The following is an analysis of a network of 640 novels and short stories written in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Forming the basis of this network is a series of analyses undertaken according to J.F. Burrows' 'Delta' method, which compares novels based on the similarity with which they deploy the 5000 most frequent word and word combinations, i.e: 'the', 'the man', 'the man who', 'the man who was' etc.

This network analysis is enacted in order to demonstrate the ways in which network analysis could be methodologically suitable for the analysis of literary style

• Literary criticism generally concerned with semiotic content of a text
• Cultural turn: new modernist, neo-victorian moving away from masculinist, canonical modes, Eurocentric narratives of modernisation to audience, international modernisms
• Attendant risk of passing over historicisation, actual power relations attendant upon networks of publication, dissemination
• Systemic and historicised approaches can fuse quantitative with the qualitative, allowing us to view style as embedded within a broader ecosystem without revivifying a retrograde belles-lettres notion of 'style', or re-emphasising the canonical

So, first we read in the .csv files which will form the basis of our network, and inspect the data to ensure it all works as it should

##                                          Source
## 1                                Braddon_Gerard
## 2 Edgeworth_The Most Unfortunate Day of my Life
## 3                          Alcott_Flower Fables
## 4                           Conrad_A Set of Six
## 5                        Conrad_The Shadow Line
## 6                              Gaskell_Cranford
##                                Target       Type Weight
## 1              Wharton_Fast and Loose Undirected    150
## 2 Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither Undirected    150
## 3                   Edgeworth_Leonora Undirected    150
## 4 Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither Undirected    150
## 5 Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither Undirected    150
## 6 Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither Undirected    150

So we can see that there are 640 nodes, each one representing a novel or short story collection, and 2163 edges, which represent relationships between these novels. We see here that all the nodes and edges have been imported into the R workspace successfully

## [1] 640

## [1] 2163

##                                     Id Century
## 1                  A Bronte_Agnes Grey      19
## 2 A Bronte_The Tenant of Wildfell Hall      19
## 3          Alcott_A Modern Cinderrella      19
## 4         Alcott_An Old Fashioned Girl      19
## 5                 Alcott_Behind a Mask      19
## 6                 Alcott_Eight Cousins      19
##                                  Label   Author Author.Nationality
## 1                  A Bronte_Agnes Grey A Bronte            English
## 2 A Bronte_The Tenant of Wildfell Hall A Bronte            English
## 3          Alcott_A Modern Cinderrella   Alcott           American
## 4         Alcott_An Old Fashioned Girl   Alcott           American
## 5                 Alcott_Behind a Mask   Alcott           American
## 6                 Alcott_Eight Cousins   Alcott           American

Edge weights are figures associated with each of these links, and give us an indication of just how similar each node they connect are to one another, and how proximate they are stylistically.

Below we can see the five figure summary of every edge weight in the network, and that edge weights are, in general, extremely skewed to the left, towards the lower end of the scale with the mean and the median figure diverging by ~90.

## [1] "Lowest Edge Weight: " "150"

## [1] "Highest Edge Weight: " "1162.5"

## [1] "Mean Edge Weight: " "350.65"

## [1] "Median Edge Weight: " "261"

## [1] "Standard Deviation: " "217.27"

We can see this pattern a lot clearer in this histogram, which exhibits a steady but quite sustained decline in the amount of edge weights whcih reach a similarity of more than 300.

We then combine the edges and nodes to create our actual network and inspect it. Once again, we can see that there are 2163 edges.

## [1] "igraph"

## + 2163/2163 edges from 1ad635e (vertex names):
## [1] Braddon_Gerard                               --Wharton_Fast and Loose             
## [2] Edgeworth_The Most Unfortunate Day of my Life--Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither
## [3] Alcott_Flower Fables                         --Edgeworth_Leonora                  
## [4] Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither          --Conrad_A Set of Six                
## [5] Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither          --Conrad_The Shadow Line             
## [6] Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither          --Gaskell_Cranford                   
## [7] Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither          --James_The Sense of the Past        
## [8] Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither          --Woolf_To The Lighthouse            
## + ... omitted several edges

Once we have accounted for all the edges, we can investigate the nodes. Noting that all 640 are contained in our network, we can begin the actual analysis.

## + 640/640 vertices, named, from ddfdc54:
##   [1] A Bronte_Agnes Grey                                        
##   [2] A Bronte_The Tenant of Wildfell Hall                       
##   [3] Alcott_A Modern Cinderrella                                
##   [4] Alcott_An Old Fashioned Girl                               
##   [5] Alcott_Behind a Mask                                       
##   [6] Alcott_Eight Cousins                                       
##   [7] Alcott_Flower Fables                                       
##   [8] Alcott_Hospital Sketches                                   
##   [9] Alcott_Jack and Jill                                       
##  [10] Alcott_Jos Boys                                            
## + ... omitted several vertices

Then we plot the network, without labels for the moment, just to provide the sense that it actually exists.

Network Without Labels

'Degree' is a measurement which sums the edge weights of the edges adjacent to each node. Here are the top twelve texts with the highest degree, and therefore the most pronounced relationships with nodes closest to them:

##                Joyce_Finnegans Wake Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither 
##                                 373                                 102 
##                Alcott_Flower Fables                       Joyce_Ulysses 
##                                  95                                  53 
##      Wharton_Hudson River Bracketed   Wharton_The Custom of the Country 
##                                  26                                  18 
##                    C Bronte_Shirley    Melville_Moby Dick; Or The Whale 
##                                  16                                  16 
##      Hemingway_To Have and Have Not               Thackeray_Vanity Fair 
##                                  16                                  15 
##          Bennett_The Old Wives Tale                Twain_The Gilded Age 
##                                  15                                  14

And here are the lowest:

##         Braddon_Captain of the Vulture 
##                                      2 
##                   Braddon_Run to Earth 
##                                      2 
##                   James_The Bostonians 
##                                      2 
##          Trollope_The Eustace Diamonds 
##                                      2 
##                   Wood_Within the Maze 
##                                      2 
##   Chesterton_The Man Who Knew Too Much 
##                                      2 
##                   Faulkner_The Reviers 
##                                      2 
## FitzGerald_The Love of the Last Tycoon 
##                                      2

We can see the implicit pattern a bit clearer in this histogram, where we can see there are very, very few texts which score a degree above 100. As we saw when measuring edge weight, there are only a few outliers

Betweenness centrality is an attempt to measure how "influential" a node is. A node with a high betweenness lies on a lot of the shorter paths between other nodes, and from this perspective, 'controls' information flowing through the network

Here are the texts with the highest betweenness:

##                Joyce_Finnegans Wake Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither 
##                           175975.39                            13558.24 
##                Alcott_Flower Fables                 Trollope_The Warden 
##                             9093.22                             6908.00 
##                       Joyce_Ulysses              Trollope_Doctor Thorne 
##                             5238.02                             4195.58 
##              Wharton_Fast and Loose                Braddon_Aurora Floyd 
##                             3617.72                             2992.66 
##                 Wood_A Lifes Secret                 Wood_Mildred Arkell 
##                             2561.41                             2442.42

and here are the lowest:

