library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionEU<-read.csv("/Users/jings/OneDrive/Documents/fennoy/EU.csv",stringsAsFactors = F)
EU## Country Area.sq.km. Birth.rate.births.1000.population.
## 1 Austria 83870 8.81
## 2 Belgium 30528 10.48
## 3 Bulgaria 110910 9.66
## 4 Croatia 56542 9.57
## 5 Cyprus 9250 12.57
## 6 Czech Republic 78866 9.07
## 7 Denmark 43094 11.36
## 8 Estonia 45226 9.91
## 9 Finland 338145 10.50
## 10 France 547030 12.15
## 11 Germany 357021 8.33
## 12 Greece 131940 9.72
## 13 Hungary 93030 9.76
## 14 Ireland 70280 14.47
## 15 Italy 301230 8.89
## 16 Latvia 64589 9.04
## 17 Lithuania 65200 8.62
## 18 Luxembourg 2586 12.06
## 19 Malta 316 10.17
## 20 Netherlands 41526 11.14
## 21 Poland 312685 10.78
## 22 Portugal 92391 10.82
## 23 Romania 237500 10.70
## 24 Slovakia 48845 10.62
## 25 Slovenia 20273 8.95
## 26 Spain 504782 10.10
## 27 Sweden 449964 10.36
## 28 United Kingdom 244820 10.78
## Current.account.balance Death.rate.deaths.1000.population.
## 1 -3.283e+09 9.70
## 2 1.140e+10 10.22
## 3 6.829e+08 14.26
## 4 -1.925e+09 11.38
## 5 -6.199e+08 7.64
## 6 -5.730e+09 10.54
## 7 6.529e+09 10.43
## 8 -1.169e+09 13.21
## 9 1.139e+10 9.79
## 10 -3.050e+08 9.08
## 11 7.359e+10 10.55
## 12 -8.000e+09 10.15
## 13 -7.941e+09 13.19
## 14 -2.881e+09 7.85
## 15 -2.110e+10 10.30
## 16 -1.251e+09 13.70
## 17 -1.600e+09 10.92
## 18 NA 8.41
## 19 -2.410e+08 8.00
## 20 1.990e+10 8.68
## 21 -3.831e+09 10.01
## 22 -8.120e+09 10.43
## 23 -3.631e+09 11.74
## 24 -1.400e+09 9.43
## 25 -5.164e+07 10.22
## 26 -3.089e+10 9.63
## 27 2.408e+10 10.36
## 28 -3.346e+10 10.18
## Debt...external Electricity...consumption.kWh.
## 1 1.550e+10 5.509e+10
## 2 2.830e+10 7.882e+10
## 3 1.610e+10 3.271e+10
## 4 2.640e+10 1.520e+10
## 5 7.327e+09 6.020e+08
## 6 3.628e+10 5.533e+10
## 7 2.170e+10 3.163e+10
## 8 8.373e+09 6.358e+09
## 9 3.000e+10 7.858e+10
## 10 NA 4.150e+11
## 11 NA 5.200e+11
## 12 6.723e+10 4.742e+10
## 13 5.700e+10 3.599e+10
## 14 1.100e+10 2.178e+10
## 15 9.140e+11 2.940e+11
## 16 7.368e+09 5.829e+09
## 17 1.001e+10 1.017e+10
## 18 NA 5.735e+09
## 19 1.300e+08 2.000e+09
## 20 NA 1.010e+11
## 21 9.915e+10 1.170e+11
## 22 2.750e+11 4.215e+10
## 23 2.459e+10 5.750e+10
## 24 1.954e+10 2.889e+10
## 25 1.465e+10 1.180e+10
## 26 7.710e+11 2.180e+11
## 27 6.650e+10 1.380e+11
## 28 4.710e+12 3.370e+11
## Electricity...production.kWh. Exports GDP GDP...per.capita
## 1 5.849e+10 1.030e+11 2.560e+11 31300
## 2 7.658e+10 2.560e+11 3.160e+11 30600
## 3 4.307e+10 9.134e+09 6.163e+10 8200
## 4 1.251e+10 7.845e+09 5.033e+10 11200
## 5 4.000e+09 4.930e+07 4.540e+09 7135
## 6 7.175e+10 6.651e+10 1.720e+11 16800
## 7 3.638e+10 7.306e+10 1.740e+11 32200
## 8 8.301e+09 5.701e+09 1.923e+10 14300
## 9 7.159e+10 6.104e+10 1.510e+11 29000
## 10 5.290e+11 4.190e+11 1.740e+12 28700
## 11 5.600e+11 8.930e+11 2.360e+12 28700
## 12 4.722e+10 1.550e+10 2.260e+11 21300
## 13 3.407e+10 5.462e+10 1.490e+11 14900
## 14 2.288e+10 1.040e+11 1.260e+11 31900
## 15 2.620e+11 3.360e+11 1.610e+12 27700
## 16 4.547e+09 3.569e+09 2.653e+10 11500
## 17 1.793e+10 8.880e+09 4.523e+10 12500
## 18 2.511e+09 1.340e+10 2.727e+10 58900
## 19 2.150e+09 2.625e+09 7.223e+09 18200
## 20 9.061e+10 2.930e+11 4.810e+11 29500
## 21 1.340e+11 7.598e+10 4.630e+11 12000
## 22 4.328e+10 3.768e+10 1.890e+11 17900
## 23 5.653e+10 2.354e+10 1.720e+11 7700
## 24 3.115e+10 2.924e+10 7.889e+10 14500
## 25 1.249e+10 1.497e+10 3.941e+10 19600
## 26 2.290e+11 1.730e+11 9.380e+11 23300
## 27 1.430e+11 1.220e+11 2.550e+11 28400
## 28 3.960e+11 3.470e+11 1.780e+12 29600
## GDP...real.growth.rate... HIV.AIDS...adult.prevalence.rate...
## 1 1.9 0.3
## 2 2.6 0.2
## 3 5.3 0.1
## 4 3.7 0.1
## 5 2.6 0.1
## 6 3.7 0.1
## 7 2.1 0.2
## 8 6.0 1.1
## 9 3.0 0.1
## 10 2.1 0.4
## 11 1.7 0.1
## 12 3.7 0.2
## 13 3.9 0.1
## 14 5.1 0.1
## 15 1.3 0.5
## 16 7.6 0.6
## 17 6.6 0.1
## 18 2.3 0.2
## 19 1.0 0.2
## 20 1.2 0.2
## 21 5.6 0.1
## 22 1.1 0.4
## 23 8.1 0.1
## 24 5.3 0.1
## 25 3.9 0.1
## 26 2.6 0.7
## 27 3.6 0.1
## 28 3.2 0.2
## HIV.AIDS...deaths HIV.AIDS...people.living.with.HIV.AIDS Highways.km.
