9.91 45.57 98.73 0.04
Descriptive Statistics for Variable Funding
instruction.method N Mean Median SD Min Max Skew
lecture 389 32.25 28 22.60 1 96 0.71
content 44 39.75 39 25.52 1 91 0.35
flipped 44 30.55 22 25.47 2 90 0.82
student 66 31.95 29 21.63 1 88 0.50

Residual Analysis

Estimate Value
Skewness 0.06
Kurtosis -0.20

Parameter Estimates

Parameter Estimates
B Lower Upper \(\beta\)
(Intercept) 66.75415 65.4242704 68.0840296 0.00000
funding 0.21889 0.1872948 0.2504852 0.49300
instruction.methodcontent -3.67937 -6.3705284 -0.9882116 -0.09835
instruction.methodflipped -8.12839 -10.8096308 -5.4471492 -0.21728
instruction.methodstudent -3.02711 -5.2708200 -0.7834000 -0.09689

Post-Hoc Analysis

Post-Hoc Tests using Tukey HSD
Difference Lower Limit Upper Limit Cohen’s d
content-lecture -2.0381 -6.1186 2.0423 0.35
flipped-lecture -8.5019 -12.5823 -4.4215 -0.59
student-lecture -3.0922 -6.5075 0.323 -0.08
flipped-content -6.4638 -11.9333 -0.9942 -0.95
student-content -1.0541 -6.0471 3.9389 -0.43
student-flipped 5.4097 0.4167 10.4027 0.52







Method 4: Estimation/Minimal

Parameter Estimates

Parameter Estimates
B Lower Upper \(\beta\)
(Intercept) 66.75415 65.4242704 68.0840296 0.00000
funding 0.21889 0.1872948 0.2504852 0.49300
instruction.methodcontent -3.67937 -6.3705284 -0.9882116 -0.09835
instruction.methodflipped -8.12839 -10.8096308 -5.4471492 -0.21728
instruction.methodstudent -3.02711 -5.2708200 -0.7834000 -0.09689

Post-Hoc Analysis

Post-Hoc Tests using Tukey HSD
Difference Lower Limit Upper Limit Cohen’s d
content-lecture -2.0381 -6.1186 2.0423 0.35
flipped-lecture -8.5019 -12.5823 -4.4215 -0.59
student-lecture -3.0922 -6.5075 0.323 -0.08
flipped-content -6.4638 -11.9333 -0.9942 -0.95
student-content -1.0541 -6.0471 3.9389 -0.43
student-flipped 5.4097 0.4167 10.4027 0.52







Method 5: Graphics/Verbose

Univariate Graphics

Diagnostic Graphics

Plots of the Model

Note: The gray line repeats the relationship from the first plot across the other panels for easier comparison across panels.

Plots of the Residuals







Method 6: Graphics/Minimal

Plots of the Model

Note: The gray line repeats the relationship from the first plot across the other panels for easier comparison across panels.

Plots of the Residuals