##           Alcott_Eight Cousins        Alcott_Under the Lilacs 
##                              0                              0 
##                    Austen_Emma   Austen_Sense and Sensibility 
##                              0                              0 
## Braddon_Captain of the Vulture           Braddon_Run to Earth 
##                              0                              0 
##       Chopin_A Night in Acadie                Edgeworth_Helen 
##                              0                              0 
##          Gissing_The Unclassed           James_The Bostonians 
##                              0                              0

Page Rank is another "influence" measure, and is used by Google to rank pages in order of their importance. Here are the twelve texts which score the highest for PageRank:

##                Joyce_Finnegans Wake Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither 
##                                0.07                                0.02 
##                Alcott_Flower Fables                       Joyce_Ulysses 
##                                0.02                                0.01 
##      Wharton_Hudson River Bracketed   Wharton_The Custom of the Country 
##                                0.00                                0.00 
##      Hemingway_To Have and Have Not                 Wood_Mildred Arkell 
##                                0.00                                0.00 
##                    C Bronte_Shirley          Bennett_The Old Wives Tale 
##                                0.00                                0.00 
##    Melville_Moby Dick; Or The Whale               Thackeray_Vanity Fair 
##                                0.00                                0.00

and here are the lowest:

##                       Wharton_The Reef 
##                                      0 
##                Norris_The Third Circle 
##                                      0 
##                   Norris_A Man's Woman 
##                                      0 
## FitzGerald_The Love of the Last Tycoon 
##                                      0 
##          Ford_Ladies Whose Bright Eyes 
##                                      0 
##               Richardson_Pointed Roofs 
##                                      0 
##   Chesterton_The Man Who Knew Too Much 
##                                      0 
##         Braddon_Captain of the Vulture 
##                                      0 
##                   Wood_Within the Maze 
##                                      0 
##        Wharton_The Greater Inclination 
##                                      0 
##                   Wharton_The Children 
##                                      0 
##                   Faulkner_The Reviers 
##                                      0

