| Variables | Latent class = 1 | Latent class = 2 | P value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (%) | 66.4 (64.8 , 68.1) | 33.6 (31.9 , 35.2) | |
| Countries (%) | |||
| England | 83.1 (80.9 , 85.1) | 85.4 (83.0 , 87.5) | 0.203 |
| Northern Ireland | 3.0 (2.3 , 3.9) | 2.3 (1.7 , 3.1) | |
| Scotland | 8.9 (7.2 , 11.0) | 7.7 (5.9 , 9.9) | |
| Wales | 5.0 (4.1 , 6.0) | 4.6 (3.6 , 6.0) | |
| Age (years) | 47.3 (46.4, 48.2) | 50.1 (49.1, 51.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Men | 47.3 (45.2 , 49.5) | 51.0 (48.1 , 53.9) | 0.048 |
| Women | 52.7 (50.5 , 54.8) | 49.0 (46.1 , 51.9) | |
| Survey years (%) | |||
| 1 | 13.1 (10.8, 15.8) | 15.0 (12.1, 18.5) | 0.365 |
| 2 | 12.3 (10.1, 14.9) | 11.9 (9.4, 14.2) | |
| 3 | 12.0 (9.8, 14.8) | 10.4 (8.2, 13.1) | |
| 4 | 13.2 (10.9, 16.0) | 11.4 (9.0, 14.2) | |
| 5 | 13.0 (10.8, 15.7) | 13.9 (11.1, 17.3) | |
| 6 | 12.0 (9.9, 14.4) | 11.1 (8.8, 13.9) | |
| 7 | 12.3 (10.1,14.9) | 13.5 (10.9, 16.7) | |
| 8 | 12.0 (9.9, 14.5) | 12.8 (10.3, 15.8) | |
| BMI (kg/m^2) | 27.2 (26.9, 27.5) | 27.7 (27.5, 28.1) | 0.007 |
| WC (cm) | 92.6 (91.9, 93.3) | 94.2 (93.1, 95.2) | 0.013 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Current | 19.8 (18.2 , 21.4) | 23.8 (21.3 , 26.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 22.5 (20.8 , 24.2) | 28.0 (25.4 , 30.7) | |
| Never | 57.8 (55.7 , 59.8) | 48.2 (45.3 , 51.1) | |
| Current drinking status (%) | |||
| Yes | 23.1 (21.3 , 25.1) | 11.1 (9.5 , 13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) † | |||
| Yes | 27.4 (25.0 , 29.9) | 32.6 (29.3 , 36.1) | 0.012 |
| Total energy intake (KJ) | 7425.7 (7323.7, 7527.8) | 8149.9 (7997.3, 8302.7) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 226.0 (222.8, 229.3) | 210 (206.1, 213.9) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate percent (%) ‡ | 48.3 (48.0, 48.6) | 40.9 (40.6, 41.3) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.13 (5.09, 5.17) | 5.17 (5.11, 5.22) | 0.292 |
| A1C (%) | 5.49 (5.47, 5.52) | 5.47 (5.44,5.51) | 0.264 |
| DM § | 4.1 (3.1 , 5.3 ) | 5.9 (4.3 , 8.0 ) | 0.061 |
| Physical activity (hours/day) ¶ | 1.51 (1.39, 1.63) | 1.64 (1.45, 1.82) | 0.244 |
| * For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data. | |||
| † Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg, or under treatment for hypertension. | |||
| ‡ Carbohydrate percent indicates the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in total energy intake | |||
| § DM was defined by A1C > 6.5%. | |||
| ¶ Physical activity was calculated as mean time spent at moderate or vigorous physical activity during the survey. | |||
| Note: | |||
| Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme; BMI body mass index; WC, waist circumference; A1C, haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus. | |||
| Variables from the blood tests (glucose and A1C) are weighted by blood sample weights, the others are weighted by individual weights. | |||
| Glucose and A1C levels are estimated in subgroups of people without diabetes. |
| Variables | Latent class = 1 | Latent class = 2 | P value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (%) | 59.3 (57.6, 61.0) | 40.7 (39.0, 42.4) | |
| Countries (%) | |||
| England | 83.0 (80.7, 85.0) | 85.2 (82.8, 87.3) | 0.171 |
