Livy KMG
Gapminder Exercise
The Gapminder website contains over 500 data sets with information about the world’s population. Your task is to download a data set of your choice and create 2-5 plots that make use of the techniques from Lesson 3.
You might use a simple histogram, a boxplot split over a categorical variable, or a frequency polygon. The choice is yours!
Once you’ve completed your investigation, create a post in the discussions that includes: 1. any questions you answered, your observations, and summary statistics 2. snippets of code that created the plots 3. links to the images of your plots
You can save images by using the ggsave() command. ggsave() will save the last plot created. For example… qplot(x = price, data = diamonds) ggsave(‘priceHistogram.png’)
ggsave currently recognises the extensions eps/ps, tex (pictex), pdf, jpeg, tiff, png, bmp, svg and wmf (windows only).
Copy and paste all of the code that you used for your investigation, and submit it when you are ready.
The following command may be helpful for some of the Gapminder Data sets, once it’s been converted to csv format:
read.csv(‘data.csv’, header = T, row.names = 1, check.names = F).
You may want to look at additional function arguments in the help file for the read.table() family for additional tools that can help you read in data.
If you want to exchange the rows and columns of your dataframe, it will also be useful to know the transpose function, t(). ====================================================================================
Gapminder Data
http://www.gapminder.org/data/ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1gJLA2BebcFBf7PBpzz5rhjMHK_or8rJf7PhjiE068YA/pub
Hans Rosling’s 200 Countries, 200 Years, 4 Minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo
About the data:
Aid recieved % of gni indicator_aid received % of gni Net official development assistance (ODA) consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent).
Source organization(s) World Bank
Link to source organization http://data.worldbank.org/indicator Palau This country is not displayed in the graph due to the extremely high percentage of its aid to its GNI
getwd()## [1] "C:/Users/gk-km/OneDrive/Documents/career_da-pffs/udacity-eda/eda-course-materials/lesson4/gapminder"setwd("~/career_da-pffs/udacity-eda/eda-course-materials/lesson4")#Load necesary Libraries
library(readxl, quietly=TRUE)
library(reshape2)
library(plyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)
library(tidyr)##
## Attaching package: 'tidyr'## The following object is masked from 'package:reshape2':
##
## smiths#Read in the data
aid_received <- read_excel('aid_received.xlsx')#Explore data
names(aid_received)## [1] "Aid received % of GNI" "1960"
