integrantes
Catherine Prada Rodriguez 10152043
Edinson Javier Gamba Martinez 10151144
Oscar Ivan Jaramillo Vargas 10151088
(1+sqrt(5))/2## [1] 1.6180341+3.3*log(50)## [1] 13.909681-exp(-1)## [1] 0.63212062+3^(1/5)## [1] 3.245731choose (5,2)## [1] 101/(1+(1/(1+(1/2))))## [1] 0.6(1+sqrt(1+2))^(1/3)## [1] 1.3979651+log(1/2)## [1] 0.3068528log(8,base=2)## [1] 3sin (pi)## [1] 1.224606e-16factorial (10)## [1] 3628800((1+sqrt(5))/2)^-1## [1] 0.6180342^(3^4)## [1] 2.417852e+24(2^3)^4## [1] 4096ñ.
(2/3)/4## [1] 0.16666672/(3/4)## [1] 2.6666677%%2## [1] 17%/%2## [1] 3a <- 1
b <- 2
3 -> d
f <<- 1L¿Qué hace?:
a## [1] 1Imprime el valor asignado a “a”, es decir, 1
print(a)## [1] 1También imprime el valor asignado a “a”, es decir, 1
(a)## [1] 1También imprime el valor asignado a “a”, es decir, 1
e <- a+bSuma los valores asignados a “a” y a “b”, y asigna el nuevo valor a “e”
(e <- a+b)## [1] 3Suma los valores asignados a “a” y a “b”, asigna el nuevo valor a “e” e imprime ese resultado, es decir, 3
d## [1] 3Imprime el valor asignado a “d”, es decir, 3
f## [1] 1Imprime el valor asignado a “f”, es decir, 1
exists("d")## [1] TRUEImprime “TRUE”, indicando que el objeto “d” existe
exists("zz")## [1] FALSEImprime “FALSE”, indicando que el objeto “zz” no existe
Vector x:
x <- c(3, 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 0, 6, 8)sort(x)## [1] 0 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8Ordena de menor a mayor los elementos del vector.
rev(x)## [1] 8 6 0 4 3 8 7 5 3Invierte el orden inicial de los elementos del vector.
sum(x)## [1] 44Suma los elementos del vector.
prod(x)## [1] 0Multiplica los elementos del vector.
length(x)## [1] 9Cuenta los elementos del vector.
min(x)## [1] 0Imprime el menor de los elementos del vector.
max(x)## [1] 8Imprime el mayor de los elementos del vector.
unique(x)## [1] 3 5 7 8 4 0 6Omite los elementos que se repitan en el vector, e imprime los restantes en su orden original.
duplicated(x)## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUEImprime tantos valores lógicos como elementos tenga el vector, indicando que hay elementos repetidos en las posiciones donde aparece “TRUE”.
rank(x)## [1] 2.5 5.0 7.0 8.5 2.5 4.0 1.0 6.0 8.5Asigna rangos dependiendo del tamaño de los elementos del vector.
cumsum(x)## [1] 3 8 15 23 26 30 30 36 44Muestra la suma acumulada de los elementos del vector.
mean(x)## [1] 4.888889Calcula el promedio muestral de los elementos del vector.
sd(x)## [1] 2.666667Calcula la desviación estándar muestral de los elementos del vector.
n
var(x)## [1] 7.111111Calcula la varianza muestral de los elementos del vector.
ñ.
summary(x)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000 3.000 5.000 4.889 7.000 8.000Muestra una tabla de resumen con las estadisticas del vector.
any(x<0)## [1] FALSEImprime un valor lógico que se refiere a la existencia o no dentro del vector de algún elemento que cumpla con la especificación dada en el argumento. No hay ningún elemento menor a cero, por lo que el resultado es “FALSE”.
table(x)## x
## 0 3 4 5 6 7 8
## 1 2 1 1 1 1 2Realiza una tabla de frecuencias del vector.
sample(x,2,replace=TRUE)## [1] 5 8Da una muestra aleatoria de dos elementos del vector con reemplazo
1:7## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7rep("d",6)## [1] "d" "d" "d" "d" "d" "d"rep(1:5,2)## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5rep(1:5, c(2,2,2,2,2))## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5rep(1:3, c(3,3,3))## [1] 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3rep(1:5, c(2,1,2,1,2))## [1] 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5rep(1:5, each=2, len=12)## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 1rep(1:3, each=2, len=12)## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3seq(2,22,4)## [1] 2 6 10 14 18 222.1:5.1## [1] 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1cola <- c("Carlos", "Paola", "Pedro", "Valeria")cola[5]="María"
cola## [1] "Carlos" "Paola" "Pedro" "Valeria" "María"b.Se va Carlos
cola[-1]## [1] "Paola" "Pedro" "Valeria" "María"c.Pedro se aburre y se va
cola[c(-1,-3)]## [1] "Paola" "Valeria" "María"ls()## [1] "a" "b" "cola" "d" "e" "f" "x"muestra los objetos creados hasta el momento.
rm (a)Remueve una de las variables creadas.
