R Bridge Week 3 Assignment
Javern Wilson
January 8, 2019
Do Airbags Really Save Lives?
Introduction
Airbag Dataset
Retrieved the CSV file from ==> Datasets <== website to begin data analysis
## X dvcat weight dead airbag seatbelt frontal sex ageOFocc yearacc
## 1 1 25-39 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 26 1997
## 2 2 10-24 25.069 alive airbag belted 1 f 72 1997
## 3 3 10-24 32.379 alive none none 1 f 69 1997
## 4 4 25-39 495.444 alive airbag belted 1 f 53 1997
## 5 5 25-39 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 32 1997
## 6 6 40-54 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 22 1997
## yearVeh abcat occRole deploy injSeverity caseid
## 1 1990 unavail driver 0 3 2:3:1
## 2 1995 deploy driver 1 1 2:3:2
## 3 1988 unavail driver 0 4 2:5:1
## 4 1995 deploy driver 1 1 2:10:1
## 5 1988 unavail driver 0 3 2:11:1
## 6 1985 unavail driver 0 3 2:11:2## X dvcat weight dead airbag seatbelt frontal sex ageOFocc
## 26212 26212 25-39 261.217 alive airbag belted 0 f 45
## 26213 26213 25-39 3179.688 alive none belted 1 m 17
## 26214 26214 10-24 71.228 alive airbag belted 1 m 54
## 26215 26215 10-24 10.474 alive airbag belted 1 f 27
## 26216 26216 25-39 10.474 alive airbag belted 1 f 18
## 26217 26217 25-39 10.474 alive airbag belted 1 m 17
## yearacc yearVeh abcat occRole deploy injSeverity caseid
## 26212 2002 1997 nodeploy driver 0 2 82:106:2
## 26213 2002 1985 unavail driver 0 0 82:107:1
## 26214 2002 2002 nodeploy driver 0 2 82:108:2
## 26215 2002 1990 deploy driver 1 3 82:110:1
## 26216 2002 1999 deploy driver 1 0 82:110:2
## 26217 2002 1999 deploy pass 1 0 82:110:2Summary: Exploration
Below is a general summary of the Accidents dataset showing the mean, medians, quartiles for each numeric columns.
## dvcat weight dead
## Length:26217 Min. : 0.00 Length:26217
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 32.47 Class :character
## Mode :character Median : 86.99 Mode :character
## Mean : 462.81
## 3rd Qu.: 364.72
## Max. :57871.59
## airbag seatbelt frontal sex
## Length:26217 Length:26217 Min. :0.0000 Length:26217
## Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000 Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Median :1.0000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.6433
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000
## ageOFocc yearacc yearVeh abcat
## Min. :16.00 Min. :1997 Min. : 0 Length:26217
## 1st Qu.:22.00 1st Qu.:1998 1st Qu.:1989 Class :character
## Median :33.00 Median :2000 Median :1994 Mode :character
## Mean :37.21 Mean :2000 Mean :1993
## 3rd Qu.:48.00 3rd Qu.:2001 3rd Qu.:1997
## Max. :97.00 Max. :2002 Max. :2003
## occRole deploy injSeverity caseid
## Length:26217 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.000 Length:26217
## Class :character 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.000 Class :character
## Mode :character Median :0.000 Median :2.000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.337 Mean :1.705
## 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :1.000 Max. :6.000Based on the summary, most accidents happened head on with occupants in their late 30’s. Most of these accidents happened in the year 2000.
The severity of the injuries can be based on many factors such as:
- How fast the car was moving
- Whether or not the airbags deployed or were unavailable.
- If the occupants had on a seatbelt.
The most popular vehicular models were made in 1993. Based on research, airbags did not become mandatory in cars until 1998.Check it out here. Therefore when cars got into accidents, in most cases airbags were unavailable.
The Summary function does not show any information for character variables so below is a view of the factor levels and frequency for each character column.