## [3] "1961" "1962"
## [5] "1963" "1964"
## [7] "1965" "1966"
## [9] "1967" "1968"
## [11] "1969" "1970"
## [13] "1971" "1972"
## [15] "1973" "1974"
## [17] "1975" "1976"
## [19] "1977" "1978"
## [21] "1979" "1980"
## [23] "1981" "1982"
## [25] "1983" "1984"
## [27] "1985" "1986"
## [29] "1987" "1988"
## [31] "1989" "1990"
## [33] "1991" "1992"
## [35] "1993" "1994"
## [37] "1995" "1996"
## [39] "1997" "1998"
## [41] "1999" "2000"
## [43] "2001" "2002"
## [45] "2003" "2004"
## [47] "2005" "2006"
## [49] "2007" "2008"
## [51] "2009" "2010"str(aid_received)## Classes 'tbl_df', 'tbl' and 'data.frame': 275 obs. of 52 variables:
## $ Aid received % of GNI: chr "Abkhazia" "Afghanistan" "Akrotiri and Dhekelia" "Albania" ...
## $ 1960 : num NA 3.13 NA NA 11.02 ...
## $ 1961 : num NA 6.19 NA NA 14.73 ...
## $ 1962 : num NA 3.04 NA NA 18.05 ...
## $ 1963 : num NA 4.78 NA NA 10.2 ...
## $ 1964 : num NA 5.66 NA NA 7.83 ...
## $ 1965 : num NA 5.25 NA NA 4.79 ...
## $ 1966 : num NA 3.52 NA NA 4.35 ...
## $ 1967 : num NA 2.38 NA NA 3.27 ...
## $ 1968 : num NA 2.09 NA NA 3.15 ...
## $ 1969 : num NA 1.9 NA NA 3.08 ...
## $ 1970 : num NA 1.55 NA NA 2.58 ...
## $ 1971 : num NA 2.38 NA NA 2.4 ...
## $ 1972 : num NA 3.38 NA NA 1.64 ...
## $ 1973 : num NA 3.16 NA NA 1.45 ...
## $ 1974 : num NA 2.233 NA NA 0.977 ...
## $ 1975 : num NA 2.87 NA NA 1.49 ...
## $ 1976 : num NA 2.736 NA NA 0.785 ...
## $ 1977 : num NA 2.837 NA NA 0.594 ...
## $ 1978 : num NA 2.448 NA NA 0.703 ...
## $ 1979 : num NA 2.793 NA NA 0.316 ...
## $ 1980 : num NA 0.856 NA NA 0.485 ...
## $ 1981 : num NA 0.645 NA NA 0.388 ...
## $ 1982 : num NA NA NA NA 0.311 ...
## $ 1983 : num NA NA NA NA 0.2 ...
## $ 1984 : num NA NA NA NA 0.233 ...
## $ 1985 : num NA NA NA NA 0.307 ...
## $ 1986 : num NA NA NA NA 0.27 ...
## $ 1987 : num NA NA NA NA 0.329 ...
## $ 1988 : num NA NA NA 0.261 0.301 ...
## $ 1989 : num NA NA NA 0.443 0.294 ...
## $ 1990 : num NA NA NA 0.526 0.553 ...
## $ 1991 : num NA NA NA 29.706 0.485 ...
## $ 1992 : num NA NA NA 60.182 0.812 ...
## $ 1993 : num NA NA NA 22.259 0.673 ...
## $ 1994 : num NA NA NA 8.19 0.72 ...
## $ 1995 : num NA NA NA 7.317 0.743 ...
## $ 1996 : num NA NA NA 7.344 0.687 ...
## $ 1997 : num NA NA NA 7.485 0.539 ...
## $ 1998 : num NA NA NA 9.634 0.909 ...
## $ 1999 : num NA NA NA 13.965 0.297 ...
## $ 2000 : num NA NA NA 8.385 0.383 ...
## $ 2001 : num NA NA NA 6.338 0.371 ...
## $ 2002 : num NA 32.064 NA 6.717 0.346 ...
## $ 2003 : num NA 34.781 NA 6.091 0.365 ...
## $ 2004 : num NA 43.68 NA 3.923 0.388 ...
## $ 2005 : num NA 45.183 NA 3.737 0.356 ...
## $ 2006 : num NA 41.712 NA 3.428 0.213 ...
## $ 2007 : num NA 56.741 NA 2.793 0.294 ...
## $ 2008 : num NA 45.628 NA 2.766 0.192 ...
## $ 2009 : num NA 50.854 NA 2.972 0.228 ...
## $ 2010 : num NA 40.868 NA 2.897 0.128 ...dim(aid_received)## [1] 275 52summary(aid_received)## Aid received % of GNI 1960 1961
## Length:275 Min. :-0.48893 Min. :-0.7450
## Class :character 1st Qu.: 0.09117 1st Qu.: 0.3745
## Mode :character Median : 0.99951 Median : 1.2894
## Mean : 2.77058 Mean : 3.5113
## 3rd Qu.: 3.66457 3rd Qu.: 4.8038
## Max. :28.53016 Max. :31.2760
## NA's :210 NA's :207
## 1962 1963 1964 1965
## Min. :-0.5955 Min. :-0.1419 Min. :-0.6139 Min. :-0.2139
## 1st Qu.: 0.8249 1st Qu.: 0.8248 1st Qu.: 0.8947 1st Qu.: 1.0834
## Median : 1.6421 Median : 1.8424 Median : 2.7254 Median : 2.4318
## Mean : 4.0565 Mean : 3.4270 Mean : 4.0288 Mean : 4.4837
## 3rd Qu.: 4.7249 3rd Qu.: 4.1890 3rd Qu.: 5.7089 3rd Qu.: 6.2297
## Max. :41.7871 Max. :17.2680 Max. :23.1078 Max. :25.5199
## NA's :207 NA's :204 NA's :203 NA's :198
## 1966 1967 1968
## Min. :-0.07541 Min. :-0.07007 Min. : 0.00045
## 1st Qu.: 1.17582 1st Qu.: 0.94631 1st Qu.: 1.05250
## Median : 2.67667 Median : 2.38379 Median : 3.15479
## Mean : 4.76102 Mean : 4.60471 Mean : 4.87291
## 3rd Qu.: 5.66321 3rd Qu.: 5.99542 3rd Qu.: 6.16950
## Max. :31.38229 Max. :42.37892 Max. :34.51436
## NA's :192 NA's :188 NA's :186
## 1969 1970 1971
## Min. : 0.00568 Min. : 0.00504 Min. : 0.01628
## 1st Qu.: 0.96756 1st Qu.: 0.85000 1st Qu.: 0.99658
## Median : 2.55219 Median : 2.62268 Median : 2.51710
## Mean : 4.22960 Mean : 4.15566 Mean : 4.38114
## 3rd Qu.: 6.33315 3rd Qu.: 5.73909 3rd Qu.: 6.06545
## Max. :27.00029 Max. :31.80635 Max. :35.33910
## NA's :186 NA's :182 NA's :182
## 1972 1973 1974
## Min. : 0.00399 Min. :-0.0148 Min. : 0.00315
## 1st Qu.: 1.12404 1st Qu.: 0.9003 1st Qu.: 0.83989
## Median : 2.73359 Median : 2.4741 Median : 2.58276
## Mean : 5.02737 Mean : 5.0559 Mean : 6.24655
## 3rd Qu.: 5.80852 3rd Qu.: 6.9559 3rd Qu.: 9.73486
## Max. :45.32969 Max. :41.5708 Max. :52.32022
## NA's :181 NA's :178 NA's :178
## 1975 1976 1977
## Min. :-0.01535 Min. :-0.02123 Min. :-0.00054
## 1st Qu.: 1.03119 1st Qu.: 0.75321 1st Qu.: 0.68560
## Median : 2.89663 Median : 2.54928 Median : 3.37624
## Mean : 6.27436 Mean : 6.10898 Mean : 6.17797
## 3rd Qu.: 7.92386 3rd Qu.: 8.50684 3rd Qu.: 8.81144
## Max. :45.06606 Max. :48.82969 Max. :47.22268
## NA's :178 NA's :177 NA's :173
## 1978 1979 1980
## Min. :-0.03173 Min. :-0.1392 Min. :-0.03975
## 1st Qu.: 0.86971 1st Qu.: 0.8769 1st Qu.: 0.93112
## Median : 4.04824 Median : 3.6267 Median : 4.65926
## Mean : 6.89517 Mean : 7.3190 Mean : 8.76088
## 3rd Qu.: 9.50993 3rd Qu.:10.5730 3rd Qu.:10.39580
## Max. :46.64241 Max. :46.2533 Max. :79.63180
## NA's :173 NA's :170 NA's :167
## 1981 1982 1983
## Min. :-0.03098 Min. :-0.03963 Min. : 0.00055
## 1st Qu.: 0.97643 1st Qu.: 0.86093 1st Qu.: 0.77468
## Median : 4.64293 Median : 4.60019 Median : 4.56349
