Viviano et al. XBRAIN biotype analysis
Resting State biotype descriptives
last run: 2018-08-11
written: 2017-05-09
Site descriptives
| site 1 | site 2 | site 3 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group (SSD:HC) | 43:29 | 42:28 | 26:17 | .997 | - | - |
| Sex (F:M) | 26:46 | 22:48 | 21:22 | .172 | - | - |
| Ethnicity (nh:h) | 64:7 | 67:3 | 32:11 | .002 | - | - |
| Language (efl:esl) | 61:11 | 67:3 | 42:1 | .016 | - | - |
| Siblings (Y/N) | 60:11 | 61:6 | 41:2 | .164 | - | - |
| Offspring (Y/N) | 6:66 | 14:55 | 10:33 | .058 | - | - |
| Marital status (m:d:s) | 11:2:59 | 13:6:51 | 6:5:31 | .367 | - | - |
| Special education (Y/N) | 6:65 | 12:57 | 12:31 | .024 | - | - |
| Age | 27.97 (7.97) | 37.01 (10.88) | 34.60 (9.08) | .000 | .087 | 2 > 1, 3 > 1 |
| Education | 14.28 (2.45) | 14.06 (2.39) | 14.16 (2.72) | .751 | .001 | - |
| Mother education | 14.10 (3.00) | 14.30 (2.97) | 14.00 (3.12) | .937 | .000 | - |
| Father education | 14.86 (3.58) | 14.36 (2.78) | 14.02 (3.59) | .191 | .010 | - |
| Handedness (l(0):r(1)) | 0.67 (0.48) | 0.61 (0.46) | 0.63 (0.53) | .639 | .001 | - |
| IQ | 111.39 (12.97) | 104.50 (17.32) | 100.14 (14.81) | .000 | .122 | 1 > 3 |
Note: IQ is standarized WTAR score. Years of education consistent with NIH education criteria. Sex is biological sex at birth. Categorial variables (group and sex) report frequency, Pearson’s chi-square \(\chi^2\) test, and follow-up \(\chi^2\) test, if applicable. Continuous variables (age, education, and IQ) report M and SD, one-way ANOVA assuming equal variances, followup pairwise t-tests, and eta-squared \(\eta^2\) as effect size. Significant p value for all tests set at <.05 level.
Demographics
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site (CMH:MRC:ZHH) | 59:33:22 | 13:37:21 | .000 | - | - |
| Group (SSD:HC) | 47:67 | 64:7 | .000 | - | - |
| Sex (F:M) | 44:70 | 25:46 | .759 | - | - |
| Ethnicity (nh:h) | 103:10 | 60:11 | .254 | - | - |
| Language (efl:esl) | 103:11 | 67:4 | .486 | - | - |
| Siblings (Y/N) | 99:14 | 63:5 | .412 | - | - |
| Offspring (Y/N) | 13:101 | 17:53 | .037 | - | - |
| Marital status (m:d:s) | 21:2:90 | 9:11:51 | .002 | - | - |
| Special education (Y/N) | 11:103 | 19:50 | .003 | - | - |
| Age | 29.48 (8.51) | 38.48 (10.33) | .000 | .184 | 2 > 1 |
| Education | 14.91 (2.24) | 12.96 (2.39) | .000 | .147 | 1 > 2 |
| Mother education | 14.62 (2.72) | 13.25 (3.33) | .005 | .047 | 1 > 2 |
| Father education | 15.04 (3.21) | 13.38 (3.27) | .002 | .057 | 1 > 2 |
| Handedness (l(0):r(1)) | 0.62 (0.48) | 0.67 (0.49) | .512 | .002 | - |
| IQ | 111.56 (12.01) | 97.56 (15.93) | .000 | .197 | 1 > 2 |
Note: IQ is standardized WTAR score. Years of education consistent with NIH education criteria. Sex is biological sex at birth. Motion parameter estimated by tool developed in lab, see XXX. Categorial variables (site, group, and sex) report frequency, Pearson’s chi-square \(\chi^2\) test, and follow-up difference test. Continuous variables (age, education, IQ, and motion) report M and SD, one-way ANOVA assuming equal variances, followup pairwise t-tests, and eta-squared \(\eta^2\) as effect size. Significant p value for all tests set at <.05 level.