| Northern Ireland | 3.1 (2.4, 4.1) | 2.2 (1.7, 3.0) | |
| Scotland | 8.8 (7.1, 10.9) | 8.1 (6.3, 10.3) | |
| Wales | 5.1 (4.2, 6.3) | 4.5 (3.5, 5.7) | |
| Age (years) | 46.9 (46.0, 47.9) | 50.2 (49.2, 51.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Men | 47.2 (45.0, 49.4) | 50.6 (48.0, 53.2) | 0.044 |
| Women | 52.8 (50.6, 55.0) | 49.4 (46.8, 52.0) | |
| Survey years (%) | |||
| 1 | 12.8 (10.5, 15.5) | 15.2 (12.3, 18.5) | 0.192 |
| 2 | 12.1 (9.9, 14.7) | 12.2 (9.7, 15.3) | |
| 3 | 12.4 (10.0, 15.2) | 10.2 (8.1, 12.7) | |
| 4 | 13.3 (10.9, 16.1) | 11.6 (9.3, 14.3) | |
| 5 | 12.8 (10.5, 15.5) | 14.1 (11.4, 17.3) | |
| 6 | 11.9 (9.8, 14.3) | 11.4 (9.2, 14.1) | |
| 7 | 12.7 (10.4, 15.4) | 12.8 (10.3 15.7) | |
| 8 | 12.0 (10.0, 14.5) | 12.6 (10.2, 15.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m^2) | 27.2 (26.9, 27.5) | 27.7 (27.4, 27.9) | 0.034 |
| WC (cm) | 92.6 (91.9, 93.3) | 93.9 (92.9, 94.8) | 0.033 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Current | 20.5 (18.8, 22.2) | 22.1 (19.9, 22.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 22.4 (20.6, 24.3) | 27.2 (24.9, 29.5) | |
| Never | 57.2 (55.0, 59.4) | 50.8 (48.2, 53.4) | |
| Current drinking status (%) | |||
| Yes | 24.6 (22.6, 26.6) | 11.1 (9.7, 12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) † | |||
| Yes | 27.7 (25.2, 30.3) | 31.3 (28.4, 34.4) | 0.065 |
| Total energy intake (KJ) | 7371.5 (7273.2, 7469.8) | 8102.9 (7958.6, 8247.2) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 226.9 (223.6, 230.2) | 211.6 (207.7, 215.4) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate percent (%) ‡ | 48.8 (48.5, 49.1) | 41.4 (41.0, 41.8) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.14 (5.09, 5.18) | 5.15 (5.11, 5.20) | 0.706 |
| A1C (%) | 5.49 (5.47, 5.52) | 5.48 (5.44, 5.50) | 0.29 |
| DM § | 4.2 (3.1, 5.5) | 5.5 (4.1, 7.3) | 0.158 |
| Physical activity (hours/day) ¶ | 1.49 (1.36, 1.62) | 1.64 (1.48, 1.81) | 0.163 |
| * For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data. | |||
| † Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg, or under treatment for hypertension. | |||
| ‡ Carbohydrate percent indicates the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in total energy intake | |||
| § DM was defined by A1C > 6.5%. | |||
| ¶ Physical activity was calculated as mean time spent at moderate or vigorous physical activity during the survey. | |||
| Note: | |||
| Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme; BMI body mass index; WC, waist circumference; A1C, haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus. | |||
| Variables from the blood tests (glucose and A1C) are weighted by blood sample weights, the others are weighted by individual weights. | |||
| Glucose and A1C levels are estimated in subgroups of people without diabetes. |
| Variables | Latent class = 1 | Latent class = 2 | P value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (%) | 68.0 (66.4, 69.9) | 32.0 (30.4, 33.6) | |
| Countries (%) | |||
| England | 82.0 (79.7, 84.1) | 87.9 (85.6, 89.9) | < 0.001 |
| Northern Ireland | 3.3 (2.6, 4.3) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | |
| Scotland | 9.6 (7.7, 11.8) | 6.2 (4.7, 8.3) | |
| Wales | 5.1 (4.2, 6.2) | 4.3 (3.3, 5.6) | |
| Age (years) | 47.2 (46.4, 48.1) | 50.4 (49.4, 51.4) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Men | 47.6 (45.5, 49.8) | 50.6 (47.8, 53.3) | 0.098 |