## 1 100 10000 200000
## 2 100 10000 149028
## 3 100 346 37077
## 4 10 200 28344
## 5 NA 1000 13943
## 6 10 2500 127204
## 7 100 5000 71847
## 8 200 7800 55944
## 9 100 1500 78197
## 10 1000 120000 893100
## 11 1000 43000 230735
## 12 100 9100 117000
## 13 100 2800 159568
## 14 100 2800 95736
## 15 1000 140000 479688
## 16 500 7600 60472
## 17 200 1300 77148
## 18 100 500 5210
## 19 100 500 2222
## 20 100 19000 116500
## 21 100 14000 364697
## 22 1000 22000 17135
## 23 350 6500 198755
## 24 100 200 42970
## 25 100 280 20250
## 26 1000 140000 664852
## 27 100 3600 213237
## 28 500 51000 392931
## Imports Industrial.production.growth.rate...
## 1 1.010e+11 3.3
## 2 2.350e+11 3.5
## 3 1.223e+10 5.2
## 4 1.670e+10 2.7
## 5 4.152e+08 -0.3
## 6 6.819e+10 4.7
## 7 6.345e+10 1.7
## 8 7.318e+09 5.0
## 9 4.517e+10 2.0
## 10 4.200e+11 1.7
## 11 7.170e+11 2.2
## 12 5.428e+10 4.1
## 13 5.868e+10 9.6
## 14 6.065e+10 7.0
## 15 3.290e+11 0.7
## 16 5.970e+09 8.5
## 17 1.102e+10 12.0
## 18 1.630e+10 2.9
## 19 3.407e+09 NA
## 20 2.530e+11 0.8
## 21 8.161e+10 10.0
## 22 5.210e+10 1.1
## 23 2.843e+10 4.0
## 24 2.967e+10 5.1
## 25 1.607e+10 3.9
## 26 2.220e+11 3.0
## 27 9.797e+10 5.5
## 28 4.390e+11 0.9
## Infant.mortality.rate.deaths.1000.live.births.
## 1 4.66
## 2 4.68
## 3 20.55
## 4 6.84
## 5 7.18
## 6 3.93
## 7 4.56
## 8 7.87
## 9 3.57
## 10 4.26
## 11 4.16
## 12 5.53
## 13 8.57
## 14 5.39
## 15 5.94
## 16 9.55
## 17 6.89
## 18 4.81
## 19 3.89
## 20 5.04
## 21 8.51
## 22 5.05
## 23 26.43
## 24 7.41
## 25 4.45
## 26 4.42
## 27 2.77
## 28 5.16
## Inflation.rate..consumer.prices.... Internet.hosts Internet.users
## 1 1.8 387006 3730000
## 2 1.9 166799 3400000
## 3 6.1 53421 630000
## 4 2.5 29644 1014000
## 5 2.4 5901 210000
## 6 3.2 295677 2700000
## 7 1.4 1219925 2756000
## 8 3.0 82142 444000
## 9 0.7 1219173 2650000
## 10 2.3 2396761 21900000
## 11 1.6 2686119 39000000
## 12 2.9 208977 1718400
## 13 7.0 383071 1600000
## 14 2.2 162228 1260000
## 15 2.3 1437511 18500000
## 16 6.0 51758 936000
## 17 1.1 67769 695700
## 18 2.4 28214 165000
## 19 2.9 7156 120000
## 20 1.4 4518226 8500000
## 21 3.4 804915 8970000
## 22 2.1 346078 3600000
## 23 9.6 50807 4000000
## 24 7.5 89592 1375800
## 25 3.3 45491 750000
## 26 3.2 1056950 9789000
## 27 0.7 945221 5125000
## 28 1.4 3398708 25000000
## Investment..gross.fixed....of.GDP. Labor.force
## 1 22.6 3450000
## 2 19.1 4750000
## 3 18.6 3398000
## 4 28.6 1710000
## 5 17.9 95025
## 6 29.0 5250000
## 7 19.8 2870000
## 8 28.2 660000
## 9 18.3 2660000
## 10 19.2 27700000
## 11 17.6 42630000
## 12 27.0 4400000
## 13 22.8 4170000
## 14 23.8 1920000
## 15 19.3 24270000
## 16 26.1 1170000
## 17 21.9 1630000
## 18 19.8 293700
## 19 26.4 160000
## 20 19.9 7530000
## 21 18.4 17020000
## 22 22.3 5480000
## 23 23.3 9660000
## 24 24.0 2200000
## 25 24.9 870000
## 26 25.4 19330000
## 27 15.8 4460000
## 28 16.2 29780000
## Life.expectancy.at.birth.years. Military.expenditures...dollar.figure
## 1 78.92 1497000000
## 2 78.62 3999000000
## 3 72.03 356000000
## 4 74.45 620000000
## 5 77.65 384000000
## 6 76.02 2170000000
## 7 77.62 3271600000
## 8 71.77 155000000
## 9 78.35 1800000000
## 10 79.60 45238100000
## 11 78.65 35063000000
## 12 79.09 5890000000
## 13 72.40 1080000000
## 14 77.56 700000000
## 15 79.68 28182800000
## 16 71.05 87000000
## 17 73.97 230800000
## 18 78.74 231600000
## 19 78.86 31100000
## 20 78.81 9408000000
## 21 74.41 3500000000
## 22 77.53 3497800000
## 23 71.35 985000000
## 24 74.50 406000000
## 25 76.14 370000000
## 26 79.52 9906500000
## 27 80.40 5729000000
## 28 78.38 42836500000
## Military.expenditures...percent.of.GDP...
## 1 0.90
## 2 1.30
## 3 2.60
## 4 2.39
## 5 3.80
## 6 2.02
## 7 1.50
## 8 2.00
## 9 2.00
## 10 2.60
## 11 1.50
## 12 4.30
## 13 1.75
## 14 0.90
## 15 1.80
## 16 1.20
## 17 1.90
## 18 0.90
## 19 0.70
## 20 1.60
## 21 1.71
## 22 2.30
## 23 2.47
## 24 1.89
## 25 1.70
## 26 1.20
## 27 1.70
## 28 2.40
## Natural.gas...consumption.cu.m. Natural.gas...exports.cu.m.
