Radiation Protection Part I

Sofia Skyttner, MSc
2019

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Who is here today?

All questions = good questions!
Roman Catholic Elementary School- Life at St Joseph's, Upper Norwood, 1943 D14457.jpg
Creative Commons-licens Ministry of Information Photo Devision Photographer

Medical Imaging

Ionizing Radiation

  • Interventional radiology
  • Diagnostic radiology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiation treatment

Non-Ionizing Radiation

  • MR
  • Ultrasound

Welcome to "Magnetröntgen"...?

EM spectrum.svg
Creative Commons-licens Link

Itchy feeling when radiation is on...?

  • Most likely extra sensitive to radiation, quit work!
  • Use dubble lead aprons
  • Not possible to percieve ionizing radiation

EM Spectrum Properties
Creative Commons-licens Inductiveload

Radiation dose

Dose
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

Late (stochastic) radiation damage...

…tilläggsrisk för cancer.
ADN animation.gif
Creative Commons-licens brian0918

Additive risk with increasing dose

Increased risk with dose
Creative Commons-licens Stephen David Williams
Läs mer: BIER VII Report

At low radiation dose...?

Radiations at low doses
Creative Commons-licens Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Läs mer: BIER VII Report

Expose 100 persons for 100 mSv...

Radioactivité risque cancer proportion
Creative Commons-licens Lamiot

Dose concept

dose_concept
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

  • Absorberbed dose to brain = 50 mGy
  • Equivalent dose to brain = 50 mSv
  • Effective dose = 2 mSv

Dose displayed on X-ray systems...?

  • DAP (Dose-Area Product) Gycm²
  • AK (Air-KERMA, Air-Kinetic Energy Released per unit MAss) mGy (J/kg)
  • PSD (Peak Skin Dose) ≈ AK

Note:

Unity prefix can vary between manufacturers…!
Ex: Gycm2 , mGydm2, etc…

Natural background: 1 mSv/år

VISIONS: Seeing the Aurora in a New Lightskyddat_omrade
Creative Commons-licens NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (left)

  • Cathegory B: protected area
  • Cathegory A: controlled area

Upgrade to A-team for X-ray...?

B (risk to exceed 1 mSv/år)

  • Nurses and physicians (anesthesia/emergency care)
  • Surgery nurses and surgeons (C-arm)
  • Radiographers & radiologists (CT/X-ray)
  • Biomedical analysts (pediatric angio)
  • Engineers & physicists

A (risk to exceed 6 mSv/år)

  • Surgeons/radiologists/radiographers in angio/interventional procedures

YOUR dose limits

Effective dose (risk)

  • staff, 20 mSv/year (investigation at 5 mSv)
  • patient relative, 1 mSv
  • patient, no dose limit

Equivalent dose (organdos)

  • foetus, 1 mSv
  • eye lens, 20 mSv/year (500 mSv threshold dose)
  • skin and extremity, 500 mSv/year

Distance, time and shielding!

Selfie_x-ray
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

Acute staff radiation damage

Cataract in human eye.png
Creative Commons-licens Rakesh Ahuja, MD

  • Cataract
  • Equivalent dos > 500 mSv

First come, first shielded...?!!

  • Lead aprons for all!
  • Mobile shielding…?
  • Lead glasses for everybody…?

Campo de Criptana Molinos de Viento 2.jpg
Creative Commons-licens Lourdes Cardenal

Adequate apron...?

  • Cracks?
  • Lead equivalence (0.25/0.35/0.50 mm)…?
  • Covering…?
    Lead Apron worn by Dr Danny Sands.jpg
    Creative Commons-licens Ted Eytan

The younger the patient...

age-related_risk
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner
Read: ICRP Publication 60

Pregnant staff...?

  • Contact your physicist
  • Personal dosimeter

Right to completely avoid working with ionizing radiation…
…but always avoid working close to patient at

  • Angio/interventional procedures
  • Computed tomography
  • Surgery with C-arms (large geometries as abdomen)

Scattered radiation at C-arm

Mobile X-ray image intensifier.JPGstray_rad_c-arm
Creative Commons-licens Dennisthemonkeychild (left), Sofia Skyttner (right)
Read: ICRP Report 85

Spridd strålning vid DT:n

stray_rad_CT
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

Pregnant staff at MR...?

MRI-Philips.JPGTidens naturlære fig40.png
Creative Commons-licens Jan Ainali (left), Public Domain (right)

Report radiation of foetus...

…if foetis is in or partly in radiation field, and if only the mother is considered patient!

BabyXray
Creative Commons-licens James Heilman

Correct patient...? Always check ID!

HmhCathLab.JPG
Creative Commons-licens Hmhedp

Simple steps to minimize YOUR dose

combined_rad_prot_actions
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner
Read: Geijer et al Eur. Radiol. 12 (2002)

Radiation protection handbook

rad_prot_handbook
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

Radiation protection mission...?

Rad Prot Organistaion = Multiplication Table

batman"
Creative Commons-licens Adrianogon

Know your multiplication table

radiation_protection_organization
Creative Commons-licens Sofia Skyttner

Team work for radiation protection!

Radiologist + physicist + radiographer + …
Join Our Team
Creative Commons-licens Craig Taylor
… + surgeon + surgery nurse + engineer + manager + …

Thank You!

Fireworks - Adelaide Skyshow 2010
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