Neurocog
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed of processing | -0.27 (1.19) | -1.57 (1.26) | .000 | .214 | 1 > 2 |
| Attention/vigilance | -0.25 (1.03) | -1.07 (1.32) | .000 | .109 | 1 > 2 |
| Working memory | -0.26 (1.07) | -1.48 (1.05) | .000 | .239 | 1 > 2 |
| Verbal learning | -0.24 (1.05) | -1.40 (0.91) | .000 | .242 | 1 > 2 |
| Visual learning | -0.09 (1.05) | -1.41 (1.20) | .000 | .253 | 1 > 2 |
| Reasoning/problem solving | -0.11 (1.07) | -1.12 (1.08) | .000 | .175 | 1 > 2 |
Note: Neuro-cognitive test scores were standardized on the basis of control scores. Scores 3 SDs above or below the mean score on all neuro-cognitive tests.
Symptom Scales
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bprs_anxty_dprssn | 7.30 (3.02) | 8.25 (4.01) | .175 | .017 | - |
| bprs_neg_symp | 5.91 (2.44) | 6.44 (2.74) | .301 | .010 | - |
| bprs_pos_symp | 7.43 (3.35) | 8.19 (3.87) | .280 | .011 | - |
| bprs_activation | 4.23 (1.63) | 4.17 (1.34) | .826 | .000 | - |
| bprs_hostility | 4.81 (1.95) | 5.05 (1.95) | .526 | .004 | - |
| bprs_total | 30.17 (7.69) | 32.98 (8.21) | .070 | .030 | - |
| sans_affective_flat | 7.21 (6.33) | 8.83 (6.68) | .201 | .015 | - |
| sans_alogia | 1.11 (1.46) | 2.03 (2.41) | .022 | .048 | 2 > 1 |
| sans_avolition_apathy | 7.24 (4.74) | 9.16 (4.27) | .029 | .044 | 2 > 1 |
| sans_asocial_anhedonia | 5.07 (3.87) | 8.28 (4.36) | .000 | .129 | 2 > 1 |
| sans_total | 20.36 (11.74) | 28.30 (12.37) | .001 | .096 | 2 > 1 |
Note: Symptom scales not standardized, as not administered to control group. BPRS is 18-item. SANS is 22-item. Though data were not normally distributed, identical (non-significant) results found with parametric and non-parametric tests, so M and SD (instead of Mdn and MAD) are reported here.
Personality
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| spqb_1 (y:n) | 0.38 (0.49) | 0.46 (0.50) | .286 | .006 | - |
| spqb_2 (y:n) | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.40 (0.49) | .027 | .027 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_3 (y:n) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.44 (0.50) | .001 | .061 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_4 (y:n) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.21 (0.41) | .336 | .005 | - |
| spqb_5 (y:n) | 0.25 (0.44) | 0.36 (0.48) | .139 | .012 | - |
| spqb_6 (y:n) | 0.17 (0.37) | 0.29 (0.46) | .056 | .020 | - |
| spqb_7 (y:n) | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.36 (0.48) | .058 | .020 | - |
| spqb_8 (y:n) | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.30 (0.46) | .222 | .008 | - |
| spqb_9 (y:n) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.40 (0.49) | .005 | .042 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_10 (y:n) | 0.18 (0.38) | 0.34 (0.48) | .010 | .036 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_11 (y:n) | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.43 (0.50) | .009 | .037 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_12 (y:n) | 0.13 (0.34) | 0.30 (0.46) | .005 | .042 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_13 (y:n) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.30 (0.46) | .003 | .048 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_14 (y:n) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.74 (0.44) | .000 | .088 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_15 (y:n) | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.49 (0.50) | .462 | .003 | - |