## Mean : 8.01527 Mean : 7.69544 Mean : 7.49577
## 3rd Qu.:10.67873 3rd Qu.: 9.73751 3rd Qu.:10.11246
## Max. :55.04959 Max. :62.17212 Max. :46.85706
## NA's :165 NA's :164 NA's :163
## 1984 1985 1986
## Min. :-0.04039 Min. :-0.00946 Min. :-0.03263
## 1st Qu.: 0.73691 1st Qu.: 0.77424 1st Qu.: 0.96993
## Median : 3.93015 Median : 4.37903 Median : 5.27690
## Mean : 7.46616 Mean : 7.79665 Mean : 9.06783
## 3rd Qu.:10.33156 3rd Qu.:11.00351 3rd Qu.:11.48223
## Max. :47.52077 Max. :48.11748 Max. :64.54760
## NA's :162 NA's :158 NA's :156
## 1987 1988 1989 1990
## Min. :-0.07732 Min. :-0.1338 Min. :-0.2334 Min. :-0.00868
## 1st Qu.: 0.75768 1st Qu.: 0.5745 1st Qu.: 0.5942 1st Qu.: 1.02987
## Median : 4.46101 Median : 4.9173 Median : 4.4653 Median : 6.50899
## Mean : 9.37230 Mean : 8.7453 Mean : 9.0291 Mean :10.25150
## 3rd Qu.:11.51649 3rd Qu.:11.9815 3rd Qu.:13.9451 3rd Qu.:14.74109
## Max. :67.09700 Max. :65.2736 Max. :57.2087 Max. :61.65772
## NA's :154 NA's :152 NA's :150 NA's :148
## 1991 1992 1993 1994
## Min. :-0.2863 Min. :-0.2973 Min. :-0.2645 Min. : -0.6676
## 1st Qu.: 1.0621 1st Qu.: 0.7079 1st Qu.: 0.7014 1st Qu.: 0.7180
## Median : 5.4927 Median : 4.7030 Median : 4.1226 Median : 5.0412
## Mean : 9.8185 Mean : 9.7428 Mean : 8.5139 Mean : 11.9079
## 3rd Qu.:13.7929 3rd Qu.:13.1469 3rd Qu.:13.6916 3rd Qu.: 16.4678
## Max. :72.0603 Max. :81.2903 Max. :63.2279 Max. :242.2864
## NA's :148 NA's :142 NA's :137 NA's :133
## 1995 1996 1997 1998
## Min. : -0.1023 Min. :-0.4750 Min. :-0.2537 Min. :-0.01482
## 1st Qu.: 0.5191 1st Qu.: 0.6786 1st Qu.: 0.7710 1st Qu.: 0.96546
## Median : 4.1157 Median : 4.4857 Median : 4.1296 Median : 4.38994
## Mean : 10.2854 Mean : 9.0431 Mean : 7.6481 Mean : 7.88744
## 3rd Qu.: 14.8764 3rd Qu.:13.3110 3rd Qu.:10.3815 3rd Qu.:11.00570
## Max. :145.1223 Max. :71.7857 Max. :48.9776 Max. :75.78811
## NA's :132 NA's :138 NA's :138 NA's :138
## 1999 2000 2001 2002
## Min. :-0.2644 Min. :-0.02033 Min. :-0.04673 Min. :-0.1006
## 1st Qu.: 0.9713 1st Qu.: 0.81122 1st Qu.: 0.82919 1st Qu.: 0.7972
## Median : 4.3348 Median : 3.85039 Median : 3.70999 Median : 5.6681
## Mean : 7.3823 Mean : 7.92049 Mean : 8.66956 Mean : 8.9226
## 3rd Qu.:10.5391 3rd Qu.:11.31053 3rd Qu.:12.33124 3rd Qu.:12.0212
## Max. :47.5355 Max. :71.55631 Max. :69.22282 Max. :74.7611
## NA's :138 NA's :140 NA's :139 NA's :138
## 2003 2004 2005 2006
## Min. :-0.6895 Min. :-2.7012 Min. :-0.09992 Min. :-0.1092
## 1st Qu.: 0.7806 1st Qu.: 0.6649 1st Qu.: 0.55176 1st Qu.: 0.4615
## Median : 3.5750 Median : 3.9805 Median : 3.92002 Median : 3.6205
## Mean : 9.0470 Mean : 8.5303 Mean : 8.52561 Mean : 7.5080
## 3rd Qu.:12.9202 3rd Qu.:12.2642 3rd Qu.:11.22838 3rd Qu.:11.1478
## Max. :99.5132 Max. :69.1472 Max. :78.84479 Max. :57.6217
## NA's :139 NA's :137 NA's :135 NA's :136
## 2007 2008 2009
## Min. : -0.7303 Min. : -0.2353 Min. :-0.03068
## 1st Qu.: 0.4859 1st Qu.: 0.5021 1st Qu.: 0.53664
## Median : 3.5980 Median : 3.3260 Median : 3.85395
## Mean : 7.6592 Mean : 7.8747 Mean : 7.56540
## 3rd Qu.: 10.0495 3rd Qu.: 9.5991 3rd Qu.:10.30059
## Max. :119.9367 Max. :181.0143 Max. :50.85367
## NA's :136 NA's :137 NA's :137
## 2010
## Min. : -0.1797
## 1st Qu.: 0.6659
## Median : 3.5271
## Mean : 8.4313
## 3rd Qu.: 10.4137
## Max. :127.4827
## NA's :141Data cleaning issues:
- gather the years and cases to one column each http://garrettgman.github.io/tidying/
- remove missing incomplete cases
- correct Column names
### Reshape data - to gather years to year
aid_received2 <- gather(aid_received, "year", "cases", 2:52)### Remove Missing values
aid_received3 <- aid_received2[complete.cases(aid_received2),]
names(aid_received3)## [1] "Aid received % of GNI" "year" "cases"### Correct column names
colnames(aid_received3)[3] <- "donor_aid"
colnames(aid_received3)[1] <- "country"
# Check the column names
colnames(aid_received3)## [1] "country" "year" "donor_aid"# check the dataset
head(aid_received3)## # A tibble: 6 x 3
## country year donor_aid
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Afghanistan 1960 3.13
## 2 Algeria 1960 11.0
## 3 Bahamas 1960 -0.0267
## 4 Belize 1960 6.52
## 5 Benin 1960 0.00887
## 6 Botswana 1960 10.0# Summary stats of donor aid
summary(aid_received3$donor_aid)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -2.7012 0.7621 3.4547 7.5419 10.2523 242.2864# Histogram of donor aid
qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3)## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
# investigating Histogram by binwidth and limiting the axes
p1 <- qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, binwidth = 1, ylab = 'p1 % Gni aid' ) +
scale_x_continuous(lim = c(0,80), breaks = seq(0, 80, 3))
p2 <- qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, binwidth = 3, ylab = 'p2 % Gni aid' ) +
scale_x_continuous(lim = c(0,80), breaks = seq(0, 80, 3))
p3 <- qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, binwidth = 5, ylab = 'p3 % Gni aid') +
scale_x_continuous(lim = c(0,80), breaks = seq(0, 80, 2))
grid.arrange(p1, p2, p3, ncol=3)## Warning: Removed 104 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
## Warning: Removed 104 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing missing values (geom_bar).## Warning: Removed 104 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
ggsave('histobin_changes.png')## Saving 7 x 5 in image## Warning: Removed 104 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).Observations
Decreasing the size of the bin increases the clarity of the plots and decreases the values of the y-axes.