Sys.Date()## [1] "2019-03-01"Imprime la fecha actual segun la configuracion del sistema.
D.
Sys.time()## [1] "2019-03-01 20:20:42 -05"Imprime la fecha y la hora actual del sistema y puede mostrar diferentes horarias y días.
sessionInfo()## R version 3.5.2 (2018-12-20)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 17763)
##
## Matrix products: default
##
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=Spanish_Latin America.1252
## [2] LC_CTYPE=Spanish_Latin America.1252
## [3] LC_MONETARY=Spanish_Latin America.1252
## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
## [5] LC_TIME=Spanish_Latin America.1252
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] compiler_3.5.2 magrittr_1.5 tools_3.5.2 htmltools_0.3.6
## [5] yaml_2.2.0 Rcpp_1.0.0 stringi_1.3.1 rmarkdown_1.11
## [9] knitr_1.21 stringr_1.4.0 xfun_0.5 digest_0.6.18
## [13] evaluate_0.13Imprime información relevante sobre R como la version y datos del equipo.
Limpia la consola.
x = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3)funcion rle ()
rle(x)## Run Length Encoding
## lengths: int [1:3] 3 4 2
## values : num [1:3] 1 2 3Imprime cuantas veces se repite un elemento y qué elementos son.
función NROW()
NROW(x)## [1] 9Imprime el número de filas que tiene el vector.
funcion NCOL()
NCOL(x)## [1] 1Muestra el número de columnas que tiene el vector.
x1 <- c(1:5)
x2 = c(6:8)
x1 + x2## Warning in x1 + x2: longitud de objeto mayor no es múltiplo de la longitud
## de uno menor## [1] 7 9 11 10 12El programa completa el vector mas corto repitiendo los elemntos en su orden y sumandolos con los elementos del vector más grande hasta que los dos tengan el mismo tamaño.
suppressWarnings (x1 + x2)## [1] 7 9 11 10 12Muestra el resultado sin la advertencia
vec <- c(3:8,1:6,7)
which.min(vec)## [1] 7Muestra la posición del valor mínimo de un vector.
which.max(vec)## [1] 6Muestra la posición en la que se encuentra el valor máximo del vector.
a=(1:9)
names(a)<-a
outer(a,a,"*")## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
## 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
## 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
## 3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
## 4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
## 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
## 6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
## 7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
## 8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
## 9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81X=c(TRUE,FALSE)
names(X)<-X
outer(X,X,"&")## TRUE FALSE
## TRUE TRUE FALSE
## FALSE FALSE FALSEouter(X,X,"|")## TRUE FALSE
## TRUE TRUE TRUE
## FALSE TRUE FALSE2/3/4## [1] 0.1666667Divide a fracción 2/3 entre 4
2+3*5## [1] 17Primero resulve la multiplicación, y luego la suma.
4^3^2## [1] 262144Resuelve una potencia de una potencia.
1:10-1## [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Crea un rezago en el vector.
1:(10-1)## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Crea el vector de uno a nueve.
