The atmos data set resides in the nasaweather package of the R programming language. It contains a collection of atmospheric variables measured between 1995 and 2000 on a grid of 576 coordinates in the western hemisphere. The data set comes from the 2006 ASA Data Expo.
Some of the variables in the atmos data set are:
temp - The mean monthly air temperature near the surface of the Earth (measured in kelvins (K))
pressure - The mean monthly air pressure at the surface of the Earth (measured in millibars (mb))
ozone - The mean monthly abundance of atmospheric ozone (measured in Dobson units (DU))
You can convert the temperature unit from Kelvin to Celsius with the formula
\[ celsius = kelvin - 273.15 \]
And you can convert the result to Fahrenheit with the formula
\[ fahrenheit = celsius \times \frac{9}{5} + 32 \]
For the remainder of the report, we will look only at data from the year 1995. We aggregate our data by location, using the R code below.
load(url("http://assets.datacamp.com/course/rmarkdown/atmos.RData")) # working with a subset
library(dplyr)
library(ggvis)Is the relationship between ozone and temperature useful for understanding fluctuations in ozone? A scatterplot of the variables shows a strong, but unusual relationship.
We suspect that group level effects are caused by environmental conditions that vary by locale. To test this idea, we sort each data point into one of four geographic regions:
We suggest that ozone is highly correlated with temperature, but that a different relationship exists for each geographic region. We capture this relationship with a second order linear model of the form
\[ ozone = \alpha + \beta_{1} temperature + \sum_{locales} \beta_{i} locale_{i} + \sum_{locales} \beta_{j} interaction_{j} + \epsilon\]
This yields the following coefficients and model lines.
lm(ozone ~ temp + locale + temp:locale, data = means)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = ozone ~ temp + locale + temp:locale, data = means)
##
## Coefficients:
## (Intercept) temp
## 917.7961 -2.1519
## localenorth atlantic localesouth america
## 495.7904 -633.7339
## localesouth pacific temp:localenorth atlantic
## -52.2260 -1.6498
## temp:localesouth america temp:localesouth pacific
## 2.0587 0.1126## Guessing formula = ozone ~ tempAn anova test suggests that both locale and the interaction effect of locale and temperature are useful for predicting ozone (i.e., the p-value that compares the full model to the reduced models is statistically significant).
mod <- lm(ozone ~ temp, data = means)
mod2 <- lm(ozone ~ temp + locale, data = means)
mod3 <- lm(ozone ~ temp + locale + temp:locale, data = means)
anova(mod, mod2, mod3)## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Model 1: ozone ~ temp
## Model 2: ozone ~ temp + locale
## Model 3: ozone ~ temp + locale + temp:locale
## Res.Df RSS Df Sum of Sq F Pr(>F)
## 1 559 132709
## 2 556 72584 3 60124 191.368 < 2.2e-16 ***
## 3 553 57914 3 14670 46.694 < 2.2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1