##                                                 Austen_Emma 
##                                                           1 
##                                       Austen_Mansfield Park 
##                                                           1 
##                                     Austen_Northanger Abbey 
##                                                           1 
##                                           Austen_Persuasion 
##                                                           1 
##                                  Austen_Pride and Prejudice 
##                                                           1 
##                                Austen_Sense and Sensibility 
##                                                           1 
##                                         A Bronte_Agnes Grey 
##                                                           2 
##                        A Bronte_The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 
##                                                           2 
##                                        Braddon_Aurora Floyd 
##                                                           2 
##                                       Braddon_Birds of Prey 
##                                                           2 
##                              Braddon_Captain of the Vulture 
##                                                           2 
##                              Braddon_Charlottes Inheritance 
##                                                           2 
##                                       Braddon_Fentons Quest 
##                                                           2 
##                                     Braddon_Flower and Weed 
##                                                           2 
##                                              Braddon_Gerard 
##                                                           2 
##                                        Braddon_Henry Dunbar 
##                                                           2 
##                                     Braddon_His Darling Sin 
##                                                           2 
##                             Braddon_John Marchmont's Legacy 
##                                                           2 
##                                Braddon_Lady Audley's Secret 
##                                                           2 
##                                        Braddon_London Pride 
##                                                           2 
##                                                Braddon_Mary 
##                                                           2 
##                                       Braddon_Milly Darrell 
##                                                           2 
##                                             Braddon_Mohawks 
##                                                           2 
##                                         Braddon_Mount Royal 
##                                                           2 
##                                     Braddon_Phantom Fortune 
##                                                           2 
##                                    Braddon_Ralph the Baliff 
##                                                           2 
##                                        Braddon_Run to Earth 
##                                                           2 
##                                     Braddon_The Cloven Foot 
##                                                           2 
##                                    Braddon_The Doctors Wife 
##                                                           2 
##                                     Braddon_The Golden Calf 
##                                                           2 
##                                 Braddon_The Lovels of Arden 
##                                                           2 
##                                               Braddon_Vixen 
##                                                           2 
##                                          C Bronte_Jane Eyre 
##                                                           2 
##                                            C Bronte_Shirley 
##                                                           2 
##                                      C Bronte_The Professor 
##                                                           2 
##                                           C Bronte_Villette 
##                                                           2 
##                                  E Bronte_Wuthering Heights 
##                                                           2 
##                            Wilde_Lord Arthur Saviles Crimes 
##                                                           2 
##                            Wilde_The Picture of Dorian Gray 
##                                                           2 
##                     Franking and Porter_My Chinese Marriage 
##                                                           2 
##                                      Wharton_Fast and Loose 
##                                                           2 
##                                            Collins_Armadale 
##                                                           3 
##                                               Collins_Basil 
##                                                           3 
##                                       Collins_Hide and Seek 
##                                                           3 
##                                        Collins_Man and Wife 
##                                                           3 
##                                             Collins_No Name 
##                                                           3 
##                                     Collins_Poor Miss Finch 
##                                                           3 
##                                      Collins_The Black Robe 
##                                                           3 
##                                     Collins_The Dead Secret 
##                                                           3 
##                                Collins_The Law and the Lady 
##                                                           3 
##                                       Collins_The Moonstone 
##                                                           3 
##                                  Collins_The Woman in White 
##                                                           3 
##                                    Braddon_Three Times Dead 
##                                                           4 
##                                           Crane_The O Ruddy 
##                                                           4 
##                                Dickens_A Tale of Two Cities 
##                                                           4 
##                                       Dickens_Barnaby Rudge 
##                                                           4 
##                                         Dickens_Bleak House 
##                                                           4 
##                                   Dickens_David Copperfield 
##                                                           4 
##                                      Dickens_Dombey and Son 
##                                                           4 
##                                  Dickens_Great Expectations 
##                                                           4 
##                                          Dickens_Hard Times 
##                                                           4 
##                                       Dickens_Little Dorrit 
##                                                           4 
##                                   Dickens_Martin Chuzzlewit 
##                                                           4 
##                                        Dickens_Oliver Twist 
##                                                           4 
##                                   Dickens_Our Mutual Friend 
##                                                           4 
##        Dickens_The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby 
##                                                           4 
##                              Dickens_The Old Curiosity Shop 
##                                                           4 
##                                 Dickens_The Pickwick Papers 
##                                                           4 
##                                        Edgeworth_Garry Owen 
##                                                           4 
##                            Thackeray_A Shabby Genteel Story 
##                                                           4 
##                                         Thackeray_Catherine 
##                                                           4 
##                                       Thackeray_Denis Duval 
##                                                           4 
##                                 Thackeray_Lovel the Widower 
##                                                           4 
##                                        Thackeray_Mens Wives 
##                                                           4 
##                             Thackeray_The FitzBoodle Papers 
##                                                           4 
##                    Thackeray_The History of Samuel Titmarsh 
##                                                           4 
##                          Thackeray_The Luck of Barry Lyndon 
##                                                           4 
##                            Thackeray_The Yellowplush Papers 
##                                                           4 
##                                       Thackeray_Vanity Fair 
##                                                           4 
##                             Twain_The Prince and the Pauper 
##                                                           4 
##                                          Yonge_Stray Pearls 
##                                                           4 
##                               Yonge_The Armourers Prentices 
##                                                           4 
##                                        Yonge_The Caged Lion 
##                                                           4 
##                                 Yonge_The Chaplet of Pearls 
##                                                           4 
##                           Yonge_The Dove in the Eagles Nest 
##                                                           4 
##                                       Yonge_The Little Duke 
##                                                           4 
##                               Yonge_The Prince and the Page 
##                                                           4 
##                                    Yonge_Unknown to History 
##                                                           4 
##                                    OBrien_At Swim two Birds 
##                                                           4 
##                                    Gissing_A Life's Morning 
##                                                           5 
##                                       Gissing_Born in Exile 
##                                                           5 
##                                               Gissing_Demos 
##                                                           5 
##                                     Gissing_Denzil Quarrier 
##                                                           5 
##                                        Gissing_Eve's Ransom 
##                                                           5 
##                              Gissing_In the Year of Jubilee 
##                                                           5 
##                                     Gissing_New Grub Street 
##                                                           5 
##              Gissing_The House of Cobwebs and Other Stories 
##                                                           5 
##                                    Gissing_The Nether World 
##                                                           5 
##                                       Gissing_The Odd Women 
##                                                           5 
##                                    Gissing_The Paying Guest 
##                                                           5 
##                Gissing_The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft 
##                                                           5 
##                                       Gissing_The Unclassed 
##                                                           5 
##                                       Gissing_The Whirlpool 
##                                                           5 
##                                     Stowe_Agnes of Sorrento 
##                                                           5 
##                                    Stowe_Bettys Bright Idea 
##                                                           5 
##                                                  Stowe_Dred 
##                                                           5 
##                                         Stowe_My Wife and I 
##                                                           5 
##                                Stowe_Pink and White Tyranny 
##                                                           5 
##                                    Stowe_Queer Little Folks 
##                                                           5 
##                                  Stowe_The Ministers Wooing 
##                                                           5 
##                              Stowe_The Pearl of Orrs Island 
##                                                           5 
##                                      Stowe_Uncle Toms Cabin 
##                                                           5 
##                                 Stowe_We and Our Neighbours 
##                                                           5 
##                             Bennett_The Grand Babylon Hotel 
##                                                           5 
##                         Conrad & Ford_The Nature of a Crime 
##                                                           5 
##                    Delafield_The Diary of a Provincial Lady 
##                                                           5 
##                  Delafield_The Provincial Lady Goes Further 
##                                                           5 
##                    Delafield_The Provincial Lady in America 
##                                                           5 
##                     Delafield_The Provincial Lady in Russia 
##                                                           5 
##                    Delafield_The Provincial Lady in Wartime 
##                                                           5 
##                                  Trollope_Barchester Towers 
##                                                           6 
##                                Trollope_Can You Forgive Her 
##                                                           6 
##                                      Trollope_Doctor Thorne 
##                                                           6 
##                                       Trollope_Phineas Finn 
##                                                           6 
##                                     Trollope_The Claverings 
##                                                           6 
##                                 Trollope_The Dukes Children 
##                                                           6 
##                               Trollope_The Eustace Diamonds 
##                                                           