Since the distribution is longtailed to the right, it calls for transformation so that we can see the data clearly without the tails!
# Transormation using log10 and sqrt
# Add a Scaling Layer
p1 <- qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, binwidth = 1)
p2 <- p1 + scale_x_log10()
p3 <- p1 + scale_x_sqrt()
grid.arrange(p1,p2,p3, ncol = 1)## Warning in self$trans$transform(x): NaNs produced## Warning: Transformation introduced infinite values in continuous x-axis## Warning: Removed 96 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).## Warning in self$trans$transform(x): NaNs produced## Warning: Transformation introduced infinite values in continuous x-axis## Warning: Removed 96 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).
ggsave('histo_transformation.png')## Saving 7 x 5 in image## Warning in self$trans$transform(x): NaNs produced## Warning: Transformation introduced infinite values in continuous x-axis## Warning: Removed 96 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).Questions
Is faceting possible
Can we apply proportions to this exploration - what does it tell us? = no -coz its one distribution only. Proprortions Work for 2 or more, for comparative purposes.
a Histogram needs a continuous x variable; year and country do not meet this requirement.
Investigate donor aid using a frequency polygon ?
This is Not necessary because such a graph serves to compare two or more distributions at once
How do you interpret the values below?
#Summary stats of donor aid and transformed data
summary(aid_received3$donor_aid)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -2.7012 0.7621 3.4547 7.5419 10.2523 242.2864summary(log10(aid_received3$donor_aid + 1))## Warning in summary(log10(aid_received3$donor_aid + 1)): NaNs produced## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## -0.5935 0.2464 0.6490 0.6691 1.0513 2.3861 1summary(sqrt(aid_received3$donor_aid))## Warning in sqrt(aid_received3$donor_aid): NaNs produced## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. NA's
## 0.00995 0.91669 1.90093 2.21916 3.22202 15.56555 96?***qplot(x = year, y = donor_aid, data = aid_received3) + geom = ‘boxplot’)
Questions
**1.Boxplot ? how ? do we need to create factor variables? how?
**2. dotplot ? how ? qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, geom_dotplot()) + scale_x_continuous(lim = c(0,75)) -Don’t know how to automatically pick scale for object of type -LayerInstance/Layer/ggproto/gg. Defaulting to continuous. -Error: Aesthetics must be either length 1 or the same as the data (5774): x, y
**3. Barplot ? how ? qplot(x = donor_aid, data= aid_received3, geom_bar()) + scale_x_continuous(lim = c(0,75))
***same prob as above
or What is the donor_aid range for the middle 50% of 2010?
#How has donor aid changed over the years
by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$year, summary)## aid_received3$year: 1960
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.48893 0.09117 0.99951 2.77058 3.66457 28.53016
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1961
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.7450 0.3745 1.2894 3.5113 4.8038 31.2760
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1962
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.5955 0.8249 1.6421 4.0565 4.7249 41.7871
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1963
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1419 0.8249 1.8424 3.4270 4.1890 17.2680
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1964
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.6139 0.8947 2.7254 4.0288 5.7089 23.1078
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1965
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2139 1.0834 2.4318 4.4837 6.2297 25.5199
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1966
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.07541 1.17582 2.67667 4.76102 5.66321 31.38229
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1967
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.07007 0.94631 2.38379 4.60471 5.99542 42.37892
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1968
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00045 1.05250 3.15479 4.87291 6.16950 34.51436
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1969
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.005682 0.967556 2.552194 4.229600 6.333154 27.000294
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1970
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00504 0.85000 2.62268 4.15566 5.73909 31.80635
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1971
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.01628 0.99658 2.51710 4.38114 6.06545 35.33910
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1972
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00399 1.12404 2.73359 5.02737 5.80852 45.32969
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1973
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.0148 0.9003 2.4741 5.0559 6.9559 41.5708
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1974
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00315 0.83989 2.58276 6.24655 9.73486 52.32022
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1975
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.01535 1.03119 2.89663 6.27436 7.92386 45.06606
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1976
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.02123 0.75321 2.54928 6.10898 8.50684 48.82969
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1977
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.00054 0.68560 3.37624 6.17797 8.81144 47.22268
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1978
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03173 0.86971 4.04824 6.89517 9.50993 46.64241
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1979
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1392 0.8769 3.6267 7.3190 10.5730 46.2533
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1980
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03975 0.93112 4.65926 8.76088 10.39580 79.63180
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1981
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03098 0.97643 4.64293 8.01527 10.67873 55.04959
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1982
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03963 0.86093 4.60019 7.69544 9.73751 62.17212
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1983
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00055 0.77468 4.56349 7.49577 10.11246 46.85706
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1984
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.04039 0.73691 3.93015 7.46616 10.33156 47.52077
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1985
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.00946 0.77424 4.37903 7.79665 11.00351 48.11748
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1986
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03263 0.96993 5.27690 9.06783 11.48223 64.54760
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1987
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.07732 0.75768 4.46101 9.37230 11.51649 67.09700
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1988
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1338 0.5745 4.9173 8.7453 11.9815 65.2736
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1989
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2334 0.5942 4.4653 9.0291 13.9451 57.2087
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1990
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.00868 1.02987 6.50899 10.25150 14.74109 61.65772
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1991
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2863 1.0621 5.4927 9.8185 13.7929 72.0603
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1992
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2973 0.7079 4.7030 9.7428 13.1469 81.2903
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1993
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2645 0.7014 4.1226 8.5139 13.6916 63.2279
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1994
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.6676 0.7180 5.0412 11.9079 16.4678 242.2864
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1995
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1023 0.5191 4.1157 10.2854 14.8764 145.1223
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1996
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.4750 0.6786 4.4857 9.0431 13.3110 71.7857
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1997
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2537 0.7710 4.1296 7.6481 10.3815 48.9776
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1998
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.01482 0.96546 4.38994 7.88744 11.00570 75.78811
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1999
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2644 0.9713 4.3348 7.3823 10.5391 47.5355
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2000
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.02033 0.81122 3.85039 7.92049 11.31053 71.55631
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2001
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.04673 0.82919 3.70999 8.66956 12.33124 69.22282
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2002
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1006 0.7972 5.6681 8.9226 12.0212 74.7611
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2003
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.6895 0.7806 3.5750 9.0470 12.9202 99.5132
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2004
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -2.7012 0.6649 3.9805 8.5303 12.2642 69.1472
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2005
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.09992 0.55176 3.92002 8.52561 11.22838 78.84479
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2006
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1092 0.4615 3.6205 7.5080 11.1478 57.6217
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2007
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.7303 0.4859 3.5980 7.6592 10.0495 119.9367
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2008
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2353 0.5021 3.3260 7.8747 9.5991 181.0143
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2009
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03068 0.53664 3.85395 7.56540 10.30059 50.85367
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2010
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1797 0.6659 3.5271 8.4313 10.4137 127.4827or What is the donor aid range for the middle 50% for Uganda?