## 1 7.810e+09 4.030e+08
## 2 1.550e+10 0.000e+00
## 3 5.804e+09 0.000e+00
## 4 2.840e+09 0.000e+00
## 5 NA NA
## 6 9.892e+09 1.000e+06
## 7 5.280e+09 3.100e+09
## 8 1.270e+09 0.000e+00
## 9 4.557e+09 0.000e+00
## 10 4.201e+10 1.725e+09
## 11 9.955e+10 7.731e+09
## 12 2.021e+09 0.000e+00
## 13 1.337e+10 4.000e+06
## 14 4.199e+09 0.000e+00
## 15 7.118e+10 6.100e+07
## 16 1.700e+09 0.000e+00
## 17 2.760e+09 0.000e+00
## 18 8.650e+08 0.000e+00
## 19 NA NA
## 20 4.972e+10 4.928e+10
## 21 1.385e+10 4.100e+07
## 22 2.542e+09 0.000e+00
## 23 1.850e+10 0.000e+00
## 24 6.800e+09 0.000e+00
## 25 1.040e+09 0.000e+00
## 26 1.796e+10 0.000e+00
## 27 9.490e+08 0.000e+00
## 28 9.285e+10 1.575e+10
## Natural.gas...imports.cu.m. Natural.gas...production.cu.m.
## 1 6.033e+09 1.731e+09
## 2 1.540e+10 0.000e+00
## 3 5.800e+09 4.000e+06
## 4 1.080e+09 1.760e+09
## 5 NA NA
## 6 9.521e+09 1.600e+08
## 7 0.000e+00 8.380e+09
## 8 1.270e+09 0.000e+00
## 9 4.567e+09 0.000e+00
## 10 4.026e+10 1.898e+09
## 11 8.502e+10 2.100e+10
## 12 2.018e+09 3.500e+07
## 13 9.587e+09 3.231e+09
## 14 3.384e+09 8.150e+08
## 15 5.478e+10 1.549e+10
## 16 1.700e+09 0.000e+00
## 17 2.760e+09 0.000e+00
## 18 8.670e+08 0.000e+00
## 19 NA NA
## 20 2.078e+10 7.775e+10
## 21 8.782e+09 5.471e+09
## 22 2.553e+09 0.000e+00
## 23 5.400e+09 1.260e+10
## 24 6.600e+09 1.900e+08
## 25 1.040e+09 0.000e+00
## 26 1.726e+10 5.160e+08
## 27 9.680e+08 0.000e+00
## 28 2.700e+09 1.060e+11
## Natural.gas...proved.reserves.cu.m. Oil...consumption.bbl.day.
## 1 2.490e+10 262400
## 2 NA 595100
## 3 3.724e+09 94000
## 4 3.436e+10 89000
## 5 NA 49000
## 6 3.057e+09 175700
## 7 8.198e+10 218000
## 8 NA 24000
## 9 NA 211400
## 10 1.286e+10 2026000
## 11 2.930e+11 2891000
## 12 2.549e+08 405700
## 13 5.045e+10 140700
## 14 9.911e+09 174400
## 15 2.100e+11 1866000
## 16 NA 44000
## 17 NA 72000
## 18 NA 50650
## 19 NA 20000
## 20 1.690e+12 895300
## 21 1.540e+11 424100
## 22 NA 339800
## 23 1.110e+11 253800
## 24 7.504e+09 82000
## 25 NA 53300
## 26 2.549e+08 1497000
## 27 NA 328600
## 28 7.150e+11 1692000
## Oil...exports.bbl.day. Oil...imports.bbl.day. Oil...production.bbl.day.
## 1 35470 262000 20670
## 2 450000 1042000 0
## 3 NA NA 603
## 4 NA NA 21000
## 5 NA NA 300
## 6 26670 192300 7419
## 7 332100 195000 346200
## 8 NA NA 5100
## 9 101000 318300 0
## 10 409600 2281000 34920
## 11 12990 2135000 74100
## 12 84720 468300 5992
## 13 47180 136600 41190
## 14 27450 178600 0
## 15 456600 2158000 79460
## 16 NA NA 0
## 17 NA NA 4594
## 18 634 50700 0
## 19 NA NA 0
## 20 1418000 2284000 46200
## 21 53000 413700 17180
## 22 28830 357300 0
## 23 NA NA 128000
## 24 NA NA 1000
## 25 NA NA 20
## 26 135100 1582000 7099
## 27 203700 553100 0
## 28 1498000 1084000 1957000
## Oil...proved.reserves.bbl. Population Public.debt...of.GDP.
## 1 8.569e+07 8184691 64.2
## 2 NA 10364388 96.2
## 3 8.100e+06 7450349 41.9
## 4 9.360e+07 4495904 41.7
## 5 NA 780133 74.9
## 6 1.725e+07 10241138 33.5
## 7 1.230e+09 5432335 42.5
## 8 NA 1332893 5.4
## 9 NA 5223442 46.8
## 10 1.443e+08 60656178 67.7
## 11 3.958e+08 82431390 65.8
## 12 4.500e+06 10668354 112.0
## 13 1.107e+08 10006835 58.3
## 14 0.000e+00 4015676 31.2
## 15 5.866e+08 58103033 105.6
## 16 NA 2290237 11.8
## 17 NA 3596617 25.2
## 18 NA 468571 NA
## 19 NA 398534 NA
## 20 8.806e+07 16407491 55.8
## 21 1.164e+08 38635144 49.9
## 22 NA 10566212 61.5
## 23 1.055e+09 22329977 23.6
## 24 4.500e+06 5431363 46.6
## 25 NA 2011070 31.5
## 26 1.050e+07 40341462 53.2
## 27 NA 9001774 51.6
## 28 2.541e+10 60441457 39.6
## Railways.km. Reserves.of.foreign.exchange...gold
## 1 6021 1.273e+10
## 2 3518 1.445e+10
## 3 4294 7.526e+09
## 4 2726 8.563e+09
## 5 NA 9.416e+08
## 6 9520 3.278e+10
## 7 3002 3.798e+10
## 8 958 1.503e+09
## 9 5851 1.117e+10
## 10 32175 7.076e+10
## 11 46039 9.684e+10
## 12 2571 7.300e+09
## 13 7937 1.480e+10
## 14 3312 4.152e+09
## 15 19507 6.150e+10
## 16 2303 1.650e+09
## 17 1998 4.610e+09
## 18 274 NA
## 19 NA 2.865e+09
## 20 2808 2.144e+10
## 21 23852 4.188e+10
## 22 2850 1.230e+10
## 23 11385 1.621e+10