6 
##                       Trollope_The Last Chronicle of Barset 
##                                                           6 
##                                 Trollope_The Prime Minister 
##                                                           6 
##                       Trollope_The Small House at Allington 
##                                                           6 
##                                         Trollope_The Warden 
##                                                           6 
##                                Trollope_The Way We Live Now 
##                                                           6 
##                                         Wood_A Lifes Secret 
##                                                           7 
##                                        Wood_Danesbury House 
##                                                           7 
##                                             Wood_Easy Lynne 
##                                                           7 
##                                          Wood_Elsters Folly 
##                                                           7 
##                                Wood_Lord Oakburns Daughters 
##                                                           7 
##                                         Wood_Mildred Arkell 
##                                                           7 
##                              Wood_Mrs Halliburtons Troubles 
##                                                           7 
##                                            Wood_Oswald Cray 
##                                                           7 
##                                          Wood_Pomeroy Abbey 
##                                                           7 
##                                           Wood_Roland Yorke 
##                                                           7 
##                                         Wood_St Martins Eve 
##                                                           7 
##                                          Wood_The Channings 
##                                                           7 
##                              Wood_The Foggy Night at Offord 
##                                                           7 
##                                Wood_The Shadow of Ashlydyat 
##                                                           7 
##                                           Wood_Trevlyn Hold 
##                                                           7 
##                                          Wood_Verners Pride 
##                                                           7 
##                                         Wood_William Allair 
##                                                           7 
##                                        Wood_Within the Maze 
##                                                           7 
##                                       Bowen_A World of Love 
##                                                           8 
##                                              Bowen_Ann Lees 
##                                                           8 
##                                                 Bowen_Bowen 
##                                                           8 
##                                            Bowen_Encounters 
##                                                           8 
##                                 Bowen_Friends and Relations 
##                                                           8 
##                     Bowen_Joining Charles and Other Stories 
##                                                           8 
##                                   Bowen_Look at Those Roses 
##                                                           8 
##                                         Bowen_The Cat Jumps 
##                                                           8 
##                                Bowen_The Death of the Heart 
##                                                           8 
##                                       Bowen_The Demon Lover 
##                                                           8 
##                                   Bowen_The Heat of the Day 
##                                                           8 
##                                             Bowen_The Hotel 
##                                                           8 
##                                    Bowen_The House in Paris 
##                                                           8 
##                                    Bowen_The Last September 
##                                                           8 
##                                      Bowen_The Little Girls 
##                                                           8 
##                                          Bowen_To The North 
##                                                           8 
##                                                 Norris_Blix 
##                                                           9 
##                                             Norris_McTeague 
##                                                           9 
##                              Norris_Moran of the Lady Letty 
##                                                           9 
##                          Schreiner_Dream Life and Real Life 
##                                                           9 
##                              Stowe_Oldtown Fireside Stories 
##                                                           9 
##                  Stowe_Sam Lawsons Oldtown Fireside Stories 
##                                                           9 
##           Twain_A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court 
##                                                           9 
##                        Twain_Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 
##                                                           9 
##                 Twain_Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc 
##                                                           9 
##                          Twain_The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 
##                                                           9 
##                                 Twain_The American Claimant 
##                                                           9 
##                                        Twain_The Gilded Age 
##                                                           9 
##             Twain_The Mysterious Stranger and Other Stories 
##                                                           9 
##                      Twain_The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson 
##                                                           9 
##                                    Cather_Alexanders Bridge 
##                                                           9 
##                                           Cather_My Antonia 
##                                                           9 
##                                           Cather_O Pioneers 
##                                                           9 
##                                          Cather_One of Ours 
##                                                           9 
##                                 Cather_The Song of the Lark 
##                                                           9 
##                                     Cather_The Troll Garden 
##                                                           9 
##                          Cather_Youth and the Bright Medusa 
##                                                           9 
##                                     Dreiser_Jennie Gerhardt 
##                                                           9 
##                                       Dreiser_Sister Carrie 
##                                                           9 
##                                       Dreiser_The Financier 
##                                                           9 
##                                          Dreiser_The Genius 
##                                                           9 
##                                          Dreiser_Twelve Men 
##                                                           9 
##                                              Gilman_Herland 
##                                                           9 
##                            Hemingway_The Torrents of Spring 
##                                                           9 
##               Joyce_A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 
##                                                           9 
##                                             Joyce_Dubliners 
##                                                           9 
##                                               Joyce_Ulysses 
##                                                           9 
##                                             Mansfield_Bliss 
##                                                           9 
##                               Mansfield_In a German Pension 
##                                                           9 
##                                Mansfield_Something Childish 
##                                                           9 
##                                    Mansfield_The Doves Nest 
##                                                           9 
##                                  Mansfield_The Garden Party 
##                                                           9 
##                                      Norris_A Deal in Wheat 
##                                                           9 
##                                        Norris_A Man's Woman 
##                                                           9 
##                                          Norris_The Octopus 
##                                                           9 
##                                              Norris_The Pit 
##                                                           9 
##                                     Norris_The Third Circle 
##                                                           9 
##                               Norris_Vandover and the Brute 
##                                                           9 
##                                   OBrien_The Dalkey Archive 
##                                                           9 
##                                        OBrien_The Hard Life 
##                                                           9 
##                                           Stein_Three Lives 
##                                                           9 
##                            Chesterton_Four Faultless Felons 
##                                                          10 
##                                         Chesterton_Manalive 
##                                                          10 
##                            Chesterton_Tales of the Long Bow 
##                                                          10 
##                           Chesterton_The Ball and the Cross 
##                                                          10 
##                         Chesterton_The Club of Queer Trades 
##                                                          10 
##                                   Chesterton_The Flying Inn 
##                                                          10 
##                        Chesterton_The Man Who Knew Too Much 
##                                                          10 
##                         Chesterton_The Man who was Thursday 
##                                                          10 
##                     Chesterton_The Napoleon of Notting Hill 
##                                                          10 
##                         Chesterton_The Paradoxes of Mr Pond 
##                                                          10 
##                        Chesterton_The Poet and the Lunatics 
##                                                          10 
##                        Chesterton_The Return of Don Quixote 
##                                                          10 
##                                               Ford_No Enemy 
##                                                          10 
##                                      Crane_The Third Violet 
##                                                          11 
##                                       Moore_A Mere Accident 
##                                                          11 
##                                       Moore_A Mummer's Wife 
##                                                          11 
##                                             Moore_Celibates 
##                                                          11 
##                            Moore_Confessions of a Young Man 
##                                                          11 
##                                         Moore_Esther Waters 
##                                                          11 
##                                          Moore_Evelyn Innes 
##                                                          11 
##                                         Moore_Mike Fletcher 
##                                                          11 
##                                           Moore_Spring Days 
##                                                          11 
##                                          Moore_Vain Fortune 
##                                                          11 
##                                          Wood_Johnny Ludlow 
##                                                          11 
##                                    Wood_Johnny Ludlow Fifth 
##                                                          11 
##                                   Wood_Johnny Ludlow Fourth 
##                                                          11 
##                                   Wood_Johnny Ludlow Second 
##                                                          11 
##                                    Wood_Johnny Ludlow Sixth 
##                                                          11 
##                                    Wood_Johnny Ludlow Third 
##                                                          11 
##                           Wood_The Story of Charles Strange 
##                                                          11 
##                                  Du Marier_My Cousin Rachel 
##                                                          11 
##                                           Du Marier_Rebecca 
##                                                          11 
##                            FitzGerald_All the Sad Young Men 
##                                                          11 
##                        FitzGerald_Flappers and Philosophers 
##                                                          11 
##                            FitzGerald_Tales of the Jazz Age 
##                                                          11 
##                                 FitzGerald_Taps at Reveille 
##                                                          11 
##                              FitzGerald_Tender is the Night 
##                                                          11 
##                         FitzGerald_The Beautiful and Damned 
##                                                          11 
##                                 FitzGerald_The Great Gatsby 
##                                                          11 
##                      FitzGerald_The Love of the Last Tycoon 
##                                                          11 
##                            FitzGerald_This Side of Paradise 
##                                                          11 
##                               Moore_Memoirs of My Dead Life 
##                                                          11 
##                                                Moore_Muslin 