| Women | 52.4 (50.2, 54.5) | 49.4 (46.7, 52.2) | |
| Survey years (%) | |||
| 1 | 12.7 (10.4, 15.4) | 16.0 (13.0, 19.5) | 0.188 |
| 2 | 11.8 (9.6, 14.4) | 12.9 (10.3, 16.1) | |
| 3 | 11.5 (9.3, 14.1) | 11.5 (9.0, 14.6) | |
| 4 | 12.6 (10.4, 15.3) | 12.6 (10.0, 15.7) | |
| 5 | 13.8 (11.4, 16.6) | 12.3 (9.7, 15.4) | |
| 6 | 12.3 (10.2, 14.8) | 10.3 (8.1, 12.9) | |
| 7 | 12.9 (10.7, 15.4) | 12.4 (9.9, 15.6) | |
| 8 | 12.4 (10.2, 15.0) | 12.0 (9.6, 14.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m^2) | 27.6 (27.3, 27.8) | 27.1 (26.7, 27.3) | 0.006 |
| WC (cm) | 93.4 (92.6, 94.1) | 92.7 (91.8, 93.7) | 0.309 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Current | 20.7 (19.2, 22.4) | 21.9 (19.5, 24.5) | 0.016 |
| Ex-smoker | 23.1 (21.5, 24.9) | 26.8 (24.4, 29.4) | |
| Never | 56.1 (54.1, 58.1) | 51.3 (48.3, 54.2) | |
| Current drinking status (%) | |||
| Yes | 20.3 (18.5, 22.1) | 16.6 (14.5, 18.9) | 0.013 |
| Hypertension (%) † | |||
| Yes | 28.1 (25.7, 30.6) | 31.5 (28.1, 35.0) | 0.111 |
| Total energy intake (KJ) | 7240.4 (7143.9, 7336.9) | 8580.6 (8431.3, 8729.9) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 207.4 (204.6, 210.3) | 248.9 (244.3, 253.4) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate percent (%) ‡ | 45.7 (45.3, 46.0) | 46.2 (45.7, 46.6) | 0.071 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.14 (5.09, 5.18) | 5.16 (5.10, 5.20) | 0.603 |
| A1C (%) | 5.48 (5.46, 5.51) | 5.50 (5.46, 5.53) | 0.614 |
| DM § | 5.2 (4.1, 6.6) | 3.8 (2.6, 5.6) | 0.178 |
| Physical activity (hours/day) ¶ | 1.42 (1.30, 1.53) | 1.85 (1.64, 2.06) | < 0.001 |
| * For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data. | |||
| † Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg, or under treatment for hypertension. | |||
| ‡ Carbohydrate percent indicates the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in total energy intake | |||
| § DM was defined by A1C > 6.5%. | |||
| ¶ Physical activity was calculated as mean time spent at moderate or vigorous physical activity during the survey. | |||
| Note: | |||
| Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme; BMI body mass index; WC, waist circumference; A1C, haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus. | |||
| Variables from the blood tests (glucose and A1C) are weighted by blood sample weights, the others are weighted by individual weights. | |||
| Glucose and A1C levels are estimated in subgroups of people without diabetes. |
| Variables | Latent class = 1 | Latent class = 2 | Latent class = 3 | P value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (%) | 28.4 (26.8, 30.1) | 7.0 (6.2, 7.9) | 64.6 (62.9, 66.2) | |
| Countries (%) | ||||
| England | 81.4 (78.5, 84.0) | 87.5 (82.9, 91.0) | 84.6 (82.5, 86.4) | 0.004 |
| Northern Ireland | 3.9 (2.9, 5.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) | |
| Scotland | 9.5 (7.4, 12.3) | 6.2 (3.5, 10.6) | 8.3 (6.7, 10.3) | |
| Wales | 5.2 (4.1, 6.6) | 5.7 (3.8, 8.5) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.6) | |
| Age (years) | 43.8 (42.4, 45.1) | 49.1 (47.2, 50.9) | 50.1 (49.3, 50.9) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | ||||
| Men | 50.6 (47.3, 53.9) | 49.6 (43.7, 55.4) | 47.6 (45.4, 49.7) | 0.273 |