## 24 3661 1.491e+10
## 25 1201 8.493e+09
## 26 14268 1.970e+10
## 27 11481 1.999e+10
## 28 17186 4.873e+10
## Telephones...main.lines.in.use Telephones...mobile.cellular
## 1 3881000 7094500
## 2 5120400 8135500
## 3 2868200 2597500
## 4 1825000 2553000
## 5 86228 143178
## 6 3626000 9708700
## 7 3610100 4785300
## 8 475000 881000
## 9 2548000 4700000
## 10 33905400 41683100
## 11 54350000 64800000
## 12 5205100 8936200
## 13 3666400 6862800
## 14 1955000 3400000
## 15 26596000 55918000
## 16 653900 1219600
## 17 824200 2169900
## 18 355400 473000
## 19 208300 290000
## 20 10004000 12500000
## 21 12300000 17401000
## 22 4278800 9341400
## 23 4300000 6900000
## 24 1294700 3678800
## 25 812300 1739100
## 26 17567500 37506700
## 27 6579200 7949000
## 28 34898000 49677000
## Total.fertility.rate.children.born.woman. Unemployment.rate...
## 1 1.36 4.4
## 2 1.64 12.0
## 3 1.38 12.7
## 4 1.39 13.8
## 5 1.83 3.2
## 6 1.20 10.6
## 7 1.74 6.2
## 8 1.39 9.6
## 9 1.73 8.9
## 10 1.85 10.1
## 11 1.39 10.6
## 12 1.33 10.0
## 13 1.32 5.9
## 14 1.87 4.3
## 15 1.28 8.6
## 16 1.26 8.8
## 17 1.19 8.0
## 18 1.79 4.5
## 19 1.50 7.0
## 20 1.66 6.0
## 21 1.39 19.5
## 22 1.47 6.5
## 23 1.36 6.3
## 24 1.32 13.1
## 25 1.24 6.4
## 26 1.28 10.4
## 27 1.66 5.6
## 28 1.66 4.8glimpse(EU)## Observations: 28
## Variables: 45
## $ Country <chr> "Austria", "Bel...
## $ Area.sq.km. <int> 83870, 30528, 1...
## $ Birth.rate.births.1000.population. <dbl> 8.81, 10.48, 9....
## $ Current.account.balance <dbl> -3.283e+09, 1.1...
## $ Death.rate.deaths.1000.population. <dbl> 9.70, 10.22, 14...
## $ Debt...external <dbl> 1.550e+10, 2.83...
## $ Electricity...consumption.kWh. <dbl> 5.509e+10, 7.88...
## $ Electricity...production.kWh. <dbl> 5.849e+10, 7.65...
## $ Exports <dbl> 1.030e+11, 2.56...
## $ GDP <dbl> 2.560e+11, 3.16...
## $ GDP...per.capita <int> 31300, 30600, 8...
## $ GDP...real.growth.rate... <dbl> 1.9, 2.6, 5.3, ...
## $ HIV.AIDS...adult.prevalence.rate... <dbl> 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, ...
## $ HIV.AIDS...deaths <int> 100, 100, 100, ...
## $ HIV.AIDS...people.living.with.HIV.AIDS <int> 10000, 10000, 3...
## $ Highways.km. <int> 200000, 149028,...
## $ Imports <dbl> 1.010e+11, 2.35...
## $ Industrial.production.growth.rate... <dbl> 3.3, 3.5, 5.2, ...
## $ Infant.mortality.rate.deaths.1000.live.births. <dbl> 4.66, 4.68, 20....
## $ Inflation.rate..consumer.prices.... <dbl> 1.8, 1.9, 6.1, ...
## $ Internet.hosts <int> 387006, 166799,...
## $ Internet.users <int> 3730000, 340000...
## $ Investment..gross.fixed....of.GDP. <dbl> 22.6, 19.1, 18....
## $ Labor.force <int> 3450000, 475000...
## $ Life.expectancy.at.birth.years. <dbl> 78.92, 78.62, 7...
## $ Military.expenditures...dollar.figure <dbl> 1497000000, 399...
## $ Military.expenditures...percent.of.GDP... <dbl> 0.90, 1.30, 2.6...
## $ Natural.gas...consumption.cu.m. <dbl> 7.810e+09, 1.55...
## $ Natural.gas...exports.cu.m. <dbl> 4.030e+08, 0.00...
## $ Natural.gas...imports.cu.m. <dbl> 6.033e+09, 1.54...
## $ Natural.gas...production.cu.m. <dbl> 1.731e+09, 0.00...
## $ Natural.gas...proved.reserves.cu.m. <dbl> 2.490e+10, NA, ...
## $ Oil...consumption.bbl.day. <int> 262400, 595100,...
## $ Oil...exports.bbl.day. <int> 35470, 450000, ...
## $ Oil...imports.bbl.day. <int> 262000, 1042000...
## $ Oil...production.bbl.day. <int> 20670, 0, 603, ...
## $ Oil...proved.reserves.bbl. <dbl> 8.569e+07, NA, ...
## $ Population <int> 8184691, 103643...
## $ Public.debt...of.GDP. <dbl> 64.2, 96.2, 41....
## $ Railways.km. <int> 6021, 3518, 429...
## $ Reserves.of.foreign.exchange...gold <dbl> 1.273e+10, 1.44...
## $ Telephones...main.lines.in.use <int> 3881000, 512040...
## $ Telephones...mobile.cellular <int> 7094500, 813550...
## $ Total.fertility.rate.children.born.woman. <dbl> 1.36, 1.64, 1.3...
## $ Unemployment.rate... <dbl> 4.4, 12.0, 12.7...rownames(EU) = EU$Country #assign country name as row name
EU=EU[,-1]#remove the country name variable
summary(EU)#missing value## Area.sq.km. Birth.rate.births.1000.population.