##                                                          11 
##                                         Moore_Sister Teresa 
##                                                          11 
##                                      Moore_The Brook Kerith 
##                                                          11 
##                                              Moore_The Lake 
##                                                          11 
##                                    Moore_The Untilled Field 
##                                                          11 
##                                           Edgeworth_Belinda 
##                                                          12 
##                                   Edgeworth_Castle Rackrent 
##                                                          12 
##                                             Edgeworth_Frank 
##                                                          12 
##                                        Edgeworth_Harrington 
##                                                          12 
##                                             Edgeworth_Helen 
##                                                          12 
##                                           Edgeworth_Leonora 
##                                                          12 
##                                       Edgeworth_Moral Tales 
##                                                          12 
##                                         Edgeworth_Orlandino 
##                                                          12 
##                                            Edgeworth_Ormond 
##                                                          12 
##                                         Edgeworth_Patronage 
##                                                          12 
##                                     Edgeworth_Popular Tales 
##                                                          12 
##                         Edgeworth_Tales of Fashionable Life 
##                                                          12 
##                               Edgeworth_The Modern Griselda 
##                                                          12 
##               Edgeworth_The Most Unfortunate Day of my Life 
##                                                          12 
##                             Edgeworth_The Parents Assistant 
##                                                          12 
##                                             Eliot_Adam Bede 
##                                                          12 
##                                        Eliot_Daniel Deronda 
##                                                          12 
##                                            Eliot_Felix Holt 
##                                                          12 
##                                           Eliot_Middlemarch 
##                                                          12 
##                                                Eliot_Romola 
##                                                          12 
##                                          Eliot_Silas Marner 
##                                                          12 
##                                 Eliot_The Mill on the Floss 
##                                                          12 
##                                         Wood_It May Be True 
##                                                          12 
##                                         Yonge_Countess Kate 
##                                                          12 
##                                            Yonge_Heartsease 
##                                                          12 
##                                          Yonge_Magnum Bolum 
##                                                          12 
##                        Yonge_The Clever Woman of the Family 
##                                                          12 
##                                       Yonge_The Daisy Chain 
##                                                          12 
##                                 Yonge_The Heir of Redclyffe 
##                                                          12 
##                                  Yonge_The Young Stepmother 
##                                                          12 
##                                  Gaskell_A Dark Nights Work 
##                                                          12 
##                                            Gaskell_Cranford 
##                                                          12 
##                                     Gaskell_Curious If True 
##                                                          12 
##                                         Gaskell_Mary Barton 
##                                                          12 
##                                      Gaskell_My Lady Ludlow 
##                                                          12 
##                                     Gaskell_North and South 
##                                                          12 
##                                      Gaskell_Sylvias Lovers 
##                                                          12 
##                                      Galsworthy_In Chancery 
##                                                          13 
##                       Galsworthy_Indian Summer of a Forsyte 
##                                                          13 
##                              Galsworthy_The Man of Property 
##                                                          13 
##                                           Galsworthy_To Let 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Hall_A Saturday Life 
##                                                          13 
##                                            Hall_Adams Breed 
##                                                          13 
##                              Hall_Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself 
##                                                          13 
##                                              Hall_The Forge 
##                                                          13 
##                                Hall_The Master of the House 
##                                                          13 
##                                    Hall_The Sixth Beatitude 
##                                                          13 
##                                         Hall_The Unlit Lamp 
##                                                          13 
##                                 Hall_The Well of Loneliness 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Joyce_Finnegans Wake 
##                                                          13 
##                                              Larsen_Passing 
##                                                          13 
##                                            Larsen_Quicksand 
##                                                          13 
##                                                  Lewis_Tarr 
##                                                          13 
##                              West_The Return of the Soldier 
##                                                          13 
##                                  Wharton_A Son at the Front 
##                                                          13 
##                                      Wharton_Certain People 
##                                                          13 
##                                   Wharton_Crucial Instances 
##                                                          13 
##                                         Wharton_Ethan Frome 
##                                                          13 
##                                          Wharton_False Dawn 
##                                                          13 
##                                   Wharton_Fruit of the Tree 
##                                                          13 
##                                     Wharton_Here and Beyond 
##                                                          13 
##                              Wharton_Hudson River Bracketed 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Wharton_Human Nature 
##                                                          13 
##                                   Wharton_Madame de Treymes 
##                                                          13 
##                                       Wharton_New Years Day 
##                                                          13 
##                                              Wharton_Summer 
##                                                          13 
##                             Wharton_Tales of Men and Ghosts 
##                                                          13 
##                                Wharton_The Age of Innocence 
##                                                          13 
##                                      Wharton_The Buccaneers 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Wharton_The Children 
##                                                          13 
##                           Wharton_The Custom of the Country 
##                                                          13 
##                                  Wharton_The Descent of Man 
##                                                          13 
##                            Wharton_The Glimpses of the Moon 
##                                                          13 
##                                     Wharton_The Gods Arrive 
##                                                          13 
##                             Wharton_The Greater Inclination 
##                                                          13 
##                       Wharton_The Hermit and the Wild Woman 
##                                                          13 
##                                  Wharton_The House of Mirth 
##                                                          13 
##                                           Wharton_The Marne 
##                                                          13 
##                              Wharton_The Mothers Recompense 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Wharton_The Old Maid 
##                                                          13 
##                                            Wharton_The Reef 
##                                                          13 
##                                           Wharton_The Spark 
##                                                          13 
##                                      Wharton_The Touchstone 
##                                                          13 
##                                      Wharton_The World Over 
##                                                          13 
##                                      Wharton_Twilight Sleep 
##                                                          13 
##                                   Wharton_Wharton_Sanctuary 
##                                                          13 
##                                     Wharton_Wharton_Stories 
##                                                          13 
##                                               Wharton_Xingu 
##                                                          13 
##                                         Woolf_Night and Day 
##                                                          13 
##                                        Woolf_The Voyage Out 
##                                                          13 
##                                            Faulkner_A Fable 
##                                                          14 
##                                    Faulkner_Absalom Absalom 
##                                                          14 
##                                     Faulkner_As I Lay Dying 
##                                                          14 
##                                 Faulkner_Faulkner_Sanctuary 
##                                                          14 
##                                  Faulkner_Flags in the Dust 
##                                                          14 
##                    Faulkner_Go Down Moses and Other Stories 
##                                                          14 
##                               Faulkner_Intruder in the Dust 
##                                                          14 
##                                    Faulkner_Light in August 
##                                                          14 
##                                  Faulkner_Requiem for a Nun 
##                                                          14 
##                                         Faulkner_The Hamlet 
##                                                          14 
##                                        Faulkner_The Mansion 
##                                                          14 
##                                        Faulkner_The Reviers 
##                                                          14 
##                             Faulkner_The Sound and the Fury 
##                                                          14 
##                                           Faulkner_The Town 
##                                                          14 
##                                   Faulkner_The Unvanquished 
##                                                          14 
##                                     Faulkner_The Wild Palms 
##                                                          14 
##                                Hemingway_A Farewell to Arms 
##                                                          14 
##               Hemingway_Across the River and into the Trees 
##                                                          14 
##                           Hemingway_For Whom the Bell Tolls 
##                                                          14 
##                                       Hemingway_In Our Time 
##                                                          14 
##                             Hemingway_Islands in the Stream 
##                                                          14 
##                                 Hemingway_Men Without Women 
##                                                          14 
## Hemingway_The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 
##                                                          14 
##                                Hemingway_The Garden of Eden 
##                                                          14 
##                           Hemingway_The Old Man and the Sea 
##                                                          14 
##                                Hemingway_The Sun Also Rises 
##                                                          14 
##                              Hemingway_To Have and Have Not 
##                                                          14 
##                              Hemingway_Winner Takes Nothing 
##                                                          14 
##                                       James_Roderick Hudson 
##                                                          15 
##                                          James_The American 
##                                                          15 
##                                       James_The Awkward Age 
##                                                          15 
##                                        James_The Bostonians 
##                                                          15 
##                                         James_The Europeans 
##                                                          15 
##                                       James_The Other House 
##                                                          15 
##                                James_The Portrait of a Lady 
##                                                          