| Women | 49.4 (46.1, 52.7) | 50.4 (44.6, 56.3) | 52.4 (50.3, 54.6) | |
| Survey years (%) | ||||
| 1 | 11.4 (8.8, 14.7) | 17.1 (12.4, 23.3) | 14.4 (11.9, 17.4) | 0.002 |
| 2 | 10.1 (7.8, 13.1) | 18.3 (13.3, 24.7) | 12.4 (10.2, 15.0) | |
| 3 | 13.9 (10.8, 17.7) | 9.1 (5.7, 14.1) | 10.7 (8.6, 13.1) | |
| 4 | 10.9 (8.5, 13.9) | 13.8 (9.7, 19.4) | 13.2 (10.9, 16.0) | |
| 5 | 13.5 (10.6, 17.0) | 12.8 (8.4, 19.1) | 13.3 (11.0, 16.1) | |
| 6 | 12.8 (10.1, 16.1) | 8.7 (5.7, 12.9) | 11.5 (9.5, 13.9) | |
| 7 | 14.3 (11.5, 17.6) | 9.5 (6.5, 13.8) | 12.4 (10.2, 15.0) | |
| 8 | 13.2 (10.5, 16.4) | 10.5 (7.4, 14.8) | 12.1 (9.9, 14.6) | |
| BMI (kg/m^2) | 27.5 (27.1, 27.9) | 27.0 (26.4, 27.6) | 27.4 (27.2, 27.6) | 0.433 |
| WC (cm) | 93.3 (92.1, 94.5) | 92.9 (90.9, 95.0) | 93.1 (92.3, 93.8) | 0.928 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Current | 24.1 (21.5, 27.0) | 30.0 (24.8, 35.8) | 18.8 (17.2, 20.6) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 20.0 (17.6, 22.6) | 27.5 (22.4, 33.2) | 25.9 (24.1, 27.7) | |
| Never | 55.9 (52.7, 59.0) | 42.5 (36.6, 48.7) | 55.3 (53.2, 57.4) | |
| Current drinking status (%) | ||||
| Yes | 24.6 (21.7, 27.7) | 18.3 (14.0, 23.6) | 16.8 (15.3, 18.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) † | ||||
| Yes | 25.9 (22.3, 29.9) | 31.8 (25.3, 39.1) | 30.4 (27.9 32.8) | 0.111 |
| Total energy intake (KJ) | 6713.8 (6575.7, 6851.8) | 9256.0 (8850.8, 9661.2) | 7916.9 (7814.0, 8019.9) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g) | 192.9 (188.5, 197.3) | 275.6 (263.4, 287.8) | 226.9 (223.9, 229.9) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate percent (%) ‡ | 45.8 (45.3, 46.4) | 47.4 (46.5, 48.3) | 45.6 (45.3, 45.9) | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.16 (5.08, 5.23) | 5.09 (5.00, 5.18) | 5.14 (5.10, 5.19) | 0.537 |
| A1C (%) | 5.47 (5.42, 5.51) | 5.48 (5.42, 5.54) | 5.49 (5.47. 5.52) | 0.403 |
| DM § | 5.9 (4.2, 8.2) | 1.1 (0.2, 5.2) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.0) | 0.053 |
| Physical activity (hours/day) ¶ | 1.31 (1.14, 1.49) | 1.82 (1.44, 2.19) | 1.62 (1.49, 1.76) | 0.018 |
| * For continuous variables, the F test was used to determine differences between latent classes with Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing across >2 classes. For categorical variables, differences between latent classes were assessed using the adjusted Pearson Chi-2 test for survey data. | ||||
| † Hypertension was defined as either systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 90 mmHg, or under treatment for hypertension. | ||||
| ‡ Carbohydrate percent indicates the percentage of energy from carbohydrate in total energy intake | ||||
| § DM was defined by A1C > 6.5%. | ||||
| ¶ Physical activity was calculated as mean time spent at moderate or vigorous physical activity during the survey. | ||||
| Note: | ||||
| Abbreviations: CI, confidence intervals; NDNS RP, national dietary and nutrition survey rolling programme; BMI body mass index; WC, waist circumference; A1C, haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus. | ||||
| Variables from the blood tests (glucose and A1C) are weighted by blood sample weights, the others are weighted by individual weights. | ||||
| Glucose and A1C levels are estimated in subgroups of people without diabetes. |