1 Multilevel classes results (3by3)

1.1 Association between day-level classes and weekdays

## 
## Original table 
##            CW
## DayofWeek        1      2      3  Total
##   Friday      1146   1487   1101   3734
##   Monday      1110   1196   1082   3388
##   Saturday    1000   1786    949   3735
##   Sunday       983   1785    980   3748
##   Thursday    1120   1216   1113   3449
##   Tuesday     1121   1107   1002   3230
##   Wednesday   1051   1158    989   3198
##   Total       7531   9735   7216  24482
## 
## Row percent 
##            CW
## DayofWeek         1       2       3  Total
##   Friday       1146    1487    1101   3734
##              (30.7)  (39.8)  (29.5)  (100)
##   Monday       1110    1196    1082   3388
##              (32.8)  (35.3)  (31.9)  (100)
##   Saturday     1000    1786     949   3735
##              (26.8)  (47.8)  (25.4)  (100)
##   Sunday        983    1785     980   3748
##              (26.2)  (47.6)  (26.1)  (100)
##   Thursday     1120    1216    1113   3449
##              (32.5)  (35.3)  (32.3)  (100)
##   Tuesday      1121    1107    1002   3230
##              (34.7)  (34.3)    (31)  (100)
##   Wednesday    1051    1158     989   3198
##              (32.9)  (36.2)  (30.9)  (100)
## 
## Column percent 
##            CW
## DayofWeek       1       %     2       %     3       %
##   Friday     1146  (15.2)  1487  (15.3)  1101  (15.3)
##   Monday     1110  (14.7)  1196  (12.3)  1082  (15.0)
##   Saturday   1000  (13.3)  1786  (18.3)   949  (13.2)
##   Sunday      983  (13.1)  1785  (18.3)   980  (13.6)
##   Thursday   1120  (14.9)  1216  (12.5)  1113  (15.4)
##   Tuesday    1121  (14.9)  1107  (11.4)  1002  (13.9)
##   Wednesday  1051  (14.0)  1158  (11.9)   989  (13.7)
##   Total      7531   (100)  9735   (100)  7216   (100)

## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  DayofWeek and CW
## X-squared = 317.47, df = 12, p-value < 2.2e-16
## 
## Original table 
##        CW
## Weekend      1      2      3  Total
##   FALSE   5548   6164   5287  16999
##   TRUE    1983   3571   1929   7483
##   Total   7531   9735   7216  24482
## 
## Row percent 
##        CW
## Weekend       1       2       3  Total
##   FALSE    5548    6164    5287  16999
##          (32.6)  (36.3)  (31.1)  (100)
##   TRUE     1983    3571    1929   7483
##          (26.5)  (47.7)  (25.8)  (100)
## 
## Column percent 
##        CW
## Weekend     1       %     2       %     3       %
##   FALSE  5548  (73.7)  6164  (63.3)  5287  (73.3)
##   TRUE   1983  (26.3)  3571  (36.7)  1929  (26.7)
##   Total  7531   (100)  9735   (100)  7216   (100)

## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  Weekend and CW
## X-squared = 285.2, df = 2, p-value < 2.2e-16

1.2 Social economic

Means, row percentages, and 95% CIs of the characteristics by latent class memberships in the UK adults (NDNS RP 2008/09-2015/16, sample size = 6155).
Variables Latent class = 1 Latent class = 2 Latent class = 3 P value *
Total (%) 28.4 (26.9, 29.9) 28.7 (27.1, 30.3) 43.0 (41.3, 44.7)
Countries (%)
England 28.6 (27.0, 30.2) 28.0 (26.3, 29.9) 43.4 (41.5, 45.3) 0.007
Northern Ireland 21.6 (17.6, 26.4) 43.6 (37.2, 50.3) 34.7 (29.3, 40.6)
Scotland 30.4 (25.2, 36.1) 29.1 (24.3, 34.5) 40.5 (34.8, 36.5)
Wales 25.0 (20.3, 30.4) 30.1 (25.0, 35.8) 44.9 (39.2, 50.6)
Age (years) 51.0 (49.9, 52.1) 40.3 (39.1, 41.6) 51.7 (50.7, 52.7) < 0.001
Sex (%)
Men 29.2 (27.0, 31.5) 29.6 (27.3, 32.19 41.2 (38.7, 43.7) 0.119
Women 27.6 (25.7, 29.6) 27.8 (25.8, 29.8) 44.7 (42.5, 46.9)
Survey years (%)
1 32.5 (28.4, 36.9) 26.3 (21.9, 31.2) 41.2 (36.6, 46.0) 0.015
2 26.8 (22.6, 31.3) 22.6 (18.6, 27.3) 50.6 (45.8, 55.4)
3 22.6 (18.8, 26.9) 33.7 (28.6, 39.2) 43.6 (38.7, 48.7)
4 27.9 (24.1, 32.2) 27.6 (23.8, 31.8) 44.4 (40.2, 48.7)
5 27.9 (24.2, 32.0) 28.7 (24.4, 33.5) 43.3 (38.2, 48.6)
6 28.0 (24.0, 32.4) 31.5 (26.9, 36.6) 40.5 (35.8, 45.3)
7 29.1 (25.2, 33.4) 29.0 (24.5, 34.0) 41.8 (37.1, 46.7)
8 31.1 (27.3, 35.3) 30.5 (25.9, 35.5) 38.4 (34.1, 42.8)
Paid employment† (%)
Yes 27.9 (26.2, 29.5) 29.1 (26.5, 31.8) 43.0 (40.2, 45.9) 0.907
No 27.8 (25.7, 30.0) 28.4 (26.1, 30.9) 43.8 (41.4, 46.2)
Live with partner‡ (%)
Yes 30.2 (28.1, 29.9) 20.6 (18.7, 22.6) 49.2 (46.9, 51.5) < 0.001
No 26.3 (24.2, 28.5) 37.9 (35.6, 40.4) 35.8 (33.4, 38.2)
Household Income, GBP/year 36558.53 (34800.21, 38316.84) 27180.8 (25597.95, 28763.65) 32171.58 (31024.96, 33318.2) < 0.001
Ethnicity (%)
White 30.0 (28.5, 31.6) 25.6 (24.0, 27.2) 44.4 (42.7, 46.1) < 0.001
Non-White 15.0 (11.4, 19.4) 53.4 (47.8, 59.0) 31.6 (26.6, 37.1)
Education (%)
Degree or higher 31.4 (28.4, 34.6) 25.3 (22.4, 28.5) 43.4 (39.9, 46.7) 0.019
Lower than degree 27.2 (25.6, 28.9) 29.6 (27.7, 31.5) 43.3 (41.3, 45.1)
* For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing across >2 classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data.
† Paid employment was defined as being in paid employment during the last 4 weeks prior to the survey.
‡ Live with partner was defined as either living with a married husband/wife or a legally recognised civil partnership.
Note:
Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme;