15 
##                              James_The Princess Casamassima 
##                                                          15 
##                                     James_Washington Square 
##                                                          15 
##                                       James_The Ambassadors 
##                                                          15 
##                                       James_The Golden Bowl 
##                                                          15 
##                                       James_The Ivory Tower 
##                                                          15 
##                                 James_The Sense of the Past 
##                                                          15 
##                                 James_The Wings of the Dove 
##                                                          15 
##                                            Schreiner_Dreams 
##                                                          16 
##                      Schreiner_The Story of an African Farm 
##                                                          16 
##                               Shreiner_Trooper Peter Halket 
##                                                          16 
##                                      Wilde_The Happy Prince 
##                                                          16 
##                                       Faulkner_Soldiers Pay 
##                                                          16 
##                                  Forster_A Passage to India 
##                                                          16 
##                                  Forster_A Room with a View 
##                                                          16 
##                                         Forster_Howards End 
##                                                          16 
##                                             Forster_Maurice 
##                                                          16 
##                                         Lawrence_Aarons Rod 
##                                                          16 
##               Lawrence_England My England and Other Stories 
##                                                          16 
##                                           Lawrence_Kangaroo 
##                                                          16 
##                             Lawrence_Lady Chatterleys Lover 
##                                                          16 
##                                   Lawrence_Lawrence_Stories 
##                                                          16 
##         Lawrence_Love Among the Haystacks and Other Stories 
##                                                          16 
##                                           Lawrence_Mr. Noon 
##                                                          16 
##                                    Lawrence_Sons and Lovers 
##                                                          16 
##                         Lawrence_St. Mawr and Other Stories 
##                                                          16 
##                                Lawrence_The Boy in the Bush 
##                                                          16 
##                                  Lawrence_The Captains Doll 
##                                                          16 
##                                      Lawrence_The Lost Girl 
##                                                          16 
##                                 Lawrence_The Plumed Serpent 
##                                                          16 
##             Lawrence_The Prussian Officer and Other Stories 
##                                                          16 
##                                        Lawrence_The Rainbow 
##                                                          16 
##                                     Lawrence_The Trespasser 
##                                                          16 
##                           Lawrence_The Virgin and the Gipsy 
##                                                          16 
##                                  Lawrence_The White Peacock 
##                                                          16 
##          Lawrence_The Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories 
##                                                          16 
##                                      Lawrence_Women in Love 
##                                                          16 
##                                      Woolf_Between the Acts 
##                                                          16 
##                                             Woolf_The Years 
##                                                          16 
##                                 Alcott_A Modern Cinderrella 
##                                                          17 
##                                Alcott_An Old Fashioned Girl 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Alcott_Behind a Mask 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Alcott_Eight Cousins 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Alcott_Flower Fables 
##                                                          17 
##                                    Alcott_Hospital Sketches 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Alcott_Jack and Jill 
##                                                          17 
##                                             Alcott_Jos Boys 
##                                                          17 
##                  Alcott_Kitty's Class Day and Other Stories 
##                                                          17 
##                                           Alcott_Little Men 
##                                                          17 
##                                         Alcott_Little Women 
##                                                          17 
##                                    Alcott_Pauline's Passion 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Alcott_Rose in Bloom 
##                                                          17 
##                                     Alcott_Under the Lilacs 
##                                                          17 
##                                                 Alcott_Work 
##                                                          17 
##                                    Chopin_A Night in Acadie 
##                                                          17 
##                                             Chopin_At Fault 
##                                                          17 
##                                           Chopin_Bayou Folk 
##                                                          17 
##             Chopin_The Awakening and Selected Short Stories 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Crane_Active Service 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Crane_Georges Mother 
##                                                          17 
##                          Crane_Maggie A Girl of the Streets 
##                                                          17 
##                                   Crane_The Little Regiment 
##                                                          17 
##                                           Crane_The Monster 
##                                                          17 
##                         Crane_The Monster and Other Stories 
##                                                          17 
##                                         Crane_The Open Boat 
##                                                          17 
##                              Crane_The Red Badge of Courage 
##                                                          17 
##                                   Crane_Whilomville Stories 
##                                                          17 
##                                    Crane_Wounds in the Rain 
##                                                          17 
##                                       Wilde_The Pomegranate 
##                                                          17 
##                               Ford_Ladies Whose Bright Eyes 
##                                                          17 
##                                        Ford_The Fifth Queen 
##                                                          17 
##                                Ford_The Fifth Queen Crowned 
##                                                          17 
##                                          Ford_The Half Moon 
##                                                          17 
##                                         Ford_The Privy Seal 
##                                                          17 
##                                       Ford_The Young Lovell 
##                                                          17 
##                                             Gilman_The Crux 
##                                                          17 
##                                     Gilman_What Diantha Did 
##                                                          17 
##                                London_Children of the Frost 
##                                                          17 
##                                         London_Love of Life 
##                                                          17 
##                                  London_The Son of the Wolf 
##                                                          17 
##                                       Conrad & Ford_Romance 
##                                                          18 
##                                Conrad & Ford_The Inheritors 
##                                                          18 
##                                         Conrad_A Set of Six 
##                                                          18 
##                                             Conrad_Lord Jim 
##                                                          18 
##                                             Conrad_Nostromo 
##                                                          18 
##                                      Conrad_Tales of Unrest 
##                                                          18 
##                          Conrad_The Nigger of the Narcissus 
##                                                          18 
##                                     Conrad_The Secret Agent 
##                                                          18 
##                                      Conrad_The Shadow Line 
##                                                          18 
##                                              Conrad_Typhoon 
##                                                          18 
##                                   Conrad_Under Western Eyes 
##                                                          18 
##                                              Conrad_Victory 
##                                                          18 
##                                    Conrad_Youth A Narrative 
##                                                          18 
##                                   Ford_A Man Could Stand Up 
##                                                          18 
##                                              Ford_Last Post 
##                                                          18 
##                                        Ford_No More Parades 
##                                                          18 
##                                            Ford_Some Do Not 
##                                                          18 
##                                         Ford_The Benefactor 
##                                                          18 
##                                       Ford_The Good Soldier 
##                                                          18 
##                                       Ford_The Marsden Case 
##                                                          18 
##                                    Ford_When the Wicked Man 
##                                                          18 
##                                          London_Before Adam 
##                                                          18 
##                                     London_Burning Daylight 
##                                                          18 
##                                      London_John Barleycorn 
##                                                          18 
##                                            London_Lost Face 
##                                                          18 
##                                          London_Martin Eden 
##                                                          18 
##                                            London_Moon Face 
##                                                          18 
##                                      London_South Sea Tales 
##                                                          18 
##                                 London_The Call of the Wild 
##                                                          18 
##                              London_The Cruise of the Snark 
##                                                          18 
##                                             London_The Game 
##                                                          18 
##                                        London_The Iron Heel 
##                                                          18 
##                                           London_The Jacket 
##                                                          18 
##                                          London_The Red One 
##                                                          18 
##                                             London_The Road 
##                                                          18 
##                                   London_The Scarlet Plague 
##                                                          18 
##                                         London_The Sea Wolf 
##                                                          18 
##                               London_The Valley of the Moon 
##                                                          18 
##                                      London_When God Laughs 
##                                                          18 
##                                           London_White Fang 
##                                                          18 
##                                  OBrien_The Third Policeman 
##                                                          18 
##                  Sackville West_The Tale of Mr. Peter Brown 
##                                                          18 
##                             Blessington_The Idler in France 
##                                                          19 
##                                           Hardy_A Laodicean 
##                                                          19 
##                                   Hardy_A Pair of Blue Eyes 
##                                                          19 
##                                    Hardy_Desperate Remedies 
##                                                          19 
##                            Hardy_Far From the Madding Crowd 
##                                                          19 
##                                      Hardy_Jude the Obscure 
##                                                          19 
##                                  Hardy_Lifes Little Ironies 
##                                                          19 
##                               Hardy_Tess of the dUbervilles 
##                                                          19 
##                                Hardy_The Hand of Ethelberta 
##                                                          19 