## Min. : 316 Min. : 8.330
## 1st Qu.: 44693 1st Qu.: 9.445
## Median : 81368 Median :10.265
## Mean :156516 Mean :10.335
## 3rd Qu.:258923 3rd Qu.:10.790
## Max. :547030 Max. :14.470
##
## Current.account.balance Death.rate.deaths.1000.population.
## Min. :-3.346e+10 Min. : 7.64
## 1st Qu.:-4.780e+09 1st Qu.: 9.58
## Median :-1.400e+09 Median :10.22
## Mean : 3.756e+08 Mean :10.36
## 3rd Qu.: 3.156e+08 3rd Qu.:10.64
## Max. : 7.359e+10 Max. :14.26
## NA's :1
## Debt...external Electricity...consumption.kWh.
## Min. :1.300e+08 Min. :6.020e+08
## 1st Qu.:1.374e+10 1st Qu.:1.435e+10
## Median :2.550e+10 Median :4.478e+10
## Mean :3.015e+11 Mean :9.870e+10
## 3rd Qu.:6.668e+10 3rd Qu.:1.050e+11
## Max. :4.710e+12 Max. :5.200e+11
## NA's :4
## Electricity...production.kWh. Exports GDP
## Min. :2.150e+09 Min. :4.930e+07 Min. :4.540e+09
## 1st Qu.:1.658e+10 1st Qu.:1.233e+10 1st Qu.:4.906e+10
## Median :4.525e+10 Median :5.783e+10 Median :1.720e+11
## Mean :1.072e+11 Mean :1.268e+11 Mean :4.257e+11
## 3rd Qu.:1.015e+11 3rd Qu.:1.348e+11 3rd Qu.:3.528e+11
## Max. :5.600e+11 Max. :8.930e+11 Max. :2.360e+12
##
## GDP...per.capita GDP...real.growth.rate...
## Min. : 7135 Min. :1.00
## 1st Qu.:13850 1st Qu.:2.10
## Median :20450 Median :3.40
## Mean :22055 Mean :3.60
## 3rd Qu.:29125 3rd Qu.:5.15
## Max. :58900 Max. :8.10
##
## HIV.AIDS...adult.prevalence.rate... HIV.AIDS...deaths
## Min. :0.1000 Min. : 10.0
## 1st Qu.:0.1000 1st Qu.: 100.0
## Median :0.1500 Median : 100.0
## Mean :0.2429 Mean : 306.3
## 3rd Qu.:0.2250 3rd Qu.: 425.0
## Max. :1.1000 Max. :1000.0
## NA's :1
## HIV.AIDS...people.living.with.HIV.AIDS Highways.km.
## Min. : 200 Min. : 2222
## 1st Qu.: 1225 1st Qu.: 41497
## Median : 5750 Median :106118
## Mean : 22233 Mean :175493
## 3rd Qu.: 15250 3rd Qu.:203309
## Max. :140000 Max. :893100
##
## Imports Industrial.production.growth.rate...
## Min. :4.152e+08 Min. :-0.300
## 1st Qu.:1.624e+10 1st Qu.: 1.850
## Median :5.648e+10 Median : 3.500
## Mean :1.231e+11 Mean : 4.104
## 3rd Qu.:1.312e+11 3rd Qu.: 5.150
## Max. :7.170e+11 Max. :12.000
## NA's :1
## Infant.mortality.rate.deaths.1000.live.births.
## Min. : 2.770
## 1st Qu.: 4.442
## Median : 5.105
## Mean : 6.860
## 3rd Qu.: 7.237
## Max. :26.430
##
## Inflation.rate..consumer.prices.... Internet.hosts Internet.users
## Min. :0.700 Min. : 5901 Min. : 120000
## 1st Qu.:1.750 1st Qu.: 53005 1st Qu.: 889500
## Median :2.400 Median : 252327 Median : 2675000
## Mean :3.082 Mean : 790901 Mean : 6090675
## 3rd Qu.:3.225 3rd Qu.:1097506 3rd Qu.: 5968750
## Max. :9.600 Max. :4518226 Max. :39000000
##
## Investment..gross.fixed....of.GDP. Labor.force
## Min. :15.80 Min. : 95025
## 1st Qu.:18.98 1st Qu.: 1690000
## Median :22.10 Median : 3810000
## Mean :22.01 Mean : 8197026
## 3rd Qu.:25.02 3rd Qu.: 8062500
## Max. :29.00 Max. :42630000
##
## Life.expectancy.at.birth.years. Military.expenditures...dollar.figure
## Min. :71.05 Min. :3.110e+07
## 1st Qu.:74.44 1st Qu.:3.805e+08
## Median :77.64 Median :1.648e+09
## Mean :76.65 Mean :7.415e+09
## 3rd Qu.:78.82 3rd Qu.:5.769e+09
## Max. :80.40 Max. :4.524e+10
##
## Military.expenditures...percent.of.GDP... Natural.gas...consumption.cu.m.