| spqb_16 (y:n) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.27 (0.45) | .166 | .011 | - |
| spqb_17 (y:n) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.50 (0.50) | .000 | .091 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_18 (y:n) | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.36 (0.48) | .009 | .037 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_19 (y:n) | 0.18 (0.38) | 0.27 (0.45) | .123 | .013 | - |
| spqb_20 (y:n) | 0.20 (0.40) | 0.36 (0.48) | .020 | .030 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_21 (y:n) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.43 (0.50) | .028 | .026 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_22 (y:n) | 0.47 (0.50) | 0.63 (0.49) | .041 | .023 | 2 > 1 |
| spqb_total (y:n) | 5.32 (5.22) | 8.63 (5.20) | .000 | .088 | 2 > 1 |
SCID
lifetime incidence
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders | 46 | 63 | .103 | - |
| Mood Disorders | 28 | 20 | .248 | - |
| Substance Use Disorders | 11 | 11 | 1.000 | - |
| Anxiety Disorders | 13 | 12 | .841 | - |
| Somatoform Disorders | 2 | 4 | .414 | - |
| Eating Disorders | 0 | 3 | .083 | - |
current diagnosis
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders | 45 | 62 | .100 | - |
| Mood Disorders | 2 | 4 | .414 | - |
| Substance Use Disorders | 1 | 0 | .317 | - |
| Anxiety Disorders | 7 | 9 | .617 | - |
| Somatoform Disorders | 1 | 0 | .317 | - |
| Eating Disorders | 2 | 1 | .564 | - |
age of onset
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders | 21.11 (8.27) | 20.25 (6.38) | .551 | .004 | - |
| Mood Disorders | 19.79 (3.75) | 19.14 (9.06) | .818 | .003 | - |
| Substance Use Disorders | 28.50 (14.08) | 23.83 (15.56) | .430 | .026 | - |
| Anxiety Disorders | 22.50 (10.72) | 25.09 (15.51) | .643 | .010 | - |
| Eating Disorders | 17.50 (0.71) | 17.00 (0.00) | .423 | .333 | - |
number of hospitalizations
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia & Psychotic Disorders | 3.33 (4.09) | 5.00 (3.77) | .056 | .044 | - |
| Mood Disorders | 1.33 (0.58) | 4.33 (4.93) | .355 | .215 | - |
| Substance Use Disorders | 1.00 (NA) | 5.50 (6.36) | .667 | .250 | - |
Note: If number of hospital visits reported as “too many to count”, we incidated 10; thus number of hospitalizations is likely underestimated and variance is reduced.
Medication
percent taking
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| flupentixol | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.82%) | .284 | - |
| fluphenazine | 0 (0%) | 5 (7.04%) | .016 | - |
| haloperidol | 3 (2.63%) | 4 (5.63%) | .519 | - |
| loxapine | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| pericyazine | 1 (0.88%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | - |
| perphenazine | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.82%) | .284 | - |
| thiothixene | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| aripiprazole | 11 (9.65%) | 2 (2.82%) | .141 | - |
| clozapine | 12 (10.53%) | 17 (23.94%) | .026 | - |
| iloperidone | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| lurasidone | 2 (1.75%) | 2 (2.82%) | 1.000 | - |
| olanzapine | 5 (4.39%) | 18 (25.35%) | .000 | - |
| paliperidone | 3 (2.63%) | 3 (4.23%) | .866 | - |
| quetiapine | 1 (0.88%) | 3 (4.23%) | .316 | - |
| risperidone | 6 (5.26%) | 9 (12.68%) | .129 | - |
| ziprasidone | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| benzodiazepine | 2 (1.75%) | 2 (2.82%) | 1.000 | - |