## 1-9km/h 10-24 25-39 40-54 55+
## 686 12848 8214 2977 1492
Notice that 55+ is the has the second lowest count of accidents while range 10-24 has the highest.There could be for reasons such as the driver being distracted or drving too slow.
Totals for each factor in each columns
## alive dead
## 25037 1180## airbag none
## 14419 11798## belted none
## 18573 7644## f m
## 12248 13969## driver pass
## 20601 5616
## deploy nodeploy unavail
## 8836 5583 11798
Majority of the time, airbags were unavailable. As mentioned before, the average model of cars were made from 1993 and airbags were not mandated until 1998.
Men were more likely to be involved in accidents than the women. The men were usually younger (early to mid 30s). Histogram is positively skewed since the tail is on the right.
Below is a scatterplot showing age against weight/ sample weights. Both variables are being compared against each other to represent an observation.
Shows that there is no correlation between these two variables
####Cars crashes with no airbags were common in 1999 while in year 2000 those with airbags got in accidents.
Fatality Outcomes based on other attributes
Compariing outcome of injuries based on airbag functionality, seatbealt and speed. This report clearly shows how important it is to wear a seatbelt along with seatbelt.
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 1-9km/h
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 176 0
## m 151 0
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 1-9km/h
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 80 0
## m 54 0
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 1-9km/h
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 44 0
## m 25 12
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 1-9km/h
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 16 0
## m 37 0
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 10-24
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 4450 26
## m 2982 45
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 10-24
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 2210 48
## m 1668 15
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 10-24
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 1127 48
## m 1159 122
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 10-24
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 976 23
## m 1336 109
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 25-39
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 2950 142
## m 2168 89
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 25-39
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 2080 152
## m 1941 136
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 25-39
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 945 66
## m 1274 201
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 25-39
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 1204 136
## m 2108 254
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 40-54
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 924 147
## m 875 149
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 40-54
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 755 162
## m 865 164
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 40-54
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 339 125
## m 573 156
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 40-54
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 514 138
## m 1248 313
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 55+
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 299 151
## m 386 159
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = belted, dvcat = 55+
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 310 143
## m 474 218
##
## , , airbag = airbag, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 55+
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 136 122
## m 302 232
##
## , , airbag = none, seatbelt = none, dvcat = 55+
##
## dead
## sex alive dead
## f 245 188
## m 690 426Age vs Injury
## injSeverity ageOFocc
## 1 0 35.05323
## 2 1 37.27364
## 3 2 36.00919
## 4 3 38.49429
## 5 4 43.83989
## 6 5 41.48872
## 7 6 62.50000As seen in this findings above, occupants nearing age 40+ tend to be classed in fatal or serious injuries than the younger population.
Data Wrangling: Changing Attributes
A subset of the Airbag dataset was created and name of columns were changed. This is a view of accidents that happened after 1998 and where the occupants survived. Here are the differences:
- More airbags deployed since the median and average is 1 compared to the previous summary where they were both 0. This showed that accident control measure were improving.
- The popular age group is still in the 30’s
- The severity of most injuries stayed within the #2 range (mild injuries).