Dado que primero multiplica el escalar b (5) por cada elemento del vector, y a cada uno le suma “a” (1), predecimos que el resultado va a ser: (6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31)
a=1
b=5
c=6
a+b*(1:c)## [1] 6 11 16 21 26 31letters## [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q"
## [18] "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"letters[1:5]## [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e"letters[(length (letters)-3):length (letters)]## [1] "w" "x" "y" "z" letters[c(2,8, length(letters))]## [1] "b" "h" "z"colors()## [1] "white" "aliceblue" "antiquewhite"
## [4] "antiquewhite1" "antiquewhite2" "antiquewhite3"
## [7] "antiquewhite4" "aquamarine" "aquamarine1"
## [10] "aquamarine2" "aquamarine3" "aquamarine4"
## [13] "azure" "azure1" "azure2"
## [16] "azure3" "azure4" "beige"
## [19] "bisque" "bisque1" "bisque2"
## [22] "bisque3" "bisque4" "black"
## [25] "blanchedalmond" "blue" "blue1"
## [28] "blue2" "blue3" "blue4"
## [31] "blueviolet" "brown" "brown1"
## [34] "brown2" "brown3" "brown4"
## [37] "burlywood" "burlywood1" "burlywood2"
## [40] "burlywood3" "burlywood4" "cadetblue"
## [43] "cadetblue1" "cadetblue2" "cadetblue3"
## [46] "cadetblue4" "chartreuse" "chartreuse1"
## [49] "chartreuse2" "chartreuse3" "chartreuse4"
## [52] "chocolate" "chocolate1" "chocolate2"
## [55] "chocolate3" "chocolate4" "coral"
## [58] "coral1" "coral2" "coral3"
## [61] "coral4" "cornflowerblue" "cornsilk"
## [64] "cornsilk1" "cornsilk2" "cornsilk3"
## [67] "cornsilk4" "cyan" "cyan1"
## [70] "cyan2" "cyan3" "cyan4"
## [73] "darkblue" "darkcyan" "darkgoldenrod"
## [76] "darkgoldenrod1" "darkgoldenrod2" "darkgoldenrod3"
## [79] "darkgoldenrod4" "darkgray" "darkgreen"
## [82] "darkgrey" "darkkhaki" "darkmagenta"
## [85] "darkolivegreen" "darkolivegreen1" "darkolivegreen2"
## [88] "darkolivegreen3" "darkolivegreen4" "darkorange"
## [91] "darkorange1" "darkorange2" "darkorange3"
## [94] "darkorange4" "darkorchid" "darkorchid1"
## [97] "darkorchid2" "darkorchid3" "darkorchid4"
## [100] "darkred" "darksalmon" "darkseagreen"
## [103] "darkseagreen1" "darkseagreen2" "darkseagreen3"
## [106] "darkseagreen4" "darkslateblue" "darkslategray"
## [109] "darkslategray1" "darkslategray2" "darkslategray3"
## [112] "darkslategray4" "darkslategrey" "darkturquoise"
## [115] "darkviolet" "deeppink" "deeppink1"
## [118] "deeppink2" "deeppink3" "deeppink4"
## [121] "deepskyblue" "deepskyblue1" "deepskyblue2"
## [124] "deepskyblue3" "deepskyblue4" "dimgray"
## [127] "dimgrey" "dodgerblue" "dodgerblue1"
## [130] "dodgerblue2" "dodgerblue3" "dodgerblue4"
## [133] "firebrick" "firebrick1" "firebrick2"
## [136] "firebrick3" "firebrick4" "floralwhite"
## [139] "forestgreen" "gainsboro" "ghostwhite"
## [142] "gold" "gold1" "gold2"
## [145] "gold3" "gold4" "goldenrod"
## [148] "goldenrod1" "goldenrod2" "goldenrod3"
## [151] "goldenrod4" "gray" "gray0"
## [154] "gray1" "gray2" "gray3"
## [157] "gray4" "gray5" "gray6"
## [160] "gray7" "gray8" "gray9"
## [163] "gray10" "gray11" "gray12"
## [166] "gray13" "gray14" "gray15"
## [169] "gray16" "gray17" "gray18"
## [172] "gray19" "gray20" "gray21"
## [175] "gray22" "gray23" "gray24"
## [178] "gray25" "gray26" "gray27"
## [181] "gray28" "gray29" "gray30"
## [184] "gray31" "gray32" "gray33"
## [187] "gray34" "gray35" "gray36"
## [190] "gray37" "gray38" "gray39"
## [193] "gray40" "gray41" "gray42"
## [196] "gray43" "gray44" "gray45"
## [199] "gray46" "gray47" "gray48"
## [202] "gray49" "gray50" "gray51"
## [205] "gray52" "gray53" "gray54"
## [208] "gray55" "gray56" "gray57"
## [211] "gray58" "gray59" "gray60"
## [214] "gray61" "gray62" "gray63"
## [217] "gray64" "gray65" "gray66"