##                             Hardy_The Mayor of Casterbridge 
##                                                          19 
##                              Hardy_The Return of the Native 
##                                                          19 
##                 Hardy_The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid 
##                                                          19 
##                                   Hardy_The Three Strangers 
##                                                          19 
##                                     Hardy_The Trumpet Major 
##                                                          19 
##                                       Hardy_The Woodlanders 
##                                                          19 
##                                        Hardy_Two on a Tower 
##                                                          19 
##                              Hardy_Under the Greenwood Tree 
##                                                          19 
##                                         Hawthorne_Fawnshawe 
##                                                          19 
##                          Hawthorne_Mosses from an Old Manse 
##                                                          19 
##                                  Hawthorne_Tanglewood Tales 
##                                                          19 
##                            Hawthorne_The Blithedale Romance 
##                                                          19 
##                     Hawthorne_The House of the Seven Gables 
##                                                          19 
##                                   Hawthorne_The Marble Faun 
##                                                          19 
##                                Hawthorne_The Scarlet Letter 
##                                                          19 
##                                  Hawthorne_Twice Told Tales 
##                                                          19 
##                                      Melville_Israel Potter 
##                                                          19 
##                         Melville_Mardi and a Voyage Thither 
##                                                          19 
##                            Melville_Moby Dick; Or The Whale 
##                                                          19 
##                  Melville_Omoo Adventures in the South Seas 
##                                                          19 
##                         Melville_Pierre; or The Ambiguities 
##                                                          19 
##                           Melville_Redburn His First Voyage 
##                                                          19 
##             Melville_The Apple Tree Table and Other Stories 
##                                                          19 
##                  Melville_The Confidence Man His Masquerade 
##                                                          19 
##                                   Melville_The Piazza Tales 
##                                                          19 
##                  Melville_Typee A Romance of the South Seas 
##                                                          19 
##         Melville_White Jacket; Or The World on a Man-of-War 
##                                                          19 
##                                       Stowe_Palmetto Leaves 
##                                                          19 
##                                    Stowe_The Chimney Corner 
##                                                          19 
##                             Thackeray_A Legend of the Rhine 
##                                                          19 
##                                         Beckett_Echos Bones 
##                                                          19 
##                              Beckett_More Pricks than Kicks 
##                                                          19 
##                                              Beckett_Murphy 
##                                                          19 
##                                                Beckett_Watt 
##                                                          19 
##                                       Morgan_The Missionary 
##                                                          19 
##                                  Morgan_The Wild Irish Girl 
##                                                          19 
##                                  Orczy_The Heart of a Woman 
##                                                          19 
##                             Orczy_The Old Man in the Corner 
##                                                          19 
##                                                 Orwell_1984 
##                                                          19 
##                                Orwell_A Clergymans Daughter 
##                                                          19 
##                                          Orwell_Animal Farm 
##                                                          19 
##                                         Orwell_Burmese Days 
##                                                          19 
##                                    Orwell_Coming Up For Air 
##                                                          19 
##                            Orwell_Keep the Apidistra Flying 
##                                                          19 
##                                   Shreiner_Woman and Labour 
##                                                          19 
##                               Stein_Everbodys Autobiography 
##                                                          19 
##                                        Stein_Tender Buttons 
##                                                          19 
##                  Stein_The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas 
##                                                          19 
##                               Stein_The Making of Americans 
##                                                          19 
##                              Wharton_The Valley of Decision 
##                                                          19 
##                                                 Woolf_Flush 
##                                                          19 
##                                           Woolf_Jacobs Room 
##                                                          19 
##                                     Woolf_Monday or Tuesday 
##                                                          19 
##                                               Woolf_Orlando 
##                                                          19 
##                                             Woolf_The Waves 
##                                                          19 
##                                                 Woolf_Woolf 
##                                                          19 
##                                 Orczy_A Bride of the Plains 
##                                                          20 
##                                  Orczy_A Sheaf of Bluebells 
##                                                          20 
##                                          Orczy_Beau Brocade 
##                                                          20 
##                                    Orczy_Castles in the Air 
##                                                          20 
##                                             Orczy_El Dorado 
##                                                          20 
##                             Orczy_His Majestys Well Beloved 
##                                                          20 
##                                          Orczy_I Will Repay 
##                                                          20 
##                                           Orczy_Leatherface 
##                                                          20 
##                                       Orczy_Lord Tonys Wife 
##                                                          20 
##                                        Orczy_Petticoat Rule 
##                                                          20 
##                                      Orczy_The Bronze Eagle 
##                                                          20 
##                                 Orczy_The Elusive Pimpernel 
##                                                          20 
##                                 Orczy_The Laughing Cavalier 
##                                                          20 
##                   Orczy_The League of the Scarlet Pimpernel 
##                                                          20 
##                           Orczy_The Nest of the Sparrowhawk 
##                                                          20 
##                                 Orczy_The Scarlet Pimpernel 
##                                                          20 
##                                     Orczy_The Tangled Skein 
##                                                          20 
##                                           Orczy_Unto Caesar 
##                                                          20 
##                                        Richardson_Backwater 
##                                                          21 
##                                         Richardson_Deadlock 
##                                                          21 
##                                        Richardson_Honeycomb 
##                                                          21 
##                                          Richardson_Interim 
##                                                          21 
##                                    Richardson_Pointed Roofs 
##                                                          21 
##                                       Richardson_The Tunnel 
##                                                          21 
##                                      Sinclair_Audrey Craven 
##                                                          22 
##                      Sinclair_Anne Severn and the Fieldings 
##                                                          22 
##                   Sinclair_Life and Death of Harriett Frean 
##                                                          22 
##                                       Sinclair_Mary Olivier 
##                                                          22 
##                             Sinclair_Mr. Waddington of Wyck 
##                                                          22 
##                                         Sinclair_Superseded 
##                                                          22 
##                                         Sinclair_The Belfry 
##                                                          22 
##                                  Sinclair_The Combined Maze 
##                                                          22 
##                                       Sinclair_The Creators 
##                                                          22 
##                                    Sinclair_The Divine Fire 
##                                                          22 
##                            Sinclair_The Flaw in the Crystal 
##                                                          22 
##                                       Sinclair_The Helpmate 
##                                                          22 
##                                Sinclair_The Immortal Moment 
##                                                          22 
##                                Sinclair_The Judgment of Eve 
##                                                          22 
##                         Sinclair_The Return of the Prodigal 
##                                                          22 
##                                       Sinclair_The Romantic 
##                                                          22 
##                                   Sinclair_The Three Sister 
##                                                          22 
##                                 Sinclair_The Tree of Heaven 
##                                                          22 
##                                         Sinclair_The Tysons 
##                                                          22 
##                                      Delafield_Consequences 
##                                                          23 
##                                 Delafield_Delafield Stories 
##                                                          23 
##                                          Delafield_Gay Life 
##                                                          23 
##                                            Delafield_Humbug 
##                                                          23 
##                                     Delafield_Late and Soon 
##                                                          23 
##                          Delafield_Messalina of the Suburbs 
##                                                          23 
##                                           Delafield_Tension 
##                                                          23 
##                              Delafield_The Heel of Achilles 
##                                                          23 
##                                   Delafield_The War Workers 
##                                                          23 
##                                Delafield_Zella Sees Herself 
##                                                          23 
##                    Arnim_Fraulein Schmidt and Mr. Anstrumer 
##                                                          24 
##                              Arnim_Christopher and Columbus 
##                                                          24 
##                                      Arnim_In the Mountains 
##                                                          24 
##                  Arnim_The Adventures of Elizabeth in Rugen 
##                                                          24 
##                                      Arnim_The Benefactress 
##                                                          24 
##                                   Arnim_The Enchanted April 
##                                                          24 
##                                      Arnim_The Pastors Wife 
##                                                          24 
##                    Arnim_The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight 
##                                                          24 
##                                            Barnes_Nightwood 
##                                                          24 
##                             Bennett_Tales of the Five Towns 
##                                                          24 
##                                            Bennett_The Card 
##                                                          24 
##                                  Bennett_The Old Wives Tale 
##                                                          24 
##                                     Bennett_The Pretty Lady 
##                                                          24 
##                                 Gilman_The Yellow Wallpaper 
##                                                          24 
##                                              West_The Judge 
##                                                          24 
##                                         Woolf_Mrs. Dalloway 
##                                                          24 
##             Woolf_The Haunted House and Other Short Stories 
##                                                          24 
##                                     Woolf_To The Lighthouse 
##                                                          24