## Min. :0.700 Min. :8.650e+08
## 1st Qu.:1.450 1st Qu.:2.596e+09
## Median :1.775 Median :6.302e+09
## Mean :1.894 Mean :1.903e+10
## 3rd Qu.:2.322 3rd Qu.:1.734e+10
## Max. :4.300 Max. :9.955e+10
## NA's :2
## Natural.gas...exports.cu.m. Natural.gas...imports.cu.m.
## Min. :0.000e+00 Min. :0.000e+00
## 1st Qu.:0.000e+00 1st Qu.:1.780e+09
## Median :0.000e+00 Median :4.984e+09
## Mean :3.004e+09 Mean :1.193e+10
## 3rd Qu.:5.600e+07 3rd Qu.:9.570e+09
## Max. :4.928e+10 Max. :8.502e+10
## NA's :2 NA's :2
## Natural.gas...production.cu.m. Natural.gas...proved.reserves.cu.m.
## Min. :0.000e+00 Min. :2.549e+08
## 1st Qu.:0.000e+00 1st Qu.:7.504e+09
## Median :3.530e+08 Median :3.436e+10
## Mean :9.886e+09 Mean :2.001e+11
## 3rd Qu.:4.911e+09 3rd Qu.:1.540e+11
## Max. :1.060e+11 Max. :1.690e+12
## NA's :2 NA's :11
## Oil...consumption.bbl.day. Oil...exports.bbl.day. Oil...imports.bbl.day.
## Min. : 20000 Min. : 634 Min. : 50700
## 1st Qu.: 79500 1st Qu.: 30490 1st Qu.: 211750
## Median : 214700 Median : 92860 Median : 441000
## Mean : 534820 Mean : 295614 Mean : 871772
## 3rd Qu.: 466850 3rd Qu.: 390225 3rd Qu.:1457500
## Max. :2891000 Max. :1498000 Max. :2284000
## NA's :10 NA's :10
## Oil...production.bbl.day. Oil...proved.reserves.bbl. Population
## Min. : 0 Min. :0.000e+00 Min. : 398534
## 1st Qu.: 0 1st Qu.:1.050e+07 1st Qu.: 3910911
## Median : 5546 Median :9.360e+07 Median : 8593232
## Mean : 99930 Mean :1.727e+09 Mean :17546666
## 3rd Qu.: 36488 3rd Qu.:3.958e+08 3rd Qu.:17888112
## Max. :1957000 Max. :2.541e+10 Max. :82431390
## NA's :11
## Public.debt...of.GDP. Railways.km. Reserves.of.foreign.exchange...gold
## Min. : 5.40 Min. : 274 Min. :9.416e+08
## 1st Qu.: 35.02 1st Qu.: 2746 1st Qu.:7.413e+09
## Median : 48.35 Median : 3978 Median :1.445e+10
## Mean : 51.46 Mean : 9258 Mean :2.207e+10
## 3rd Qu.: 63.52 3rd Qu.:11457 3rd Qu.:2.711e+10
## Max. :112.00 Max. :46039 Max. :9.684e+10
## NA's :2 NA's :2 NA's :1
## Telephones...main.lines.in.use Telephones...mobile.cellular
## Min. : 86228 Min. : 143178
## 1st Qu.: 1177075 1st Qu.: 2457225
## Median : 3646200 Median : 6881400
## Mean : 8706933 Mean :13323010
## 3rd Qu.: 7435400 3rd Qu.:10406525
## Max. :54350000 Max. :64800000
##
## Total.fertility.rate.children.born.woman. Unemployment.rate...
## Min. :1.190 Min. : 3.200
## 1st Qu.:1.320 1st Qu.: 5.975
## Median :1.390 Median : 8.300
## Mean :1.481 Mean : 8.493
## 3rd Qu.:1.660 3rd Qu.:10.450
## Max. :1.870 Max. :19.500
## for(i in 1:ncol(EU)){EU[is.na(EU[,i]), i] <- mean(EU[,i], na.rm = TRUE) }
summary(EU)## Area.sq.km. Birth.rate.births.1000.population.