## [220] "gray67" "gray68" "gray69"
## [223] "gray70" "gray71" "gray72"
## [226] "gray73" "gray74" "gray75"
## [229] "gray76" "gray77" "gray78"
## [232] "gray79" "gray80" "gray81"
## [235] "gray82" "gray83" "gray84"
## [238] "gray85" "gray86" "gray87"
## [241] "gray88" "gray89" "gray90"
## [244] "gray91" "gray92" "gray93"
## [247] "gray94" "gray95" "gray96"
## [250] "gray97" "gray98" "gray99"
## [253] "gray100" "green" "green1"
## [256] "green2" "green3" "green4"
## [259] "greenyellow" "grey" "grey0"
## [262] "grey1" "grey2" "grey3"
## [265] "grey4" "grey5" "grey6"
## [268] "grey7" "grey8" "grey9"
## [271] "grey10" "grey11" "grey12"
## [274] "grey13" "grey14" "grey15"
## [277] "grey16" "grey17" "grey18"
## [280] "grey19" "grey20" "grey21"
## [283] "grey22" "grey23" "grey24"
## [286] "grey25" "grey26" "grey27"
## [289] "grey28" "grey29" "grey30"
## [292] "grey31" "grey32" "grey33"
## [295] "grey34" "grey35" "grey36"
## [298] "grey37" "grey38" "grey39"
## [301] "grey40" "grey41" "grey42"
## [304] "grey43" "grey44" "grey45"
## [307] "grey46" "grey47" "grey48"
## [310] "grey49" "grey50" "grey51"
## [313] "grey52" "grey53" "grey54"
## [316] "grey55" "grey56" "grey57"
## [319] "grey58" "grey59" "grey60"
## [322] "grey61" "grey62" "grey63"
## [325] "grey64" "grey65" "grey66"
## [328] "grey67" "grey68" "grey69"
## [331] "grey70" "grey71" "grey72"
## [334] "grey73" "grey74" "grey75"
## [337] "grey76" "grey77" "grey78"
## [340] "grey79" "grey80" "grey81"
## [343] "grey82" "grey83" "grey84"
## [346] "grey85" "grey86" "grey87"
## [349] "grey88" "grey89" "grey90"
## [352] "grey91" "grey92" "grey93"
## [355] "grey94" "grey95" "grey96"
## [358] "grey97" "grey98" "grey99"
## [361] "grey100" "honeydew" "honeydew1"
## [364] "honeydew2" "honeydew3" "honeydew4"
## [367] "hotpink" "hotpink1" "hotpink2"
## [370] "hotpink3" "hotpink4" "indianred"
## [373] "indianred1" "indianred2" "indianred3"
## [376] "indianred4" "ivory" "ivory1"
## [379] "ivory2" "ivory3" "ivory4"
## [382] "khaki" "khaki1" "khaki2"
## [385] "khaki3" "khaki4" "lavender"
## [388] "lavenderblush" "lavenderblush1" "lavenderblush2"
## [391] "lavenderblush3" "lavenderblush4" "lawngreen"
## [394] "lemonchiffon" "lemonchiffon1" "lemonchiffon2"
## [397] "lemonchiffon3" "lemonchiffon4" "lightblue"
## [400] "lightblue1" "lightblue2" "lightblue3"
## [403] "lightblue4" "lightcoral" "lightcyan"
## [406] "lightcyan1" "lightcyan2" "lightcyan3"
## [409] "lightcyan4" "lightgoldenrod" "lightgoldenrod1"
## [412] "lightgoldenrod2" "lightgoldenrod3" "lightgoldenrod4"
## [415] "lightgoldenrodyellow" "lightgray" "lightgreen"
## [418] "lightgrey" "lightpink" "lightpink1"
## [421] "lightpink2" "lightpink3" "lightpink4"
## [424] "lightsalmon" "lightsalmon1" "lightsalmon2"
## [427] "lightsalmon3" "lightsalmon4" "lightseagreen"
## [430] "lightskyblue" "lightskyblue1" "lightskyblue2"
## [433] "lightskyblue3" "lightskyblue4" "lightslateblue"
## [436] "lightslategray" "lightslategrey" "lightsteelblue"
## [439] "lightsteelblue1" "lightsteelblue2" "lightsteelblue3"
## [442] "lightsteelblue4" "lightyellow" "lightyellow1"
## [445] "lightyellow2" "lightyellow3" "lightyellow4"
## [448] "limegreen" "linen" "magenta"
## [451] "magenta1" "magenta2" "magenta3"
## [454] "magenta4" "maroon" "maroon1"
## [457] "maroon2" "maroon3" "maroon4"
## [460] "mediumaquamarine" "mediumblue" "mediumorchid"
## [463] "mediumorchid1" "mediumorchid2" "mediumorchid3"
## [466] "mediumorchid4" "mediumpurple" "mediumpurple1"
## [469] "mediumpurple2" "mediumpurple3" "mediumpurple4"
## [472] "mediumseagreen" "mediumslateblue" "mediumspringgreen"
## [475] "mediumturquoise" "mediumvioletred" "midnightblue"
## [478] "mintcream" "mistyrose" "mistyrose1"