We can use the Louvain community detection algorithm to locate community structures within the network, and we can (sort of) see the communities in this plot here.

Looking at it in greater detail, we see that the Louvain algorithm presents us with 24 groups, and a relatively high degree of modularity of 0.62, which tells us that there is a large amount of interaction within communities, but not so much outside of them.

## IGRAPH clustering multi level, groups: 24, mod: 0.62
## + groups:
##   $`1`
##   [1] "Austen_Emma"                  "Austen_Mansfield Park"       
##   [3] "Austen_Northanger Abbey"      "Austen_Persuasion"           
##   [5] "Austen_Pride and Prejudice"   "Austen_Sense and Sensibility"
##   
##   $`2`
##    [1] "A Bronte_Agnes Grey"                    
##    [2] "A Bronte_The Tenant of Wildfell Hall"   
##    [3] "Braddon_Aurora Floyd"                   
##    [4] "Braddon_Birds of Prey"                  
##   + ... omitted several groups/vertices

## Community sizes
##  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 
##  6 35 11 37 31 12 18 16 45 13 34 37 53 28 14 31 41 42 65 18  6 19 10 18

There are many different kinds of communities, but one particular type that I want to emphasise before moving on, are those which are made up of only one author, as we can see here with Jane Austen and Wilke Collins. This also happens in the cases of Anthony Trollope, Elizabeth Bowen, Henry James, Dorothy Richardson and May Sinclair.

• Specificity of Austen's dialogue (Burrows)
• Frequent outliers

## [1] "Austen_Emma"                  "Austen_Mansfield Park"       
## [3] "Austen_Northanger Abbey"      "Austen_Persuasion"           
## [5] "Austen_Pride and Prejudice"   "Austen_Sense and Sensibility"

##  [1] "Collins_Armadale"             "Collins_Basil"               
##  [3] "Collins_Hide and Seek"        "Collins_Man and Wife"        
##  [5] "Collins_No Name"              "Collins_Poor Miss Finch"     
##  [7] "Collins_The Black Robe"       "Collins_The Dead Secret"     
##  [9] "Collins_The Law and the Lady" "Collins_The Moonstone"       
## [11] "Collins_The Woman in White"

• Stephen Crane's unfinished novel 'The O'Ruddy': completed by Robert Barr who seems to have given it a more old-fashioned style, classifies the novel as being similar to the styles of Charles Dickens, Charlotte Mary Yonge and William Makepeace Thackeray.
• 'The Third Violet', regarded as Crane's attempt to write popular romance, is clustered with the novels of George Moore and F. Scott FitzGerald rather than other American naturalists he is otherwise classed with.
• Edith Wharton's 'Fast and Loose', an unfinished novel Wharton wrote at the age of 14, is categorised with the Brontes and Mary Elizabeth Braddon, perhaps reflecting some influences Wharton had yet to outgrow at that stage.

• Woolf's early writings The Voyage Out (1915) and Night and Day (1919) classified as being similar in style to the novels of Edith Wharton, Radclyffe Hall and Rebecca West
• Monday or Tuesday (1921), Jacob's Room (1922) Flush (1933), Orlando (1928) and The Waves (1931) Thomas Hardy, Samuel Beckett, Herman Melville
• The Years (1937) and Between the Acts (1941) akin to D.H. Lawrence and E.M. Forster
• Mrs. Dalloway (1925), THe Haunted House (1944) and To The Lighthouse (1927) in with Bennett, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Djuna Barnes

##  Woolf  Crane   Ford Gilman OBrien  Stowe 
##      4      3      3      3      3      3

• O'Brien: At-Swim-Two-Birds (1939) categorised with nineteenth century fiction of Charles Dickens, Charlotte Mary Yonge and William Makepeace Thackeray
• The Third Policeman (1967) with Jack London, Ford Madox Ford, Joseph Conrad
• Dalkey Archive (1964), The Hard Life (1961) more straightforwardly modernist with Joyce, Stein and assorted American naturalists

##  [1] "Braddon_Three Times Dead"                            
##  [2] "Crane_The O Ruddy"                                   
##  [3] "Dickens_A Tale of Two Cities"                        
##  [4] "Dickens_Barnaby Rudge"                               
##  [5] "Dickens_Bleak House"                                 
##  [6] "Dickens_David Copperfield"                           
##  [7] "Dickens_Dombey and Son"                              
##  [8] "Dickens_Great Expectations"                          
##  [9] "Dickens_Hard Times"                                  
## [10] "Dickens_Little Dorrit"                               
## [11] "Dickens_Martin Chuzzlewit"                           
## [12] "Dickens_Oliver Twist"                                
## [13] "Dickens_Our Mutual Friend"                           
## [14] "Dickens_The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby"
## [15] "Dickens_The Old Curiosity Shop"                      
## [16] "Dickens_The Pickwick Papers"                         
## [17] "Edgeworth_Garry Owen"                                
## [18] "Thackeray_A Shabby Genteel Story"                    
## [19] "Thackeray_Catherine"                                 
## [20] "Thackeray_Denis Duval"                               
## [21] "Thackeray_Lovel the Widower"                         
## [22] "Thackeray_Mens Wives"                                
## [23] "Thackeray_The FitzBoodle Papers"                     
## [24] "Thackeray_The History of Samuel Titmarsh"            
## [25] "Thackeray_The Luck of Barry Lyndon"                  
## [26] "Thackeray_The Yellowplush Papers"                    
## [27] "Thackeray_Vanity Fair"                               
## [28] "Twain_The Prince and the Pauper"                     
## [29] "Yonge_Stray Pearls"                                  
## [30] "Yonge_The Armourers Prentices"                       
## [31] "Yonge_The Caged Lion"                                
## [32] "Yonge_The Chaplet of Pearls"                         
## [33] "Yonge_The Dove in the Eagles Nest"                   
## [34] "Yonge_The Little Duke"                               
## [35] "Yonge_The Prince and the Page"                       
## [36] "Yonge_Unknown to History"                            
## [37] "OBrien_At Swim two Birds"