## Min. : 316 Min. : 8.330
## 1st Qu.: 44693 1st Qu.: 9.445
## Median : 81368 Median :10.265
## Mean :156516 Mean :10.335
## 3rd Qu.:258923 3rd Qu.:10.790
## Max. :547030 Max. :14.470
## Current.account.balance Death.rate.deaths.1000.population.
## Min. :-3.346e+10 Min. : 7.64
## 1st Qu.:-4.306e+09 1st Qu.: 9.58
## Median :-1.326e+09 Median :10.22
## Mean : 3.756e+08 Mean :10.36
## 3rd Qu.: 4.525e+08 3rd Qu.:10.64
## Max. : 7.359e+10 Max. :14.26
## Debt...external Electricity...consumption.kWh.
## Min. :1.300e+08 Min. :6.020e+08
## 1st Qu.:1.529e+10 1st Qu.:1.435e+10
## Median :2.915e+10 Median :4.478e+10
## Mean :3.015e+11 Mean :9.870e+10
## 3rd Qu.:2.816e+11 3rd Qu.:1.050e+11
## Max. :4.710e+12 Max. :5.200e+11
## Electricity...production.kWh. Exports GDP
## Min. :2.150e+09 Min. :4.930e+07 Min. :4.540e+09
## 1st Qu.:1.658e+10 1st Qu.:1.233e+10 1st Qu.:4.906e+10
## Median :4.525e+10 Median :5.783e+10 Median :1.720e+11
## Mean :1.072e+11 Mean :1.268e+11 Mean :4.257e+11
## 3rd Qu.:1.015e+11 3rd Qu.:1.348e+11 3rd Qu.:3.528e+11
## Max. :5.600e+11 Max. :8.930e+11 Max. :2.360e+12
## GDP...per.capita GDP...real.growth.rate...
## Min. : 7135 Min. :1.00
## 1st Qu.:13850 1st Qu.:2.10
## Median :20450 Median :3.40
## Mean :22055 Mean :3.60
## 3rd Qu.:29125 3rd Qu.:5.15
## Max. :58900 Max. :8.10
## HIV.AIDS...adult.prevalence.rate... HIV.AIDS...deaths
## Min. :0.1000 Min. : 10.0
## 1st Qu.:0.1000 1st Qu.: 100.0
## Median :0.1500 Median : 100.0
## Mean :0.2429 Mean : 306.3
## 3rd Qu.:0.2250 3rd Qu.: 387.5
## Max. :1.1000 Max. :1000.0
## HIV.AIDS...people.living.with.HIV.AIDS Highways.km.
## Min. : 200 Min. : 2222
## 1st Qu.: 1225 1st Qu.: 41497
## Median : 5750 Median :106118
## Mean : 22233 Mean :175493
## 3rd Qu.: 15250 3rd Qu.:203309
## Max. :140000 Max. :893100
## Imports Industrial.production.growth.rate...
## Min. :4.152e+08 Min. :-0.300
## 1st Qu.:1.624e+10 1st Qu.: 1.925
## Median :5.648e+10 Median : 3.700
## Mean :1.231e+11 Mean : 4.104
## 3rd Qu.:1.312e+11 3rd Qu.: 5.125
## Max. :7.170e+11 Max. :12.000
## Infant.mortality.rate.deaths.1000.live.births.
## Min. : 2.770
## 1st Qu.: 4.442
## Median : 5.105
## Mean : 6.860
## 3rd Qu.: 7.237
## Max. :26.430
## Inflation.rate..consumer.prices.... Internet.hosts Internet.users
## Min. :0.700 Min. : 5901 Min. : 120000
## 1st Qu.:1.750 1st Qu.: 53005 1st Qu.: 889500
## Median :2.400 Median : 252327 Median : 2675000
## Mean :3.082 Mean : 790901 Mean : 6090675
## 3rd Qu.:3.225 3rd Qu.:1097506 3rd Qu.: 5968750
## Max. :9.600 Max. :4518226 Max. :39000000
## Investment..gross.fixed....of.GDP. Labor.force
## Min. :15.80 Min. : 95025
## 1st Qu.:18.98 1st Qu.: 1690000
## Median :22.10 Median : 3810000
## Mean :22.01 Mean : 8197026
## 3rd Qu.:25.02 3rd Qu.: 8062500
## Max. :29.00 Max. :42630000
## Life.expectancy.at.birth.years. Military.expenditures...dollar.figure
## Min. :71.05 Min. :3.110e+07
## 1st Qu.:74.44 1st Qu.:3.805e+08
## Median :77.64 Median :1.648e+09
## Mean :76.65 Mean :7.415e+09
## 3rd Qu.:78.82 3rd Qu.:5.769e+09
## Max. :80.40 Max. :4.524e+10
## Military.expenditures...percent.of.GDP... Natural.gas...consumption.cu.m.
## Min. :0.700 Min. :8.650e+08
## 1st Qu.:1.450 1st Qu.:2.706e+09
## Median :1.775 Median :7.305e+09
## Mean :1.894 Mean :1.903e+10
## 3rd Qu.:2.322 3rd Qu.:1.863e+10
## Max. :4.300 Max. :9.955e+10
## Natural.gas...exports.cu.m. Natural.gas...imports.cu.m.
## Min. :0.000e+00 Min. :0.000e+00
## 1st Qu.:0.000e+00 1st Qu.:1.938e+09
## Median :0.000e+00 Median :5.600e+09
## Mean :3.004e+09 Mean :1.193e+10
## 3rd Qu.:7.335e+08 3rd Qu.:1.193e+10
## Max. :4.928e+10 Max. :8.502e+10
## Natural.gas...production.cu.m. Natural.gas...proved.reserves.cu.m.
## Min. :0.000e+00 Min. :2.549e+08
## 1st Qu.:0.000e+00 1st Qu.:2.189e+10
## Median :6.655e+08 Median :2.001e+11
## Mean :9.886e+09 Mean :2.001e+11
## 3rd Qu.:8.756e+09 3rd Qu.:2.001e+11
## Max. :1.060e+11 Max. :1.690e+12
## Oil...consumption.bbl.day. Oil...exports.bbl.day. Oil...imports.bbl.day.
## Min. : 20000 Min. : 634 Min. : 50700
## 1st Qu.: 79500 1st Qu.: 51545 1st Qu.: 347550
## Median : 214700 Median : 295614 Median : 871772
## Mean : 534820 Mean : 295614 Mean : 871772
## 3rd Qu.: 466850 3rd Qu.: 295614 3rd Qu.: 914329
## Max. :2891000 Max. :1498000 Max. :2284000
## Oil...production.bbl.day. Oil...proved.reserves.bbl. Population
## Min. : 0 Min. :0.000e+00 Min. : 398534
## 1st Qu.: 0 1st Qu.:8.747e+07 1st Qu.: 3910911
## Median : 5546 Median :8.208e+08 Median : 8593232
## Mean : 99930 Mean :1.727e+09 Mean :17546666
## 3rd Qu.: 36488 3rd Qu.:1.727e+09 3rd Qu.:17888112
## Max. :1957000 Max. :2.541e+10 Max. :82431390
## Public.debt...of.GDP. Railways.km. Reserves.of.foreign.exchange...gold
## Min. : 5.40 Min. : 274 Min. :9.416e+08
## 1st Qu.: 38.08 1st Qu.: 2788 1st Qu.:7.470e+09
## Median : 50.68 Median : 5072 Median :1.462e+10
## Mean : 51.46 Mean : 9258 Mean :2.207e+10
## 3rd Qu.: 62.17 3rd Qu.:11409 3rd Qu.:2.474e+10
## Max. :112.00 Max. :46039 Max. :9.684e+10
## Telephones...main.lines.in.use Telephones...mobile.cellular
## Min. : 86228 Min. : 143178
## 1st Qu.: 1177075 1st Qu.: 2457225
## Median : 3646200 Median : 6881400
## Mean : 8706933 Mean :13323010
## 3rd Qu.: 7435400 3rd Qu.:10406525
## Max. :54350000 Max. :64800000
## Total.fertility.rate.children.born.woman. Unemployment.rate...
