The following analysis are based on the same logic as in another Multilevel LCA using NDNS. The only difference is that in this analysis, the cut-off value of carb contribution within each hour used: 25%, 50%, and 75%:

  • In this analysis, within each hour of the day carbohydrates intake was defined as:
    • not eating;
    • eating and carbohydrates contributed less than 25% of energy;
    • eating and carbohydrates contributed 25~50% of energy;
    • eating and carbohydrates contributed 50-75% of energy;
    • eating and carbohydrates contributed higher or equal to 75% of energy;

1 Level 1 classes selection

Level 1 class selection. (All data, n = 6155, 24483 data points)
N of classes N of free parameters log-likelihood AIC BIC aBIC Entropy Lo-Mendel-Rubin LRT
1 96 -452486.6 905165.2 905943.4 905638.3 1.000 –
2 193 -449099.2 898584.4 900148.8 899535.5 0.782 < 0.0001
3 290 -446587.3 893754.6 896105.3 895183.7 0.695 0.7606
4 387 -445319.6 891413.2 894550.2 893320.3 0.677 0.7661
5 484 -444104.7 889177.4 893100.6 891562.5 0.670 0.8225
Note:
Abbreviation: N, number; AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; aBIC, adjusted BIC; Entropy, a pseudo-r-squared index; Lo-Mendel-Rubin LRT, likelihood ratio test comparing q classes models with q-1 classes models.

We will choose the 2 classes level 1 solution for this analysis.

1.1 Fit information for each model (combination of level 1 and level 2 classes)

Models Specification
Number of level 1 classes
Model 1 class 2 classes 3 classes 4 classes 5 classes
Fixed effects model
No. of free parameters 96 193 290 387 484
Log-likelihood -452486.618 -449099.203 -446587.302 -445319.623 -444104.718
BIC 905943.387 900148.813 896105.267 894550.166 893100.611
Lo-Mendell-Rubun LRT – < 0.0001 0.7606 0.7661 0.8225
Entropy 1 0.782 0.695 0.677 0.67
Random effects model
2 between classes
No. of free parameters 387 581 775
Log-likelihood -443112.027 -440892.197 -439318.326
BIC 890134.973 887655.825 886468.595
Entropy 0.804 0.784 0.735
3 between classes
No. of free parameters 581 872
Log-likelihood -439659.484 -437216.91
BIC 885190.399 883246.02
Entropy 0.81 0.798
4 between classes
No. of free parameters 775
Log-likelihood -437164.675
BIC 882161.294
Entropy 0.813
Note:
Abbreviation: No, number; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; Entropy, a pseudo-r-squared index; Lo-Mendel-Rubin LRT, likelihood ratio test comparing q classes models with q-1 classes models.

2 (CW = 2) Level 1 latent classes

2.1 Visualisation of level 1 latent classes

2.2 Visualisation of level 2 latent classes (CB = 2)

2.3 Visualisation of level 2 latent classes (CB = 3)