## Item# Impact Speed Weight Dead/Alive Airbag Seatbelt Frontal Impact
## 8413 8413 10-24 131.322 alive airbag belted 1
## 8424 8424 10-24 891.942 alive airbag belted 1
## 8426 8426 10-24 57.246 alive airbag none 1
## 8428 8428 10-24 173.877 alive airbag belted 1
## 8431 8431 10-24 27.003 alive airbag belted 1
## Gender Age Accident Year Model Year Airbag Status Role Deploy
## 8413 Male 31 1999 1996 deploy driver 1
## 8424 Female 32 1999 1991 deploy driver 1
## 8426 Female 21 1999 1993 deploy driver 1
## 8428 Female 53 1999 1995 deploy driver 1
## 8431 Male 36 1999 1998 deploy driver 1
## Injury Range Case ID
## 8413 1 2:13:1
## 8424 1 2:24:1
## 8426 3 2:28:1
## 8428 1 2:29:1
## 8431 1 2:31:2## Item# Impact Speed Weight Dead/Alive
## Min. : 8413 Length:6262 Min. : 0.00 Length:6262
## 1st Qu.:13660 Class :character 1st Qu.: 29.68 Class :character
## Median :18240 Mode :character Median : 81.41 Mode :character
## Mean :17859 Mean : 349.04
## 3rd Qu.:22274 3rd Qu.: 291.12
## Max. :26217 Max. :29533.13
## Airbag Seatbelt Frontal Impact Gender
## Length:6262 Length:6262 Min. :0.000 Length:6262
## Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:1.000 Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :character Median :1.000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.816
## 3rd Qu.:1.000
## Max. :1.000
## Age Accident Year Model Year Airbag Status
## Min. :16.00 Min. :1999 Min. :1988 Length:6262
## 1st Qu.:22.00 1st Qu.:2000 1st Qu.:1995 Class :character
## Median :32.00 Median :2001 Median :1997 Mode :character
## Mean :36.99 Mean :2001 Mean :1997
## 3rd Qu.:47.00 3rd Qu.:2002 3rd Qu.:1999
## Max. :97.00 Max. :2002 Max. :2003
## Role Deploy Injury Range Case ID
## Length:6262 Min. :1 Min. :0.000 Length:6262
## Class :character 1st Qu.:1 1st Qu.:1.000 Class :character
## Mode :character Median :1 Median :2.000 Mode :character
## Mean :1 Mean :1.719
## 3rd Qu.:1 3rd Qu.:3.000
## Max. :1 Max. :6.000Conclusion
It can be concluded that airbags are effective in its assistance towards preventing death. With focus on airbags,not considering the other factors, 33.7% of the airbags actually deployed and 33.8% of the occuppants lived. Those numbers are close. During 1997-2002, when air bags are becoming popular and mandatory, automakers were still learning how to improve the product. Airbags may contribute to injuries cause by car crashes due to:
- the force of the deployment power based on the size of the occupants,
- the chemicals released when deployed or
- injury to the eye.
These are some of the factors that needed to be considered in those times. However, with the way technology is progressing, airbags are now manufactured to be deployed with less force and be smart due to the sensors created to detect rapid deceleration of the vehicle, inflating almost instantly to cushion the human body. Furthermore, with the help of occupants wearing seatbelts while in their automobile, this can significantly reduce any chance of injuries susceptible to loss of life.
Bonus
Read file from Github
## X dvcat weight dead airbag seatbelt frontal sex ageOFocc yearacc
## 1 1 25-39 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 26 1997
## 2 2 10-24 25.069 alive airbag belted 1 f 72 1997
## 3 3 10-24 32.379 alive none none 1 f 69 1997
## 4 4 25-39 495.444 alive airbag belted 1 f 53 1997
## 5 5 25-39 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 32 1997
## 6 6 40-54 25.069 alive none belted 1 f 22 1997
## 7 7 55+ 27.078 alive none belted 1 m 22 1997
## 8 8 55+ 27.078 dead none none 1 m 32 1997
## 9 9 10-24 812.869 alive none belted 0 m 40 1997
## 10 10 10-24 812.869 alive none belted 1 f 18 1997
## yearVeh abcat occRole deploy injSeverity caseid
## 1 1990 unavail driver 0 3 2:3:1
## 2 1995 deploy driver 1 1 2:3:2
## 3 1988 unavail driver 0 4 2:5:1
## 4 1995 deploy driver 1 1 2:10:1
## 5 1988 unavail driver 0 3 2:11:1
## 6 1985 unavail driver 0 3 2:11:2
## 7 1984 unavail driver 0 3 2:13:1
## 8 1987 unavail driver 0 4 2:13:2
## 9 1984 unavail driver 0 1 2:14:1
## 10 1987 unavail driver 0 0 2:14:2