## Min. :1.190 Min. : 3.200
## 1st Qu.:1.320 1st Qu.: 5.975
## Median :1.390 Median : 8.300
## Mean :1.481 Mean : 8.493
## 3rd Qu.:1.660 3rd Qu.:10.450
## Max. :1.870 Max. :19.500 #Scale data
EU_scaled=scale(EU)
EUPCA <- prcomp(EU_scaled)
summary(EUPCA)## Importance of components:
## PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7
## Standard deviation 4.4710 2.3938 2.0977 1.66654 1.4593 1.3299 1.24425
## Proportion of Variance 0.4543 0.1302 0.1000 0.06312 0.0484 0.0402 0.03519
## Cumulative Proportion 0.4543 0.5845 0.6845 0.74767 0.7961 0.8363 0.87145
## PC8 PC9 PC10 PC11 PC12 PC13
## Standard deviation 1.0572 0.92906 0.85912 0.76827 0.67533 0.64544
## Proportion of Variance 0.0254 0.01962 0.01677 0.01341 0.01037 0.00947
## Cumulative Proportion 0.8969 0.91647 0.93325 0.94666 0.95703 0.96649
## PC14 PC15 PC16 PC17 PC18 PC19
## Standard deviation 0.56626 0.51533 0.46572 0.42871 0.38801 0.31054
## Proportion of Variance 0.00729 0.00604 0.00493 0.00418 0.00342 0.00219
## Cumulative Proportion 0.97378 0.97982 0.98475 0.98892 0.99234 0.99454
## PC20 PC21 PC22 PC23 PC24 PC25
## Standard deviation 0.2736 0.22769 0.19988 0.15815 0.14283 0.11728
## Proportion of Variance 0.0017 0.00118 0.00091 0.00057 0.00046 0.00031
## Cumulative Proportion 0.9962 0.99742 0.99832 0.99889 0.99936 0.99967
## PC26 PC27 PC28
## Standard deviation 0.10217 0.06434 2.959e-16
## Proportion of Variance 0.00024 0.00009 0.000e+00
## Cumulative Proportion 0.99991 1.00000 1.000e+00glimpse(EU)## Observations: 28
## Variables: 44
## $ Area.sq.km. <dbl> 83870, 30528, 1...
## $ Birth.rate.births.1000.population. <dbl> 8.81, 10.48, 9....
## $ Current.account.balance <dbl> -3283000000, 11...
## $ Death.rate.deaths.1000.population. <dbl> 9.70, 10.22, 14...
## $ Debt...external <dbl> 15500000000, 28...
## $ Electricity...consumption.kWh. <dbl> 5.509e+10, 7.88...
## $ Electricity...production.kWh. <dbl> 5.849e+10, 7.65...
## $ Exports <dbl> 1.030e+11, 2.56...
## $ GDP <dbl> 2.560e+11, 3.16...
## $ GDP...per.capita <dbl> 31300, 30600, 8...
## $ GDP...real.growth.rate... <dbl> 1.9, 2.6, 5.3, ...
## $ HIV.AIDS...adult.prevalence.rate... <dbl> 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, ...
## $ HIV.AIDS...deaths <dbl> 100.0000, 100.0...
## $ HIV.AIDS...people.living.with.HIV.AIDS <dbl> 10000, 10000, 3...
## $ Highways.km. <dbl> 200000, 149028,...
## $ Imports <dbl> 1.010e+11, 2.35...
## $ Industrial.production.growth.rate... <dbl> 3.300000, 3.500...
## $ Infant.mortality.rate.deaths.1000.live.births. <dbl> 4.66, 4.68, 20....
## $ Inflation.rate..consumer.prices.... <dbl> 1.8, 1.9, 6.1, ...
## $ Internet.hosts <dbl> 387006, 166799,...
## $ Internet.users <dbl> 3730000, 340000...
## $ Investment..gross.fixed....of.GDP. <dbl> 22.6, 19.1, 18....
## $ Labor.force <dbl> 3450000, 475000...
## $ Life.expectancy.at.birth.years. <dbl> 78.92, 78.62, 7...
## $ Military.expenditures...dollar.figure <dbl> 1497000000, 399...
## $ Military.expenditures...percent.of.GDP... <dbl> 0.90, 1.30, 2.6...
## $ Natural.gas...consumption.cu.m. <dbl> 7810000000, 155...
## $ Natural.gas...exports.cu.m. <dbl> 403000000, 0, 0...
## $ Natural.gas...imports.cu.m. <dbl> 6033000000, 154...
## $ Natural.gas...production.cu.m. <dbl> 1731000000, 0, ...
## $ Natural.gas...proved.reserves.cu.m. <dbl> 2.490000e+10, 2...
## $ Oil...consumption.bbl.day. <dbl> 262400, 595100,...
## $ Oil...exports.bbl.day. <dbl> 35470.0, 450000...
## $ Oil...imports.bbl.day. <dbl> 262000.0, 10420...
## $ Oil...production.bbl.day. <dbl> 20670, 0, 603, ...
## $ Oil...proved.reserves.bbl. <dbl> 85690000, 17271...
## $ Population <dbl> 8184691, 103643...
## $ Public.debt...of.GDP. <dbl> 64.20000, 96.20...
## $ Railways.km. <dbl> 6021.000, 3518....
## $ Reserves.of.foreign.exchange...gold <dbl> 12730000000, 14...
## $ Telephones...main.lines.in.use <dbl> 3881000, 512040...
## $ Telephones...mobile.cellular <dbl> 7094500, 813550...
## $ Total.fertility.rate.children.born.woman. <dbl> 1.36, 1.64, 1.3...
## $ Unemployment.rate... <dbl> 4.4, 12.0, 12.7...