# How has donor aid changed for countries
by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$country, summary)## aid_received3$country: Afghanistan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.6451 2.4129 3.1590 14.7526 33.4224 56.7412
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Albania
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2615 2.9348 6.3384 9.4506 8.2893 60.1823
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Algeria
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1275 0.3133 0.5532 2.0824 1.5620 18.0484
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Angola
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3278 1.6546 3.9169 7.9567 9.5261 45.5397
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Antigua and Barbuda
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1895 0.7726 1.3473 1.9883 2.2452 8.1584
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Argentina
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.21391 0.04257 0.05695 0.06709 0.08660 0.30006
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Armenia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1316 3.4941 9.1526 8.0328 10.9941 17.7966
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Aruba
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.483 2.523 2.946 2.859 3.356 3.868
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Azerbaijan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3218 0.8859 2.7510 2.6723 4.1914 5.9698
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bahamas
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.02674 0.02630 0.09067 0.10169 0.13164 0.56536
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bahrain
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.08217 0.93081 1.96997 2.50315 3.63330 7.14529
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bangladesh
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.257 2.393 4.972 4.473 6.099 8.174
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Barbados
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.08885 0.15089 0.59275 0.74275 1.28327 2.24454
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Belarus
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1837 0.1878 0.1971 0.2046 0.2065 0.2552
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Belize
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.7933 2.9136 6.6662 6.9514 9.1897 17.4121
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Benin
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00887 6.26093 8.14633 8.40234 10.29270 18.29659
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bermuda
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.667651 0.005140 0.008029 0.049340 0.027495 2.621474
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bhutan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 7.079 10.941 13.909 15.740 19.418 29.907
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bolivia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.220 3.306 5.894 6.399 9.378 12.229
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bosnia and Herzegovina
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.346 4.182 7.762 15.337 23.759 59.449
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Botswana
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3778 2.0352 8.9548 8.7657 12.9212 31.3823
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Brazil
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.06727 0.03499 0.05251 0.24056 0.15976 1.74951
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Brunei
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.09062 0.10400 0.12349 0.11884 0.12853 0.15274
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Burkina Faso
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.05972 6.45573 11.39118 10.56621 13.24294 22.99788
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Burundi
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.675 8.624 12.471 15.932 22.767 39.623
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cambodia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.9613 2.6227 7.2741 8.0823 10.9529 52.3202
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cameroon
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.673 3.047 4.441 4.518 5.378 9.711
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cape Verde
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 12.56 17.57 23.88 27.42 34.42 55.37
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Central African Republic
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02685 8.66739 11.66291 10.89616 13.29420 20.96450
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Chad
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00963 5.57596 8.66746 9.40153 12.39730 18.51848
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Chile
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.13923 0.06636 0.16080 0.52797 0.41233 2.73098
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: China
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.009557 0.082632 0.244249 0.277612 0.490470 0.730136
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Colombia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2844 0.2099 0.3622 0.6453 0.8760 3.2750
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Comoros
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 5.913 12.480 21.569 23.676 33.896 48.830
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Congo, Dem. Rep.
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.672 2.154 3.217 9.025 6.253 99.513
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Congo, Rep.
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.01544 4.33281 5.71272 7.42858 8.34251 35.35164
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Costa Rica
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1100 0.2427 1.4842 1.6531 2.2786 6.9042
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cote d'Ivoire
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02336 1.86990 2.69796 3.99799 4.33715 21.13025
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Croatia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.0000989 0.2472066 0.2898192 0.3376140 0.4071480 0.7615334
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cuba
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.03259 0.07921 0.16687 0.16281 0.21240 0.32246
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cyprus
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2371 0.6727 1.0566 2.3733 2.2356 12.6741
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Djibouti
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 8.773 12.126 13.684 15.865 19.733 27.487
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Dominica
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.560 6.416 10.051 11.439 15.260 29.646
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Dominican Republic
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.01515 0.43061 0.91462 1.65361 2.09583 8.95253
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ecuador
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2644 0.6468 1.1873 1.1871 1.6230 2.8169
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Egypt
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1455 1.5509 4.2002 5.3582 6.0209 22.4042
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: El Salvador
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1158 1.3588 1.6683 3.2372 4.4167 10.9753
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Equatorial Guinea
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3053 1.0787 4.8344 15.3058 24.2072 53.9806
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Eritrea
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2096 11.2838 22.3129 20.9669 28.4497 41.4017
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ethiopia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.609 6.981 9.311 10.378 13.461 19.195
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Fiji
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.8971 2.2165 2.7992 2.9238 3.3202 9.1596
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: French Polynesia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 6.232 8.581 10.346 9.943 11.447 13.465
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Gabon
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.1979 0.9664 1.9620 2.5648 3.1774 7.7354
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Gambia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.505 8.120 11.895 15.546 19.962 64.548
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Georgia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.003314 4.507567 5.882801 5.972226 8.165119 10.231154
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ghana
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2315 2.7656 4.5999 6.1082 9.7003 16.3383
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Grenada
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.959 3.169 4.171 5.356 6.712 17.259
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guatemala
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.7052 0.9617 1.1776 1.3572 1.5063 3.4828
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guinea
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 5.088 7.456 10.088 9.605 11.511 16.054
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guinea-Bissau
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.01119 18.22022 38.76210 36.75728 49.83088 78.70690
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guyana
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.100 5.271 7.500 12.331 14.723 61.173
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Haiti
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 7.989 10.759 13.730 17.171 15.718 45.526
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Honduras
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.386 2.906 4.963 5.722 7.735 16.035
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Hong Kong, China
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03874 0.01979 0.03933 0.06613 0.05873 0.43941
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: India
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1080 0.3842 0.7999 1.0032 1.3967 3.3503
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Indonesia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.05381 0.77778 1.14235 1.59888 1.77130 5.93770
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Iran