## [481] "mistyrose2" "mistyrose3" "mistyrose4"
## [484] "moccasin" "navajowhite" "navajowhite1"
## [487] "navajowhite2" "navajowhite3" "navajowhite4"
## [490] "navy" "navyblue" "oldlace"
## [493] "olivedrab" "olivedrab1" "olivedrab2"
## [496] "olivedrab3" "olivedrab4" "orange"
## [499] "orange1" "orange2" "orange3"
## [502] "orange4" "orangered" "orangered1"
## [505] "orangered2" "orangered3" "orangered4"
## [508] "orchid" "orchid1" "orchid2"
## [511] "orchid3" "orchid4" "palegoldenrod"
## [514] "palegreen" "palegreen1" "palegreen2"
## [517] "palegreen3" "palegreen4" "paleturquoise"
## [520] "paleturquoise1" "paleturquoise2" "paleturquoise3"
## [523] "paleturquoise4" "palevioletred" "palevioletred1"
## [526] "palevioletred2" "palevioletred3" "palevioletred4"
## [529] "papayawhip" "peachpuff" "peachpuff1"
## [532] "peachpuff2" "peachpuff3" "peachpuff4"
## [535] "peru" "pink" "pink1"
## [538] "pink2" "pink3" "pink4"
## [541] "plum" "plum1" "plum2"
## [544] "plum3" "plum4" "powderblue"
## [547] "purple" "purple1" "purple2"
## [550] "purple3" "purple4" "red"
## [553] "red1" "red2" "red3"
## [556] "red4" "rosybrown" "rosybrown1"
## [559] "rosybrown2" "rosybrown3" "rosybrown4"
## [562] "royalblue" "royalblue1" "royalblue2"
## [565] "royalblue3" "royalblue4" "saddlebrown"
## [568] "salmon" "salmon1" "salmon2"
## [571] "salmon3" "salmon4" "sandybrown"
## [574] "seagreen" "seagreen1" "seagreen2"
## [577] "seagreen3" "seagreen4" "seashell"
## [580] "seashell1" "seashell2" "seashell3"
## [583] "seashell4" "sienna" "sienna1"
## [586] "sienna2" "sienna3" "sienna4"
## [589] "skyblue" "skyblue1" "skyblue2"
## [592] "skyblue3" "skyblue4" "slateblue"
## [595] "slateblue1" "slateblue2" "slateblue3"
## [598] "slateblue4" "slategray" "slategray1"
## [601] "slategray2" "slategray3" "slategray4"
## [604] "slategrey" "snow" "snow1"
## [607] "snow2" "snow3" "snow4"
## [610] "springgreen" "springgreen1" "springgreen2"
## [613] "springgreen3" "springgreen4" "steelblue"
## [616] "steelblue1" "steelblue2" "steelblue3"
## [619] "steelblue4" "tan" "tan1"
## [622] "tan2" "tan3" "tan4"
## [625] "thistle" "thistle1" "thistle2"
## [628] "thistle3" "thistle4" "tomato"
## [631] "tomato1" "tomato2" "tomato3"
## [634] "tomato4" "turquoise" "turquoise1"
## [637] "turquoise2" "turquoise3" "turquoise4"
## [640] "violet" "violetred" "violetred1"
## [643] "violetred2" "violetred3" "violetred4"
## [646] "wheat" "wheat1" "wheat2"
## [649] "wheat3" "wheat4" "whitesmoke"
## [652] "yellow" "yellow1" "yellow2"
## [655] "yellow3" "yellow4" "yellowgreen"a.¿es un vector?
is.vector(colors())## [1] TRUEsi, es un vector
b.¿Qué estructura tiene
str(colors())## chr [1:657] "white" "aliceblue" "antiquewhite" "antiquewhite1" ...Es un vector de caracteres con 657 elementos.
C.¿Cuál es su longitud?
length(colors())## [1] 657head(colours(),10)## [1] "white" "aliceblue" "antiquewhite" "antiquewhite1"
## [5] "antiquewhite2" "antiquewhite3" "antiquewhite4" "aquamarine"
## [9] "aquamarine1" "aquamarine2"head## function (x, ...)
## UseMethod("head")
## <bytecode: 0x000000001411ea80>
## <environment: namespace:utils>Devuelve las primeras o últimas partes de un vector, matriz, tabla, marco de datos o función. Como head () y tail () son funciones genéricas, también pueden haberse extendido a otras clases.
e.¿Qué hace el comando?
tail(colors(),5)## [1] "yellow1" "yellow2" "yellow3" "yellow4" "yellowgreen"Devuelve las primeras o últimas partes de un vector, matriz, tabla, marco de datos o función. Como head () y tail () son funciones genéricas, también pueden haberse extendido a otras clases.
f.¿En qué posición esta el color “purple”?
which(colors()=="purple")## [1] 547El color “purple” está en la posición 547.