| bromazepam | 1 (0.88%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | - |
| buspirone | 1 (0.88%) | 1 (1.41%) | 1.000 | - |
| citalopram | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.23%) | .106 | - |
| clomipramine | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.23%) | .106 | - |
| escitalopram | 3 (2.63%) | 2 (2.82%) | 1.000 | - |
| fluoxetine | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| hydroxyzine | 1 (0.88%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | - |
| lithium | 1 (0.88%) | 5 (7.04%) | .061 | - |
| lorazepam | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| paroxetine | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.41%) | .811 | - |
| sertraline | 2 (1.75%) | 5 (7.04%) | .151 | - |
| trazodone | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.82%) | .284 | - |
| venlafaxine | 1 (0.88%) | 2 (2.82%) | .676 | - |
| atypical antipsychotic % taking | 4 (3.51%) | 14 (19.72%) | .001 | - |
| typical antipsychotic % taking | 36 (31.58%) | 44 (61.97%) | .000 | - |
| AnxDep antipsychotic % taking | 12 (10.53%) | 24 (33.8%) | .000 | - |
General Health
CIRSG
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| heart | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.28 (0.61) | .001 | .061 | 2 > 1 |
| vascular | 0.06 (0.28) | 0.46 (0.86) | .000 | .106 | 2 > 1 |
| hematopoietic | 0.12 (0.44) | 0.07 (0.31) | .385 | .004 | - |
| respiratory | 0.24 (0.57) | 0.58 (0.94) | .002 | .049 | 2 > 1 |
| eentl | 0.62 (0.67) | 0.55 (0.60) | .453 | .003 | - |
| upper gastro | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.34 (0.65) | .000 | .091 | 2 > 1 |
| lower gastro | 0.13 (0.51) | 0.25 (0.55) | .126 | .013 | - |
| liver | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.07 (0.39) | .285 | .006 | - |
| renal | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.35) | .077 | .017 | - |
| genito-urinary | 0.09 (0.34) | 0.14 (0.35) | .309 | .006 | - |
| musculoskeletal | 0.21 (0.49) | 0.38 (0.59) | .036 | .024 | 2 > 1 |
| neurological | 0.14 (0.46) | 0.13 (0.38) | .834 | .000 | - |
| endocrine | 0.05 (0.26) | 0.32 (0.73) | .000 | .066 | 2 > 1 |
| psychiatric | 1.14 (1.39) | 2.63 (0.94) | .000 | .257 | 2 > 1 |
| total | 1.82 (1.69) | 3.65 (2.76) | .000 | .147 | 2 > 1 |
| severity index | 0.95 (0.64) | 1.21 (0.66) | .009 | .037 | 2 > 1 |
SAS
| biotype 1 | biotype 2 | p | effect size | post hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gait | 0.22 (0.47) | 0.23 (0.56) | .905 | .000 | - |
| arm_dropping | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.11 (0.31) | .978 | .000 | - |
| shoulder_shaking | 0.27 (0.58) | 0.14 (0.39) | .179 | .017 | - |
| elbow_rigidity | 0.13 (0.46) | 0.14 (0.39) | .929 | .000 | - |
| wrist_rigidity | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.03 (0.18) | .096 | .026 | - |
| head_rotation | 0.31 (0.70) | 0.17 (0.46) | .212 | .015 | - |
| glabellar_tap | 0.29 (0.46) | 0.16 (0.51) | .167 | .018 | - |
| tremor | 0.33 (0.60) | 0.33 (0.64) | .966 | .000 | - |
| salivation | 0.16 (0.42) | 0.03 (0.18) | .038 | .040 | NS |
| akathisia | 0.31 (0.70) | 0.36 (0.72) | .729 | .001 | - |
| akinesia | 0.09 (0.29) | 0.20 (0.44) | .132 | .021 | - |
| total | 2.33 (2.31) | 1.91 (2.27) | .339 | .009 | - |
Socialcog
Note: Social cognitive test scores were standardized on the basis of control scores. Scores 3 SDs above or below the mean score on all social cognitive tests.