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.02123 0.02868 0.07002 0.10266 0.15708 0.44907
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Iraq
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00945 0.04725 0.17636 4.35616 0.51878 78.84479
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Israel
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.387 1.951 3.094 3.386 4.119 8.537
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Jamaica
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2644 0.7952 1.0785 2.4123 4.6830 9.1991
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Jordan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.043 5.957 8.942 13.185 17.938 44.240
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kazakhstan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.0657 0.2613 0.5200 0.5546 0.7856 1.1104
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kenya
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.440 3.920 4.903 6.008 7.021 16.959
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kiribati
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 10.70 15.12 18.65 24.74 35.24 50.06
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kosovo
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 10.85 11.65 12.45 12.45 13.24 14.04
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kuwait
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.192570 0.002723 0.013609 -0.002009 0.019040 0.071600
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kyrgyz Republic
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.910 7.934 11.295 11.427 13.478 24.094
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lao
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.549 9.636 13.893 12.779 17.004 22.155
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lebanon
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.063 1.234 1.746 2.317 3.057 8.255
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lesotho
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.017 7.888 11.125 11.069 14.258 18.589
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Liberia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.474 5.779 12.034 25.365 23.849 181.014
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Libya
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02620 0.05437 0.06517 0.05826 0.06624 0.07933
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Macao, China
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.057742 0.004607 0.007022 0.012153 0.021107 0.062618
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Macedonia, FYR
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1331 2.1825 3.0545 3.8226 5.4499 7.6874
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Madagascar
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2204 4.2040 6.5844 8.2088 10.6699 29.4712
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malawi
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.588 10.526 15.555 17.163 23.902 41.291
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malaysia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.4750 0.1386 0.5552 0.4722 0.7202 1.2013
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Maldives
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.995 3.325 6.906 8.011 12.530 16.885
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mali
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 6.238 11.947 14.147 15.016 18.142 29.404
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malta
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2334 0.4511 1.1819 2.3418 4.6935 7.4680
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Marshall Islands
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 25.44 30.31 35.44 36.93 44.49 53.93
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mauritania
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.792 11.219 18.631 19.664 25.412 46.408
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mauritius
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.2532 0.5632 1.3919 1.9199 2.8755 5.2908
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mexico
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.06631 0.02148 0.07053 0.08513 0.11021 0.49472
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 29.28 36.51 41.25 41.46 45.94 56.08
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Moldova
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 2.367 4.299 5.531 5.878 7.799 9.351
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mongolia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.005826 1.746935 8.884630 9.614989 16.242701 21.473334
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Montenegro
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1694 0.8050 1.8876 1.7424 2.4266 3.4870
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Morocco
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.8938 1.6128 2.3762 2.8400 3.4428 7.1018
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mozambique
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.972 20.082 23.883 28.538 39.837 81.290
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Namibia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000545 2.154156 3.162415 3.320828 4.998087 6.969916
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nepal
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.375 3.103 5.862 6.274 8.207 14.097
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: New Caledonia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 5.824 9.873 12.100 12.211 14.087 22.080
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nicaragua
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.682 2.859 6.308 10.953 12.951 72.060
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Niger
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.008872 6.313576 11.851246 10.972668 15.153996 24.337310
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nigeria
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.05481 0.31533 0.67209 0.92933 1.01811 8.16925
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Oman
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.07373 0.33977 0.65618 2.02690 2.07608 14.07049
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Pakistan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.9267 1.6969 2.8964 3.5903 4.4785 10.4413
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Palau
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.01209 18.07372 25.28322 43.80963 32.70687 242.28641
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Panama
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.7303 0.4284 1.1571 1.2309 1.8382 4.6488
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Papua New Guinea
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.003653 7.036293 10.642458 11.826772 15.860981 24.209466
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Paraguay
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3292 0.9544 1.5423 1.7203 2.3500 4.0531
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Peru
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.7450 0.6052 0.7848 0.8653 1.1509 2.4838
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Philippines
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02763 0.70463 0.97869 1.19419 1.47678 3.21914
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Qatar
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00329 0.01932 0.03046 0.03085 0.04226 0.07463
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Rwanda
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 5.25 10.14 12.51 16.24 18.48 94.95
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Samoa
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 7.322 11.243 18.482 18.570 23.441 35.066
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sao Tome and Principe
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 15.55 25.13 29.16 31.49 36.79 51.25
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Saudi Arabia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.595492 0.007763 0.011723 0.008765 0.021829 0.567179
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Senegal
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 3.830 7.482 9.200 9.528 11.896 17.014
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Serbia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.4548 1.8429 4.1454 5.5904 6.4365 18.6503
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Seychelles
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.156 3.881 7.875 9.658 13.919 35.339
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sierra Leone
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.558 3.508 10.171 14.471 24.296 42.928
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Singapore
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.008676 0.085537 0.163103 0.310364 0.315328 1.478439
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Slovenia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.05657 0.19151 0.23901 0.28480 0.36549 0.61170
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Solomon Islands
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 7.448 15.779 22.107 26.515 38.234 61.381
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Somalia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 5.31 11.42 19.58 30.50 46.78 79.63
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: South Africa
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2117 0.2808 0.3166 0.3315 0.3905 0.4720
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: South Korea
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.040387 0.003535 0.271374 1.998163 3.565100 9.586831
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sri Lanka
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.6796 1.9792 2.8209 4.4554 7.4490 12.8650
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Kitts and Nevis
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.008721 1.781506 4.683908 4.372842 6.149531 13.269231
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Lucia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -2.701 2.197 4.208 4.086 5.747 9.252
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3978 2.8837 7.3186 7.2244 10.3008 18.6955
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sudan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3734 1.9356 4.1014 4.2336 6.1980 11.5951
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Suriname