1.3 Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis

Means, column percentages, and 95% CIs of the characteristics by latent class memberships in the UK adults (NDNS RP 2008/09-2015/16, sample size = 6155).
Variables Latent class = 1 Latent class = 2 Latent class = 3 P value *
BMI (kg/m^2) 27.8 (27.4, 28.2) 27.2 (26.7, 27.7) 27.3 (26.9, 27.6) 0.006
WC (cm) 94.6 (93.5, 95.6) 92.3 (91.0, 93.5) 92.2 (91.4, 93.1) 0.001
Smoking status (%)
Current 20.4 (18.0, 23.0) 27.8 (25.0, 30.9) 17.1 (15.4, 19.0) < 0.001
Ex-smoker 29.3 (26.5, 32.2) 16.8 (14.6, 19.2) 26.1 (24.9, 28.3)
Never 50.3 (47.2, 32.2) 55.4 (52.2, 58.6) 56.8 (54.3, 59.3)
Current drinking status (%)
Yes 11.8 (10.0, 13.8) 24.0 (21.2, 27.1) 20.6 (18.7, 22.8) < 0.001
Hypertension† (%)
Yes 33.4 (29.9, 37.1) 21.1 (17.7, 24.9) 31.2 (28.3, 34.2) < 0.001
Total energy intake (KJ) 7985.8 (7823.3, 8146.295) 7341.8 (7825.3, 8146.3) 7677 (7555.8, 7799,8) < 0.001
Carbohydrate percent‡ (%) 203.8 (199.8, 207.8) 218.3 (212.9, 223.7) 233.4 (229.6, 237.2) < 0.001
Carbohydrate percent (%) 40.6 (40.2, 41.0) 47.3 (46.8, 47.8) 48.3 (47.9, 48.6) < 0.001
Protein intake (g) 79.9 (77.9, 81.8) 69.3 (67.6, 71.0) 73.7 (72.5, 74.8) < 0.001
Protein percent (%) 17.2 (16.9, 17.5) 16.3 (16.0, 16.6) 16.5 (16.3, 16.6) < 0.001
Fat intake (g) 74.7 (73.1, 76.4) 63.8 (62.1, 65.5) 65.7 (64.4, 67.0) < 0.001
Fat percent (%) 35.4 (34.9, 35.8) 32.5 (32.1, 32.9) 32.0 (31.7, 32.3) < 0.001
Glucose (mmol/l) 5.20 (5.15, 5.26) 5.09 (5.02, 5.17) 5.13 (5.09, 5.12) 0.051
A1C (%) 5.49 (5.45, 5.52) 5.44 (5.40, 5.48) 5.52 (5.49, 5.55) 0.012
DM § 6.9 (5.0, 9.3) 3.5 (2.3, 5.3) 4.1 (2.9, 5.6) 0.011
Physical activity (hours/day) 1.63 (1.43, 1.83) 1.32 (1.15, 1.49) 1.65 (1.49, 1.81) 0.016
* For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing across >2 classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data.
† Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg, or under treatment for hypertension.
‡ Carbohydrate percent indicates the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in total energy intake
§ DM was defined by A1C > 6.5%.
Physical activity was calculated as mean time spent at moderate or vigorous physical activity during the survey.
Note:
Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme;
BMI body mass index; WC, waist circumference; A1C, haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus.
Variables from the blood tests (glucose and A1C) are weighted by blood sample weights, the others are weighted by individual weights.
Glucose and A1C levels are estimated in subgroups of people without diabetes.