AS7-0A ggplot2 繪圖套件

Sys.setlocale("LC_ALL","C")

[1] "C"

packages = c(
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  "magrittr","caTools","ROCR","corrplot", "rpart", "rpart.plot",
  "doParallel", "caret", "glmnet", "Matrix", "e1071", "randomForest",
  "flexclust", "FactoMineR", "factoextra", "maps", "ggmap", "igraph", "rgl",
  "tm", "SnowballC", "wordcloud", "slam", "Matrix", "RColorBrewer"
  )
existing = as.character(installed.packages()[,1])
for(pkg in packages[!(packages %in% existing)]) install.packages(pkg)

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rm(list=ls(all=T))
options(digits=4, scipen=12)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(maps)
library(ggmap)

maps() ggmap() 是畫地圖使用 - - -

7.1 ggplot2 繪圖套件

7.1.1 基本點狀圖

WHO = read.csv("data/WHO.csv")

# Basic Plot in R 
plot(WHO$GNI, WHO$FertilityRate)

WHO\(GNI, WHO\)FertilityRate 有一個資料框，裡面有兩個欄位，可以選擇哪一個欄位是X軸，哪一個欄位是Y軸，如果續到連續數字，將會出現連動圖。

library(ggplot2)
# Create the ggplot object with the data and the aesthetic mapping:
scatterplot = ggplot(WHO, aes(x = GNI, y = FertilityRate))

ggplot()用途是把一個資料框做成繪圖物件 (x = GNI, y = FertilityRate)是指X軸是什麼，Y軸是什麼。

# Add the geom_point geometry
scatterplot + geom_point() 

geom_point() 點狀圖的繪圖方式 scatterplot散佈圖

# Make a line graph instead:
scatterplot + geom_line()

# Switch back to our points:
scatterplot + geom_point()

# Redo the plot with blue triangles instead of circles:
scatterplot + geom_point(color = "blue", size = 3, shape = 21)

# Another option:
scatterplot + geom_point(color = "darkred", size = 3, shape = 8)

# Add a title to the plot:
scatterplot + 
  geom_point(colour = "blue", size = 3, shape = 17) + 
  ggtitle("Fertility Rate vs. Gross National Income")

7.1.2 儲存圖檔

# Save our plot:
fertilityGNIplot = scatterplot + 
  geom_point(colour = "blue", size = 3, shape = 17) + 
  ggtitle("Fertility Rate vs. Gross National Income")
pdf("MyPlot.pdf")
print(fertilityGNIplot)
dev.off()

null device 
          1 

“MyPlot.pdf” 是指把繪完的內容，放去指定的PDF檔。 如果要加上圖的名稱或標題，則是在加上：ggtitle(‘’)

7.1.3 圖形元件屬性

# Color the points by region:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = GNI, y = FertilityRate, color = Region)) + 
  geom_point()

# Color the points according to life expectancy:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = GNI, y = FertilityRate, color = LifeExpectancy)) + 
  geom_point()

LifeExpectancy 平均壽命

# Is the fertility rate of a country was a good predictor of the 
# percentage of the population under 15?
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = FertilityRate, y = Under15)) + geom_point()

ggplot(WHO, aes(x = FertilityRate, y = Under15)) FertilityRate生育率 Under15小於15歲 為了看出彼此的線性關係

7.1.4 數值尺度比例轉換

# Let's try a log transformation:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(FertilityRate), y = Under15)) + geom_point()

7.1.5 回歸趨勢線

# Simple linear regression model to predict the percentage of the 
# population under 15, using the log of the fertility rate:
mod = lm(Under15 ~ log(FertilityRate), data = WHO)
summary(mod)

Call:
lm(formula = Under15 ~ log(FertilityRate), data = WHO)

Residuals:
    Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
-10.313  -1.774   0.045   1.744   7.717 

Coefficients:
                   Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)           7.654      0.448    17.1   <2e-16 ***
log(FertilityRate)   22.055      0.418    52.8   <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 2.65 on 181 degrees of freedom
  (11 observations deleted due to missingness)
Multiple R-squared:  0.939, Adjusted R-squared:  0.939 
F-statistic: 2.79e+03 on 1 and 181 DF,  p-value: <2e-16

lm()回歸函數

# Add this regression line to our plot:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(FertilityRate), y = Under15)) + 
  geom_point() + stat_smooth(method = "lm")

7.1.6 趨勢線的信賴區間

# 99% confidence interval
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(FertilityRate), y = Under15)) + 
  geom_point() + stat_smooth(method = "lm", level = 0.99)

有99%的信賴區間，但點未比若再99%的信賴區間 信賴區間是指平均值的信賴區間，並非各單點的信賴區間(非個別估計) 因此不能用平均值做決定，這樣可能做出很差的決定。

# No confidence interval in the plot
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(FertilityRate), y = Under15)) + 
  geom_point() + stat_smooth(method = "lm", se = FALSE)

# Change the color of the regression line:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(FertilityRate), y = Under15)) + 
  geom_point() + stat_smooth(method = "lm", colour = "orange")

7.1.7 分群點狀圖

# quiz-1:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = FertilityRate, y = Under15, col=Region)) + 
  scale_color_brewer(palette="Accent") +
  geom_point()

7.1.8 分格點狀圖

# quiz-1:
ggplot(WHO, aes(x = log(Population), y = GNI, color=Region)) + 
  geom_point() + 
  stat_smooth(method='lm') +
  facet_wrap(~Region) + theme_bw()

facet_wrap(~Region) 這動作就是化成上面的一格一格 平滑線 stat_smooth()

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