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.3861 2.5009 9.1823 7.6623 11.2433 20.0705
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Swaziland
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.8424 1.8544 3.8533 7.5064 10.9432 31.2760
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Syria
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.05924 0.45316 1.56877 3.89556 6.10870 19.80992
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tajikistan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.6201 5.8819 9.5675 9.1255 12.0331 16.0472
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tanzania
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 10.33 12.14 13.91 16.33 20.93 30.22
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Thailand
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.6895 0.4684 0.8206 0.7023 1.0576 1.5899
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Timor-Leste
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 8.331 11.715 21.841 35.074 62.760 74.761
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Togo
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.09117 5.57283 7.93746 8.72231 12.67751 16.72519
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tonga
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 7.135 12.083 15.360 16.668 21.939 28.687
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Trinidad and Tobago
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.10060 0.04212 0.16668 0.37153 0.42937 2.38704
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tunisia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.4332 1.1914 2.7796 3.6925 5.2156 10.8473
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Turkey
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.003072 0.129686 0.237252 0.429176 0.715067 1.410069
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Turkmenistan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1001 0.4075 0.8938 0.8025 1.0182 2.1943
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tuvalu
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 21.86 24.35 28.74 29.98 35.69 40.30
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uganda
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.5715 2.6203 6.2293 8.4151 13.1502 26.1228
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ukraine
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.2989 0.3736 0.4610 0.4385 0.4791 0.5804
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uruguay
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.03699 0.10481 0.21105 0.37258 0.45958 3.30758
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uzbekistan
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.01167 0.59921 0.88125 0.93594 1.28023 2.05235
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Vanuatu
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 10.75 13.67 18.74 21.48 27.64 45.88
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Venezuela
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## -0.61392 0.01937 0.04192 0.06964 0.07330 0.74569
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Vietnam
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.873 3.010 3.823 3.850 4.432 5.931
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: West Bank and Gaza
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 11.79 14.21 14.67 19.65 27.39 30.69
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Yemen
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.195 2.195 4.019 3.830 5.168 8.016
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Zambia
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.1469 2.4963 9.0272 12.2563 18.1747 62.7696
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Zimbabwe
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000943 0.155966 3.231755 3.529253 4.485711 14.611034# Interquartile range
by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$year, IQR)## aid_received3$year: 1960
## [1] 3.573398
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1961
## [1] 4.429308
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1962
## [1] 3.900023
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1963
## [1] 3.364176
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1964
## [1] 4.814258
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1965
## [1] 5.146291
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1966
## [1] 4.48739
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1967
## [1] 5.049109
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1968
## [1] 5.117003
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1969
## [1] 5.365598
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1970
## [1] 4.889087
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1971
## [1] 5.068875
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1972
## [1] 4.684476
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1973
## [1] 6.055551
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1974
## [1] 8.894967
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1975
## [1] 6.892667
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1976
## [1] 7.753639
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1977
## [1] 8.125838
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1978
## [1] 8.640223
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1979
## [1] 9.69608
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1980
## [1] 9.464682
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1981
## [1] 9.702303
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1982
## [1] 8.876575
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1983
## [1] 9.337785
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1984
## [1] 9.594654
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1985
## [1] 10.22928
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1986
## [1] 10.5123
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1987
## [1] 10.75881
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1988
## [1] 11.40706
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1989
## [1] 13.3509
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1990
## [1] 13.71122
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1991
## [1] 12.73074
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1992
## [1] 12.43898
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1993
## [1] 12.99017
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1994
## [1] 15.74981
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1995
## [1] 14.35725
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1996
## [1] 12.63244
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1997
## [1] 9.610497
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1998
## [1] 10.04024
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 1999
## [1] 9.567869
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2000
## [1] 10.49931
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2001
## [1] 11.50205
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2002
## [1] 11.22396
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2003
## [1] 12.1396
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2004
## [1] 11.59922
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2005
## [1] 10.67662
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2006
## [1] 10.68627
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2007
## [1] 9.563638
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2008
## [1] 9.096919
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2009
## [1] 9.763949
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$year: 2010
## [1] 9.747878# Interquartile range
by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$country, IQR)## aid_received3$country: Afghanistan
## [1] 31.00958
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Albania
## [1] 5.354514
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Algeria
## [1] 1.248733
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Angola
## [1] 7.871475
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Antigua and Barbuda
## [1] 1.472596
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Argentina
## [1] 0.04403653
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Armenia
## [1] 7.499971
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Aruba
## [1] 0.8327852
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Azerbaijan
## [1] 3.305505
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bahamas
## [1] 0.1053386
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bahrain
## [1] 2.702497
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bangladesh
## [1] 3.70608
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Barbados
## [1] 1.132379
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Belarus
## [1] 0.01864809
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Belize
## [1] 6.276085
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Benin
## [1] 4.031771
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bermuda
## [1] 0.022355
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bhutan
## [1] 8.476069
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bolivia
## [1] 6.072256
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Bosnia and Herzegovina
## [1] 19.57705
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Botswana
## [1] 10.88596
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Brazil
## [1] 0.1247647
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Brunei
## [1] 0.02452314
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Burkina Faso
## [1] 6.787204
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Burundi
## [1] 14.14331
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cambodia
## [1] 8.330227
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cameroon
## [1] 2.331879
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cape Verde
## [1] 16.85021
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Central African Republic
## [1] 4.626815
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Chad
## [1] 6.821345
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Chile
## [1] 0.3459715
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: China
## [1] 0.4078375
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Colombia
## [1] 0.6661153
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Comoros
## [1] 21.41557
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Congo, Dem. Rep.
## [1] 4.099208
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Congo, Rep.
## [1] 4.009701
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Costa Rica
## [1] 2.035898
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cote d'Ivoire
## [1] 2.467253
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Croatia
## [1] 0.1599414
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cuba
## [1] 0.1331895
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Cyprus
## [1] 1.562898
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Djibouti
## [1] 7.607588
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Dominica
## [1] 8.844007
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Dominican Republic
## [1] 1.665226
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ecuador
## [1] 0.9762413
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Egypt
## [1] 4.470033
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: El Salvador
## [1] 3.057862
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Equatorial Guinea
## [1] 23.12856
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Eritrea
## [1] 17.16592
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ethiopia
## [1] 6.479464
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Fiji
## [1] 1.10365
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: French Polynesia
## [1] 2.866343
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Gabon
## [1] 2.210985
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Gambia
## [1] 11.84186
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Georgia
## [1] 3.657552
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ghana
## [1] 6.934699
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Grenada
## [1] 3.542874
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guatemala
## [1] 0.544648
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guinea
## [1] 4.05519
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guinea-Bissau
## [1] 31.61066
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Guyana
## [1] 9.452215
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Haiti
## [1] 4.95824
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Honduras
## [1] 4.829152
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Hong Kong, China
## [1] 0.03894627
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: India
## [1] 1.012521
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Indonesia
## [1] 0.9935149
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Iran
## [1] 0.1284038
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Iraq
## [1] 0.4715265
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Israel
## [1] 2.167245
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Jamaica
## [1] 3.887768
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Jordan
## [1] 11.98142
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kazakhstan
## [1] 0.524281
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kenya
## [1] 3.101492
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kiribati
## [1] 20.12146
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kosovo
## [1] 1.596393
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kuwait
## [1] 0.01631685
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Kyrgyz Republic
## [1] 5.544564
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lao
## [1] 7.368509
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lebanon
## [1] 1.822363
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Lesotho
## [1] 6.369714
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Liberia
## [1] 18.07021
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Libya
## [1] 0.0118714
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Macao, China
## [1] 0.01649935
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Macedonia, FYR
## [1] 3.267394
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Madagascar
## [1] 6.465891
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malawi
## [1] 13.37573
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malaysia
## [1] 0.5815958
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Maldives
## [1] 9.205425
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mali
## [1] 6.194552
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Malta
## [1] 4.242395
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Marshall Islands
## [1] 14.17526
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mauritania
## [1] 14.19233
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mauritius
## [1] 2.312329
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mexico
## [1] 0.08873382
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
## [1] 9.438709
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Moldova
## [1] 3.49947
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mongolia
## [1] 14.49577
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Montenegro
## [1] 1.621532
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Morocco
## [1] 1.829978
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Mozambique
## [1] 19.75557
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Namibia
## [1] 2.843931
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nepal
## [1] 5.103969
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: New Caledonia
## [1] 4.213733
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nicaragua
## [1] 10.09194
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Niger
## [1] 8.84042
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Nigeria
## [1] 0.7027794
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Oman
## [1] 1.736313
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Pakistan
## [1] 2.781582
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Palau
## [1] 14.63316
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Panama
## [1] 1.40983
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Papua New Guinea
## [1] 8.824687
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Paraguay
## [1] 1.395606
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Peru
## [1] 0.5457125
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Philippines
## [1] 0.7721576
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Qatar
## [1] 0.02294564
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Rwanda
## [1] 8.346117
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Samoa
## [1] 12.19869
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sao Tome and Principe
## [1] 11.66383
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Saudi Arabia
## [1] 0.0140664
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Senegal
## [1] 4.414217
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Serbia
## [1] 4.593645
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Seychelles
## [1] 10.03843
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sierra Leone
## [1] 20.78866
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Singapore
## [1] 0.2297902
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Slovenia
## [1] 0.1739846
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Solomon Islands
## [1] 22.45449
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Somalia
## [1] 35.35439
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: South Africa
## [1] 0.1096372
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: South Korea
## [1] 3.561565
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sri Lanka
## [1] 5.469812
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Kitts and Nevis
## [1] 4.368025
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Lucia
## [1] 3.550211
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
## [1] 7.417094
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Sudan
## [1] 4.26236
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Suriname
## [1] 8.742418
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Swaziland
## [1] 9.08885
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Syria
## [1] 5.655545
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tajikistan
## [1] 6.151212
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tanzania
## [1] 8.792007
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Thailand
## [1] 0.5891911
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Timor-Leste
## [1] 51.04485
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Togo
## [1] 7.10468
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tonga
## [1] 9.856532
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Trinidad and Tobago
## [1] 0.3872438
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tunisia
## [1] 4.024134
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Turkey
## [1] 0.5853814
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Turkmenistan
## [1] 0.6106951
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Tuvalu
## [1] 11.33288
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uganda
## [1] 10.52986
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Ukraine
## [1] 0.1055394
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uruguay
## [1] 0.3547744
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Uzbekistan
## [1] 0.6810167
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Vanuatu
## [1] 13.96981
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Venezuela
## [1] 0.05393295
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Vietnam
## [1] 1.422546
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: West Bank and Gaza
## [1] 13.18164
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Yemen
## [1] 2.973337
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Zambia
## [1] 15.67841
## --------------------------------------------------------
## aid_received3$country: Zimbabwe
## [1] 4.329745Interquartile range
upper_quartile_1960 <- subset(aid_received3, donor_aid >= 10.3 & year == 1960)
upper_quartile_1960## # A tibble: 4 x 3
## country year donor_aid
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Algeria 1960 11.0
## 2 Somalia 1960 11.9
## 3 Suriname 1960 10.4
## 4 Swaziland 1960 28.5upper_quartile_2010 <- subset(aid_received3, donor_aid >= 10.3 & year == 2010)
upper_quartile_2010## # A tibble: 34 x 3
## country year donor_aid
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 Afghanistan 2010 40.9
## 2 Benin 2010 10.5
## 3 Burkina Faso 2010 12.0
## 4 Burundi 2010 31.0
## 5 Cape Verde 2010 20.7
## 6 Central African Republic 2010 13.2
## 7 Comoros 2010 12.4
## 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2010 29.0
## 9 Congo, Rep. 2010 14.5
## 10 Ethiopia 2010 13.3
## # ... with 24 more rowsmax(by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$year, IQR))## [1] 15.74981#15.74981
min(by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$year, IQR))## [1] 3.364176#3.364176max(by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$country, IQR))## [1] 51.04485#51.04485
#looked up = Timor-Leste (how to do this progmatically)
min(by(aid_received3$donor_aid, aid_received3$country, IQR))## [1] 0.0118714# 0.0118714)
# manually - libya(how do i do this progmatically?)Question
if I want a table only of donor aid for the year 1960 say - I want to compare it with that of 2010 table(aid_received3[aid_received3$year]) == 1960 ???
When you save the notebook, an HTML file containing the code and output will be saved alongside it (click the Preview button or press Ctrl+Shift+K to preview the HTML file).
The preview shows you a rendered HTML copy of the contents of the editor. Consequently, unlike Knit, Preview does not run any R code chunks. Instead, the output of the chunk when it was last run in the editor is displayed.